Maternal depression and clinical risk indicators in child development

Abstracts

Purpose

to analyze the possible correlation between changes in levels of risk to infant development baby’s linguistic and psychological and maternal depression in a sample of mothers of babies born in medium-sized city and around the central region of Rio Grande do Sul.

Methods

the survey was conducted with 165 mother-infant dyads in University Hospital in which the children were newborn hearing screening in the period from March to May 2010. The data collection used a structured interview on socioeconomic, demographic, obstetric and psychosocial factors, application of the Beck Depression Inventory and Clinical Indicators of Risk for Child Development.

Results

when assessed values of the mother depression ranges between children with and without development risk, there was statistically significant difference, as most mothers did not show signs of depression and the babies had no risk for the development.

Conclusions

the analysis showed that a higher proportion of babies with development risk altered when levels of maternal depression are elevated in the postpartum period.

Depression; Maternal Behavior; Child Development

Objetivo

analisar as possíveis correlações entre alterações nos índices de risco ao desenvolvimento linguístico e psicológico do bebê e presença de depressão materna, em uma amostra de mães de bebês nascidos em cidade de porte médio e arredores da região central do Rio Grande do Sul. 

Métodos

a pesquisa foi realizada com 165 díades mães- bebê em Hospital Escola no qual as crianças realizavam triagem auditiva neonatal, no período de março a maio de 2010. Na coleta de dados foram utilizados um roteiro de entrevista sobre informações socioeconômicas, demográficas, obstétricas e psicossociais, a aplicação do Inventário de Depressão de Beck e dos Indicadores Clínicos de Risco para o Desenvolvimento Infantil. 

Resultados

quando se avaliou os valores do inventário de depressão na primeira faixa de índice de risco analisada, comparando-se bebês com e sem risco ao desenvolvimento, houve diferença estatisticamente significante, pois mães com maiores escores de depressão apresentaram mais risco ao desenvolvimento de seus filhos. 

Conclusões

a análise realizada apontou que há maior proporção de bebês com risco ao desenvolvimento, quando os níveis de depressão materna são elevados no período pós-parto.

Depressão; Comportamento Materno; Desenvolvimento Infantil

INTRODUCTION

Maternal postpartum depression may have important consequences for many areas of child development, affecting the mother-infant dyad bonding¹ and the neurological, linguistic, cognitive² and socio-emotional³ development of the child. Studies on postpartum emotional disorders have identified several characteristics of mothers’ behavior and emotional condition in the puerperal phase such as posttraumatic stress, postpartum depression and puerperal psychoses⁴. The occurrence of such emotional conflicts is associated with physiological and emotional factors and the woman’s life conditions, such as marriage problems, little support from the family or an unplanned pregnancy⁵. In terms of psychodynamic understanding, childbirth represents the disruption of the physical baby-mother symbiosis, which can trigger depressive and psychotic experiences in the mother, resumed by conflicts and losses poorly addressed in childhood⁶, added to the duality between the loss, pregnancy, and the gain, the baby, common in the postpartum period⁷.

The effects of maternal depression are not limited to delayed development in the first phases of life and may cause changes in the mother-infant interaction during early childhood and long-term damages to the language, cognitive and behavioral development⁸, which can be minimized by early detection of risks in child development. Clinical Risk Indicators (CRIs) in Child Development⁹ constitute an instrument with predictive capability for problems in child development, either specifically related to language or the psychic dimension. To this end, they have operational concepts that accomplish the task of organizing and guiding the selection and application of psychic and development risk indicators, comprising four theoretical fundamentals: supposition of the subject (SS), demand establishment (DE), alternating presence/absence (PA), and paternal function (PF). All these principles were constructed based on the readings of the psychoanalytical clinic proposed by J. Lacan, F. Dolto and D.Winnicott, predominantly. The instrument was first designed to allow an approximate clinical evaluation of the child’s subjective position and an initial assessment of the effectiveness of the indicators for the early detection of development problems in early childhood.

The CRIs were validated by the Multicenter Research of Risk Indicators in child development¹⁰, in a nationwide study conducted from 2000 to 2009, funded by t São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) and by the Ministry of Health, with centralized coordination in charge of the psychoanalyst Maria Cristina Machado Kupfer of the Institute of Psychology of the University of São Paulo (USP). A group of Brazilian university researchers put into practice such theoretical fundamentals and developed a protocol with 31 Clinical Indicators of Risk or observable or inferable problems in child development in the first 18 months of the child’s life, which could be used to indicate the likelihood of occurrence of subsequent psychic disorders. In the Risk Indicators in Child Development (RICD) the emphasis was put on the articulation between development and psychic subject. The results showed a high correlation between the RICDs and risks to child development and with less significance the presence of psychic risk.

Considering the effectiveness of RICDs to predict risks in development, this study aimed to investigate possible correlations between changes in risk indicators in child development and maternal depression in a cohort of mothers of babies born in a medium-sized city and surroundings in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul.

METHODS

This quantitative cohort study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research of the University and Hospital, in all its ethical and methodological aspects, in accordance with the Guidelines established in Resolution 196/96 and amendments of the National Health Council, under no. CAEE n. 0284.0.243.000-09.

To calculate the sample size, it was used the prevalence ratio of maternal depression in the postpartum period in Brazil, based on the data from the World Health Organization (WHO)¹¹, which is of 10 to 15 percent. Based on this information, this study assumed the prevalence of 15 percent of depression and a margin of error of five percentage points. It was also considered the number of infants who undergo neonatal hearing screening (NHS) in the University Hospital per year to estimate the sample size in 165 mothers-babies.

The survey was conducted at a University Hospital in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul. Data was collected from March to May 2010 at the Audiology Center, where the neonatal hearing screening of newborns from the city and region is performed. The sample was selected based on the following criteria: all preterm, term and postterm infants of both sexes, aged 1 to 4 months, who passed the newborn hearing screening and their mothers. As exclusion criteria for participation in the study were the babies who failed the newborn hearing screening and had congenital malformations, genetic syndromes, or congenital infection detected in the neonatal period, before the beginning of the study, because these alone would represent risk factors for their development. These criteria were established because, in addition to postpartum depression, the Risk Indicators in Child Development (RICDs) in mother-infant dyads were studied. In the present study, however, the results from the Beck Depression Inventory ¹² (BDI) and the results of RICDs will be discussed.

The BDI was used because it is an instrument designed to trace depression and, therefore, it does not have a diagnosis purpose; it is an instrument easy to administer, which aims to measure behavioral depressive symptoms in the week prior to the administration. The BDI is a scale of self-reported symptoms, comprised of 21 questions with multiple choices regarding how the subject has felt recently, corresponding to different degrees of severity of depression. The sum of the scores of the individual items provides a total score, constituting a dimensional score of the depression intensity, which can be rated in the following levels: minimum (0 to 11 scores), mild (12 to 19), moderate (20 to 35) and severe (36 to 63). The Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory resulted from a consensual formulation of the translation of the English original, with the collaboration of four clinical psychologists, four psychiatrists and one translator, and was tested along with the English version in 32 bilingual individuals, with an interval of three days and varying the order of presentation of the two idioms to the two halves of the cohort^13.

The Clinical Risk Indicators for Child Development (RICDs) were used for having the predictive capability of indicating problems of early childhood development, specifically psychological expressions of autism and psychosis and cases of language delays⁹.

Figure 1 describes the Clinical Risk Indicators for Child Development (RICDs) in its validated and final version, which was used in this study.

Figure 1
– Clinical Risk Indicators in Child Development (RICDs)

Taking into account that all infants of this study were evaluated in the first age group (0 to 4 months), these were the RICDs considered in the analyses herein presented.

This study aimed to evaluate only the first five RICDs to detect and act preventively in the first relationships of the mother with her baby, because this early period is important and must be followed due to the fact that it is more prone to the incidence of postpartum depression, which can impact negatively the child development. The babies continued to be studied until aged 24 months, but this study focus only on the first development phase of the babies and their mothers.

Data collection was performed in two stages. The first consisted of an interview with the mothers and administration of the BDI. In the second stage, the mother-baby interactions were filmed for further analysis of the RICDs.

First, the mothers were invited to participate in the study by the person responsible for the survey, who explained in details the objectives of the study. Then, the mothers voluntarily signed the Free and Informed Consent Form and another one for the creation of an image database in two copies. These documents aimed to briefly inform the participants about the purposes of the research, personal data of the researchers, and also to ensure the confidentiality of the mothers and their children’s identities. The responsible researcher and her collaborators declared themselves committed to ensuring the rights of the subjects, specifically the privacy and confidentiality of their personal data, the right to continuing information on the study and referral to medical care when necessary.

The mothers were interviewed in a single session, in a room especially prepared for this purpose, with a duration of approximately 20 minutes. For such interview, it was used the guidelines illustrated in Figure 2, which had the purpose of identifying the socioeconomic, demographic, obstetric and psychosocial conditions of the mother-baby dyad, once these aspects are considered risk factors in the postpartum period and may be associated with the onset of depression. Two open questions were also included in this survey to investigate the situational crisis and the psychiatric background, with the purpose of understanding the mother’s clinical history.

Figure 2
– Guidelines for Interviews with mothers

The data investigated in the interview were not included with the purpose of contributing significantly to the results of this study, but helped in the diagnosis of maternal depression, along with the BDI results. These guidelines were based on the Interview about the Maternity Experience, an instrument used in the research project of the institution’s Psychology Institute.

After the interview, the mothers were invited to complete the BDI, aiming to investigate the risk of maternal depression in the postpartum period. Because the participants carried their babies in their arms, the researcher took note of the answers from the interview and also the depression evaluation scale.

The mothers who showed depression based on the analysis of the interview and the BDI evaluation were invited to attend therapeutic groups and also individual psychological counseling.

The second phase of this study consisted of filming mother-baby interaction with the purpose of evaluating the RICDs. Interaction was filmed for five minutes by a survey collaborator, while the researcher observed the interaction of the mother-baby dyad and evaluated the RICDs. Then, after having been collected, the RICDs were checked by the supervisor of this survey. In case of doubts relating to the RICDs scoring, the dyad was retested in a period of one week.

The responses obtained from the administration of the BDI were rated according to the degrees of severity of depression: minimum, mild, moderate and severe. The RICD were classified in scales: (1) RICD present, when the babies did not present risk in their development, because all five RICDs evaluated were present. The scale (2) of risk in the child development corresponded to the babies who did not show the five RICDs present, with two or more RICDs absent, but in this case the babies were classified in the subcategory, from 1 to 5 RICDs absent.

To evaluate the relationship between postpartum depression and the BDI and RICDs results, the nonparametric U tests of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis were used. The Gamma Statistics was also used to measure the correlation between two ordinal variables. It was assumed 0.05 significance level. The BDI levels were assessed as a function of the RICDs scales.

The population proportions of occurrence in the BDI and RICD levels were estimated, considering a confidence interval of 95%. The statistical analysis was performed using the STATISTICA 9.0 application.

RESULTS

The population of this study consisted of 165 mother-baby dyads, babies born in the period of March to May 2010, whose mothers sought the service of neonatal hearing screening (NHS) at the University Hospital. Table 1 shows the results of estimated BDI and RICDs rates.

Table 1
– Point estimate and confidence interval for the BDIs and RICDs’ population proportions

BDI	p (%)	CI 95%
Minimum	66.7	59.5% a 73.9 %
Mild	18.2	12.3% a 24.1 %
Moderate	12.1	7.1% a 17.1 %
Severe	3.0	0.4% a 5.7 %
RICDs	p (%)	CI 95%
RICD present	88.5	83.6 % a 93.4%
RICD absent 1 to 5	11.5	4.6% a 18.5%

*p = proportion in the sample; CI= confidence interval; BDI= Beck Depression Inventory; RICDs= Clinical Risk Indicators in Child Development.

According to Table 1, the proportion of mothers with minimum depression is estimated between 59.5 to 73.9 percent, thus showing a prevalence of postpartum depression of approximately 30 percent.

With respect to the clinical risk indicators in child development (RICDs), it is estimated that the proportion of children with RICD present is in between 83.6 to 93.4 percent, an average of 88.5 percent of absence of risk for child development. When both variables are compared, one can observe the statistical relevance of the data, once there is a positive correlation between the presence of maternal postpartum depression and the presence of risk in the child development. This can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2
– Indicators of postpartum maternal depression (BDI) in a cohort of mothers of infants born with RICDs present, in a medium-size city and surroundings in a central region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), 2010.

Depression (BDI)	Total of mothers (n)	Infants with RICDs present - (%)
Minimum	110	103 (93.6)
Mild	30	25(83.3)
Moderate	20	14 (70.0)
Severe	5	4 (80.0)
Total	165	146

*BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; IRDIs = Clinical Risk Indicators in Child Development.

When the BDI values were compared with the values of the RICDs for the babies aging 0 to 4 months, a significant difference (p=0.002) was observed, i.e., the mother’s BDI levels are significantly higher in the presence of absent RICDs.

Gamma coefficient was G = 0.54; p < 0.05, i.e., there was a significant correlation between the BDI levels and the presence of risk in child development. Thus, the higher the degree of maternal depression the higher the number of absent indices.

In Table 3 it can be observed that mothers with maternal depression (mild, moderate and severe) had RICD 1 absent (when the child cries or screams, the mother knows what he/she wants); RICD 2 (mother uses infant-directed speech, or motherese, with the babies; and RCDI 5 (there is eye contact between the child and mother) in the analysis of mother-baby interaction. This results shows the mothers’ difficulties in identifying babies demands (RICD 1), in supposing a subject (RCDI 2, 5), and in alternating presence/absence (RICD 5).

Table 3
– Indicators of postpartum maternal depression (BDI) in a cohort of mothers (n= 165) of infants born with absent RICDs in a medium-size city and surroundings in a central region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), 2010.

Depression (BDI)	Total of mothers (n)	RICDsInfants at risk (%)	Absent RICDs
1	2	3	4	5
Minimum	110	7 (6.4)	4	2	1	1	3
Mild	30	5 (16.7)	2	2	1	4	3
Moderate	20	6 (30.0)	4	2	1	1	1
Severe	5	1 (20.0)	1	0	0	0	0
Total	165	19

*BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; RICDs = Clinical Risk Indicators for Child Development

Table 3 also shows that there are non-depressed mothers, but the RICDs assessment also indicates alterations, similar to those found in the cases of mild to severe depression. However, it is worth noting that the RCDIs also assess the babies’ conditions, not only the mothers’, and that depression is not the only risk factor to the mother-baby bonding.

Table 4 shows the evaluated BDI degrees among the categories of the social support variable, and no significant result was found (p=0.570), i.e., there is no significant difference in the degree of maternal depression between the different types of social support. Although there is no significant relation in the statistical analysis, the majority of the mothers did not present signs of depression. This may be explained by the fact that the studied sample (110 mothers) of a total of 165 had an important social support network, which may have influenced positively the mothers’ emotional condition.

Table 4
– Indicators of postpartum maternal depression (BDI) and frequency of social support in a cohort of mothers (n= 165) of infants born in a medium-size city and surroundings in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), 2010.

Social Support	BDI (%)
Minimum	Mild	Moderate	Severe
None	16	10	4	0
Husband	30	6	5	1
Mother	17	6	4	0
Other	12	3	2	2
+ than one caregiver	35	5	5	2
Total	110	30	20	5

**BDI = Beck Depression Inventory. Kruskal-Wallis test.

DISCUSSION

Maternal postpartum depression is one of the key aspects to be considered as possible interference in the exercise of the maternal function during the first year of the baby’s life. It may have major consequences on children’s development, especially in language, which is structured by the mother-baby interaction¹⁴. Thus the importance of monitoring the maternal emotional conditions right before childbirth and afterwards. This fact was found in this study in the positive association between the presence of risks in child development in the occurrence of maternal depression.

In this study, statistically important results were found because it was possible to detect a positive correlation between maternal depression and the presence of risks indicators to the children development, which confirms the predictions of numerous studies on the relevance of such maternal condition in establishing a bond and interaction between mother and baby^15-18.

The mothers in this study who were suffering from maternal depression (mild, moderate or severe) and in the evaluation of RICDs presented RICD 1 absent (when the baby cries or screams the mother knows what she/he wants) showed difficulties in establishing their babies demands. It is well known that the first involuntary reactions of a newborn, such as crying, are recognized by the mother as a request from the child to her, which the mother feels compelled to respond, that is, they are an interpretation when the mother uses language, “translates”; into words the child’s actions and “translates”; into actions their own words.

The communication of the mother-child dyad appears in the pre-verbal phase by means of the discharges that the newborn does to release her/his tensions, such as, for example, hunger. Such emotional discharges are expressed by screams, innervation of blood vessels, diffuse muscle activity and others. According to the author, babies can realize the mother’s mood and her conscious and unconscious desires and fits themselves according to such desires as they start to realize them. This communication channel also happens from mother to child in a two-way relationship¹⁹. Much of the mother-baby relationship, therefore, occurs unconsciously and by affection through this kind of communication, because mother develops in this period, if she so interacts with the child, some telepathic or coenesthesic ability to understand her baby¹⁵. Such communication not only shapes the baby’s psyche as it operates on affections, either pleasant or unpleasant.

For the mother to achieve such effective communication and special empathy with the baby, it is necessary for her to be in the threshold of herself so that she is able to understand the signals from her child¹⁹. It is also necessary that the mother is “connected”; with her inner self thanks to an identification that puts her, through all layers of her psyche, in touch with the child that she herself was ²⁰.

If the mother is depressed, she will not be able to notice the signals that her baby sends, she will not be able to exercise the primary maternal preoccupation referred by Winnicott ^21,22. Such mother will either be distractive or angry and often will not even be able to find out when the baby’s crying is a sign of pain, hunger or sleep. In this case, communication between both will be broken and, consequently, interaction may be damaged.

In an international study, the infant’s facial expression in the context of maternal depression was interpreted, suggesting that babies of depressive mothers interpret negatively the maternal attitudes, affecting the baby’s ability to respond in the dyad’s interaction²³.

According to a qualitative analysis, mothers suffering from maternal depression (mild, moderate and severe), and with RICD 2 absent (mother uses baby talk) show difficulty in supposing a subject. It involves an anticipation produced by the maternal agent, once the infant is not yet constituted as a subject. Such constitution depends precisely on that the baby is first supposed or anticipated by the mother (or caregiver).

Depressed mothers typically express disheartened or apathetic affection and stimulate less their babies for they have a predominantly depressive or anxious behavior, less imitative behaviors of the baby’s facial expressions, play less with their children and have more punitive and controlling attitudes in the care of their children. In addition, depressed mothers also tend to report more difficulties in the care of their children and express more dissatisfaction associated with their children than non-depressed mothers²⁴.

Maternal depression would disrupt the mutual regulatory process, once the mother is the external component of the baby’s regulatory system and would stop regulating his/her physiological and emotional conditions. This would constitute a break in inter-subjectivity, caused by the effect of depression on maternal affections and responsiveness, causing mothers to have less contingency capability and capacity to establish physical contact²⁵.

Decreased maternal sensitivity is directly related with her interaction with the baby, which is often characterized by intrusiveness or apathy²⁵, which would hinder the occurrence of speech especially addressed and attuned to the child. Such lack of rapport may reflect on difficulties for the baby to develop language, in view of interactionist perspectives in this process.

Mothers suffering from maternal depression (mild, moderate and severe), having RICD 5 absent (eye contact between mother and infant) in the analysis of the mother-infant interaction may be experiencing difficulties in alternating presence/absence and also in supposing a subject, and this means that mother (or caregiver) not only respond to the baby with presence or absence, but produces an alternant, not only physical, but mainly symbolic. It is expected that between the child’s demand and the satisfaction provided by the mother there is an interval in which the child’s response will arise.

In experiments conducted in the Children’s Medical Center in Boston²⁶, mothers of babies aged three to four months were asked to show a quiet, unresponsive and inexpressive face to their children. This would be followed by a drastic change in the babies’ appearances. In the first or second minute he/she smiles, flails arms and legs, and makes efforts to get a response from their mothers. After many unsuccessful efforts, they become discouraged and often start to salivate. After three to four minutes, all their bodies sink into despair. These experiments were brief and followed by loving hugs, but it is easy to see that mother’s depression and her lack of responses may harm the child development. According to Brazelton and Cramer²⁷, depressed mothers often fail in meeting her babies’ expectations, because sometimes they cannot interact normally, but then they withdraw due to their own needs, leaving the child in a state of depression and hopelessness. Frequent repetition of this pattern may be responsible for the production of classic symptoms of avoidance of eye contact. Such eye avoidance occurs because it is painful for the child let the expectation happen again. Such experiences show in practice what many other authors described as risk factors for the infant’s health: sharp changes of the mother’s mood, and frequent repetition of this behavior. The child does not understand what happens, may withdraw and the dyad rapport may be compromised.

The emotional development in childhood is closely linked to the emotional status of the family, more precisely the mother or who plays the maternal role (good enough mother²⁸). Infants depend on adults available to care for them and include them in the world, showing, teaching, and making them participate in everything that happens around, giving them sense. A sufficiently good environment is the one provided by mothers, through their care, helping her child experience new realities, develop an individualized personal ego, control instincts and cope with the difficulties of life. An environment that is not good enough may impair the child development^28.

It is worth noting, in this study, that the good social support that the mothers had possibly neutralized the effects of depression in the relationship with their babies. This can explain the low frequency of risk indices²⁹.

CONCLUSION

The analysis of this study showed that there is a higher proportion of infants with absent RCDIs when the levels of maternal depression are high in the postpartum period, and may have negative implications in the interaction of the mother-infant dyad and ultimately result on a risk factor for the child development.

Most of the babies studied did not present absent risk indices, as well as most mothers were not affected by postpartum depression, but it could be observed that the cohort of mothers studied had important social support, resulting positively in the emotional condition of the mothers in the puerperal period and, consequently, in the infants development.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Mar-Apr 2014

History

• Received
  23 Aug 2012
• Accepted
  12 Dec 2012