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Fruit quality and genetic diversity of Spondias dulcis accessions 1 This work is part of the first author master’s degree dissertation.

ABSTRACT

Among the less exploited Brazilian native fruit trees, the Spondias dulcis (cajá-manga) has many uses, being their fruits appreciated in fresh consumption and its pulp used in popsicles, ice-creams, and jellies production. However, there is a lack of research on this species, being necessary more studies. This work aimed to characterize the physical and chemical quality and the genetic diversity of Spondias dulcis fruits harvested in different accessions in the municipality of Jataí - GO. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with six treatments (accessions), ten replications with ten fruits per plot, totaling a sample of 600 fruits. The fruits were evaluated for pulp and peel color, pulp yield, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, soluble solids content/titratable acidity ratio, and vitamin C content. The fruits from accessions M4 and M5 presented physical and chemical characteristics higher than the other plants. The evaluated accessions presented genetic variability, being the methodology employed efficiently to indicate this variability, in which the accession M2 was the most divergent.

Keywords:
cajá-manga; native fruit trees; multivariate analysis

INTRODUCTION

Brazil has one of the worlds’ greatest fructiferous biodiversity, in which the species from the Anacardiaceae Family such as mango, cashew fruit, ciriguela, and cajá-manga (Spondias dulcis) stand out (Moura et al., 2013MouraFTSilvaSMSchunemannAPPMartinsLP2013 Frutos do umbuzeiro armazenados em diferentes estádios de maturação. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 47:131-133; Vasconcelos et al., 2017VasconcelosLHCEvangelistaZRCamposAJDTeixeiraIR2017 Diferentes embalagens na conservação pós-colheita de Cajá-Manga. Revista Espacios, 38:01-10). Among the less exploited commercial species, there are the fruits from the genus Spondias, which have the S. dulcis L. species, that are regionally known as cajá-manga, taperebá or cajarana and, in general, are exploited in an extractivist way in almost the entire Brazilian territory, especially across the regions North, Northeast and Midwest (Mitchell & Daly, 2015MitchellJDDalyDC2015 A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics. PhytoKeys, 55:01-92).

Despite the good acceptance by the consumers and of bringing benefits to human health, the S. dulcis fruit is not marketed on a large scale due to its high perishability and short postharvest shelf-life. The fruit sales occur only during the harvest seasons since these fruits come from extractivism in areas of the natural occurrence of the species, which can lead to their disappearance in the future (Lima et al., 2019LimaKPDMedeirosESDFernandesFASilvaVFDMoraisARD2019 Ajuste de modelos não lineares para descrição do fruto cajá-manga. Sigmae, 8:221-226). Furthermore, the plants are propagated by seeds which causes non-uniformity and long vegetative periods, this occurs because S. dulcis seeds have physical and physiological dormancy, features that are very undesirable for commercial crops (Martins et al., 2019MartinsCCSilvaGZDuriganLDVieiraRD2019 Pregerminative treatments of yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) seeds. Ciência Florestal, 29:363-370).

The evaluation of the physical characteristics of fruits has great importance when it comes to the determination of the genetic variability of a species that can subsidize breeding programs, as well as its relationship with environmental factors (Nascimento et al., 2014NascimentoRSMCardosoJACocozzaFM2014 Caracterização física e físico-química de frutos de mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) no oeste da Bahia. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 18:856-860). Genetic diversity is an important parameter evaluated by plant breeders in the initial phase of a breeding program. Several methods are available to evaluate it in plant populations, based on the ability to detect differences among genotypes, costs, ease of use, consistency, and replicability of results (Morales et al., 2011MoralesRGFResendeJTVFariaMVSilvaPRFigueiredoASTCarminattiR2011 Divergência genética em cultivares de morangueiro, baseada em caracteres morfoagronômicos. Revista Ceres, 58:323-329). The quantification of genetic diversity can be performed through agronomic, morphological, and molecular traits (Silva et al., 2012SilvaDFPSiqueiraDLRochaASalomãoLCCMatiasRGPStruivingTB2012 Diversidade genética entre cultivares de mangueiras, baseada em caracteres de qualidade dos frutos. Revista Ceres , 59:225-232).

Multivariate analysis techniques can be used at the discrimination of accessions in germplasm banks, aiming to evaluate the genetic diversity among those accessions and select the most important descriptors (Rodrigues et al., 2010RodriguesHCACarvalhoSPCarvalhoAACarvalho FilhoJLSCustódioTN2010 Avaliação da diversidade genética entre acessos de mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) por meio de caracteres morfoagronômicos. Revista Ceres , 57:773-777). Among the several techniques of multivariate statistics, there are the analyses of correlations and clustering methods (Cruz et al., 2012CruzCDRegazziAJCarneiroPCS2012 Modelos biométricos aplicados ao melhoramento genético. Viçosa, UFV. 514p). The clustering methods are important for plant breeding because they allow estimating the distance between genotypes, avoiding the conservation of duplicates in germplasm banks and helping in the choice of parents for future crosses aiming a greater gain by heteroses (Passeri-Lima et al., 2020Passeri-LimaRHMoreiraLBLopesHMPereiraMBMenezesBRSMarinhoDV2020 Divergência genética entre tipos especiais de arroz a partir de técnicas multivariadas. Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias, 19:299-304).

Thus, there is the need to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of S. dulcis fruits associating the environment with productivity, and obtaining the ideal crop places of this species, besides researches of the existent diversity among fruits. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize the physical and chemical quality of S. dulcis as well the genetic diversity among the fruits harvested on different accessions in the municipality of Jataí - GO.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

For the characterization of fruit quality and genetic diversity, the fruits of cajá-manga (S. dulcis) were harvested from accessions of a natural occurrence in the urban zone from the municipality of Jataí - GO - Brazil. The main soil type in the urban area is classified as purple oxisol (Scopel et al., 2002ScopelIKatzerRTSilvaMRMeloNAPeixinhoDM2002 Evolução do uso da terra na microbacia do córrego do açude, em Jataí-GO. Boletim Goiano de Geografia, 22:31-46). According to Köppen-Geiger's classification, the climate is from Aw type, with the dry season from May to September and the rainy season from October to April (Melo & Dias, 2019MeloBMDiasDP2019 Microclima e conforto térmico de remanescentes florestais urbanos no município de Jataí - GO. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Arborização Urbana, 14:01-15).

The accessions were randomly chosen based on the minimum distance of 3.5 km. Fully ripe fruits were harvested by hand with the aid of a stick 4.5 m high and sent to the laboratory of fruticulture from the Federal University of Jataí in plastic boxes (55 x 25 x 36 cm). The fruits from the accessions were selected for the absence of mechanical damages or injuries caused by pests and diseases, then, the selected fruits were sanitized in a sodium hypochlorite solution per five minutes.

The fruits were characterized for their physical and chemical characteristics. The pulp and peel color were given by the CIELab coordinates L* (Lightness), b* (Yellowness), C* (Chroma), and h° (hue angle), determined through reflectometry with a colorimeter Konica Minolta© measuring at the midpoint in opposite surfaces of the fruits. The pulp yield was obtained with the assistance of a precision scale through the quotient between fruit weight and pulp weight after the pulp extraction by hand, and the results were expressed in percentage (%).

The soluble solids concentration (SSC) was evaluated from the juice obtained after the pulp extraction by hand and measured in a handheld refractometer (Atago, Japan), whose results were expressed in °Brix. The titratable acidity (TA) was obtained through titration in a NaOH solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator, and these results were given in g of citric acid/100 mg of fresh fruit. The SSC/TA ratio was given through the quotient between these two characteristics. The ascorbic acid content (vitamin C) was obtained through titration with Tillman reagent (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol sodium solution at 0,1%) (Merck Eurolab, Belgium), and the results were given in mg of ascorbic acid/100 mg of fresh fruit. The methodology employed to determine the pulp chemical characteristics was performed based on the procedures described by the Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL, 2008IAL - Instituto Adolfo Lutz2008 Métodos físico-químicos para análise de alimentos. São Paulo, Instituto Adolfo Lutz. 1020p).

The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, composed of six treatments (Accessions M1; M2; M3; M4; M5 and M6) with ten replications of ten fruits per plot, totaling a sample of 600 fruits. The data were checked by the normality and homoscedasticity test and subjected to the analysis of variance. The averages were compared by Tukey’s test at 1% of significance level (p < 0.01). The data analyses were performed in the RBio statistical program (Bhering, 2017BheringLL2017 RBio: A tool for biometric and statistical analysis using the R platform. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 17:187-190).

A phenotypical correlation was performed using multivariate analysis, based on the Guerra & Liveira’s (1999GuerraNBLiveraAV1999 Correlação entre o perfil sensorial e determinações físicas e químicas do abacaxi cv. ‘Pérola’. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura , 21:32-35) classification, in which a correlation coefficient is considered very strong when it ranges from ± 0.91 to ± 1.00; strong when it ranges from ±0.71 to ±0.90; medium when it ranges from ± 0.51 to ± 0.70; and weak when it ranges from ±0.31 to ±0.50.

A multivariate analysis was performed estimating the mean Euclidean distance generated through the six accessions. The cut-off point used to determine the number of clusters at the Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) method was based on the relative size of the six fusion levels (distances). The cophenetic coefficient of correlation (CCC) between the matrix of genetic dissimilarity and the matrix of the cophenetic values was calculated, aiming to verify the clustering consistency. The data were analyzed at the statistical program GENES (Cruz, 2016CruzCD2016 Genes Software-extended and integrated with the R, Matlab and Selegen. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, 38:547-552). The dendrogram was established using the "Statistic" program version 5.0.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The accessions M5, M4 and M3 stood out for the pulp yield with 88.10, 85.5 and 83.4%, respectively, presenting the highest pulp yield among the accessions evaluated, and the lowest values of pulp yield were observed in the accessions M1, M2 and M6 (Table 1).

Table 1:
Pulp yield (PY), titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids concentration (SSC), soluble solids concentration/titratable acidity ratio (SSC/TA), and vitamin C (VitC) of S. dulcis fruits harvested from six accessions in the municipality of Jataí - GO

The pulp yield of fruits from the accessions evaluated in the present work are higher than the values found to S. dulcis by Chaves-Neto & Silva (2019Chaves-NetoJRSilvaSM2019 Caracterização física e físico-química de frutos de Spondias dulcis Parkinson de diferentes microrregiões do Estado da Paraíba. Colloquium Agrariae, 15:18-28) for fruits harvested in Paraíba state, and by Damiani et al. (2011DamianiCSilvaFADAmorimCCDMSilvaSTPBastosIMAsquieriERVeraR2011 Néctar misto de cajá-manga com hortelã: caracterização química, microbiológica e sensorial. Revista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais, 13:301-309) for fruits harvested in the municipality of Nova Veneza - GO, which presented 73.79 and 73.58% of pulp yield, respectively. Costa et al. (2015CostaFRRêgoERDRêgoMMDNederDGSilvaSDMSchunemannAPP2015 Análise biométrica de frutos de umbuzeiro do semiárido brasileiro. Bioscience Journal, 31:682-690) and Menezes et al. (2017MenezesPHSSouzaAADSilvaESDMedeirosRDBarbosaNCSoriaDG2017 Influência do estádio de maturação na qualidade físico-química de frutos de umbu (Spondias tuberosa). Scientia Agropecuaria, 8:73-78) evaluating Spondias tuberosa fruits, obtained 65.08 and 74.30% of pulp yield, respectively. Marques et al. (2018MarquesCSGuimarãesPVPSmiderleOJDuriganMFB2018 Qualidade agroindustrial de frutos de taperebazeiros (Spondias mombin L.) cultivados em áreas urbanas de Boa Vista, Roraima. Revista Eletrônica Ambiente, Gestão e Desenvolvimento, 11:296-307) evaluating fruits in the municipality of Boa Vista - RO, obtained fruits of Spondias mombin with pulp yield ranging from 55.10 to 77.51%, and Dutra et al. (2017DutraFVCardosoADMoraisOMVianaAESMeloTLCardoso JúniorNS2017 Características físicas e químicas de acessos de umbuzeiros (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam). Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 40:140-149) also evaluating fruits of S. mombin, but from the municipalities of Macarani and Caraíbas - BA, reported 71.97 and 73.54% of pulp yield, respectively.

The fruits must present at least 40% of pulp yield to be used by processing industries in the elaboration of juices, wines, jellies, and sweets (Lago-Vanzela et al., 2011Lago-VanzelaESRaminPUmsza-GuezMASantosGVGomesESilvaRD2011 Chemical and sensory characteristics of pulp and peel'cajá-manga'(Spondias cytherea Sonn.) jelly. Food Science and Technology, 31:398-405). The results obtained in the present work indicate the great potential of the municipality of Jataí - GO to produce S. dulcis fruits with a high pulp yield, an important characteristic, especially for processing industries.

The accession M4 presented the highest titratable acidity (TA), which was 1.21 g of citric acid/100 mg of fresh fruit, and the lowest titratable acidity content was observed in fruits harvested from the accessions M1 (1.09 g of citric acid/100 mg of fresh fruit), M3 (1.07 g of citric acid/100 mg of fresh fruit) and M5 (1.08 g of citric acid/100 mg of fresh fruit) (Table 1). These results are higher than those found by Aroucha et al. (2012ArouchaEMMSouzaCSMSouzaAEDDFerreiraRMDAArroucha-FilhoJC2012 Qualidade pós-colheita da Cajarana em diferentes estádios de maturação durante armazenamento refrigerado. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 34:391-399), who obtained 1.03 g of citric acid/100 mg of fresh fruit for S. dulcis fruits harvested in the municipality of Mossoró - RN.

It is worth noting that even with the significant differences among the accessions, these results obtained in the present work are following the TA content required by the processing industries for S. mombin fruits, which is the acidity higher than 0.90% of citric acid (Brasil, 2016). Considering the high acidity observed in the evaluated fruits, they could attend the demand of the industries since the high acidity content in the pulp can reduce the need to add citric acid in the juice production and inhibits microorganism’s development, which can decrease the production costs (Lima et al., 2002LimaEDPALimaCDAAldrigueMLGondimPJS2002 Caracterização física e química dos frutos da umbu-cajazeira (Spondias spp) em cinco estádios de maturação, da polpa congelada e néctar. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura , 24:338-343; Brasil, 2016Brasil2016 Portaria Nº 58, de 01 de Setembro de 2016. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. DOU 01/09/2016, Seção 1, p. 2).

For soluble solids concentration (SSC), the fruits from accession M2 presented the lowest content, which was 9.67 °Brix, the other accessions showed no significant differences with the values ranging from 10.48 to 11.48 °Brix (Table 1). These results corroborate Aroucha et al. (2012ArouchaEMMSouzaCSMSouzaAEDDFerreiraRMDAArroucha-FilhoJC2012 Qualidade pós-colheita da Cajarana em diferentes estádios de maturação durante armazenamento refrigerado. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 34:391-399), which produced fruits of S. dulcis with a soluble solids concentration of 11.78 °Brix. On the other hand, Jayarathna et al. (2020JayarathnaPLIJayawardenaJAECVanniarachchyMPG2020 Identification of Physical, Chemical Properties and Flavor Profile of Spondias dulcis in Three Maturity Stages. International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 5:208-211) evaluating fully ripen S. dulcis fruits, obtained 7.52 °Brix for soluble solids concentration.

For the fruit's good acceptance, especially in fresh consumption, it is required a high soluble solids concentration, being this characteristic a way to determine the fruit quality according to its ripening stage (Trevisan et al., 2010TrevisanRPianaCDBTreptowRDOGonçalvesEDAntunesLEC2010 Perfil e preferências do consumidor de pêssego (Prunus persica) em diferentes regiões produtoras no Rio Grande do Sul. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura , 32:90-100; Cremasco et al., 2016CremascoJPGMatiasRPGSilvaDFPOliveiraJAABrucknerCH2016 Postharvest quality of eight peaches cultivars. Comunicata Scientiae 7:334-342). The six accessions produced fruits with SSC higher than the minimum value required for Spondias dulcis by the Standards of Identity and Quality of pulp fruit (PIQ's) established by the Brazilian legislation, which is 9.0 °Brix at the temperature of 20 °C (Brasil, 2016Brasil2016 Portaria Nº 58, de 01 de Setembro de 2016. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. DOU 01/09/2016, Seção 1, p. 2).

The fruits from accession M1 presented the higher soluble solids content/titratable acidity ratio (SSC/TA), 18.12, and show no significant difference from the accessions M3 and M5 (Table 1). These results corroborate Chaves-Neto & Silva (2019Chaves-NetoJRSilvaSM2019 Caracterização física e físico-química de frutos de Spondias dulcis Parkinson de diferentes microrregiões do Estado da Paraíba. Colloquium Agrariae, 15:18-28) for fruits of S. dulcis produced in Paraíba state, which presented 16.70 of SSC/TA. The lowest value was reported by Damiani et al. (2011DamianiCSilvaFADAmorimCCDMSilvaSTPBastosIMAsquieriERVeraR2011 Néctar misto de cajá-manga com hortelã: caracterização química, microbiológica e sensorial. Revista Brasileira de Produtos Agroindustriais, 13:301-309) in the municipality of Nova Veneza - GO, which presented an SSC/TA of 10.98 for S. dulcis.

The SSC/TA is one of the most important characteristics to indicate the fruit flavor since it is related to the balance of sugars and acids, thus, the highest SSC/TA implies in sweeter fruits, which is also related to its ripening stage (Schneider et al., 2020SchneiderLCLeãoKVMachadoLLGuimarãesARD2020 Caracterização física e química de frutos de bacupari, Salacia crassifolia (Mart. ex Schult.) G. Don, provenientes do município de Barreiras-BA. Brazilian Journal of Development , 6:13942-13953; Guimarães et al., 2020GuimarãesARDLeãoKVMapeliAMSchneiderLC2020 Physical and chemical characterization of cajarana fruits (Spondias dulcis Parkinson). Brazilian Journal of Development, 6:6693-6701). Comparing the SSC/TA found in the present work to the minimum values required for S. dulcis and umbu (S. tuberosa) by the Standards of Identity and Quality of pulp fruit (PIQ's) established by the Brazilian legislation (Brasil, 2016), which is 10 and 6.43, respectively, it can be observed that the fruits from the six accessions presented a higher SSC/TA, indicating the potential for its exploitation by the processing industries.

The accessions M1, M3, M5 and M6 showed no difference between them and present the highest vitamin C content, which was 64.43; 64.79; 63.25 and 67.70 mg of ascorbic acid/100 g of fresh fruit, respectively (Table 1). These results are higher than those reported by Kohatsu et al. (2011KohatsuDSZucareliVBrambillaWPEvangelistaRM2011 Qualidade de frutos de cajá-manga armazenados sob diferentes temperaturas. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura , 33:344-349), which obtained fruits of S. dulcis with 54.2 mg of ascorbic acid/100 g of fresh fruit. Bohra & Waman (2017BohraPWamanAA2017 Spondias dulcis L.: An Important Acidulant Species In Bay Islands. International Journal of Forest Usufructs Management, 18:25-29) also reported a lower content of ascorbic acid for fruits of S. dulcis fully mature produced in South Andaman - India, which is 35.49 mg of ascorbic acid/100 g of fresh fruit. The S. dulcis pulp is rich in antioxidants compounds, high levels of carotenoids, tannins and vitamin C (Tiburski et al., 2011TiburskiJHRosenthalADelizaRGodoyRLDPachecoS2011 Nutritional properties of yellow mombin (Spondias mombin L.) pulp. Food Research International, 44:2326-2331). The ascorbic acid oxidation reactions depend on temperature levels and the ripening stage, decreasing with maturity (Jayarathna et al., 2020JayarathnaPLIJayawardenaJAECVanniarachchyMPG2020 Identification of Physical, Chemical Properties and Flavor Profile of Spondias dulcis in Three Maturity Stages. International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, 5:208-211).

Regarding the pulp color, the accession M1 produced fruits with the highest values of coordinates lightness (L*), chromaticity (C) and yellowness (b*), and the highest values of the coordinate hue angle (h°) of the pulp were obtained in fruits from the accessions M3 and M4 (Table 2). For the peel color, the highest L* coordinate value was obtained in fruits from the accession M1, the highest C coordinate was observed in fruits from accessions M1 and M3, the highest h° was obtained in fruits from the accession M2, and the highest b* coordinate were obtained in the peel of fruits from the accessions M1 and M3 (Table 2). Hue angle values closest to 90° indicates that both the pulp and the peel presented an intense yellow color (Pereira et al., 2019PereiraLDSouzaLKFFerreiraKBValleKDSilvaDFP2019 Biofilmes comestíveis na conservação pós-colheita de cajá. Revista Engenharia na Agricultura, 27:285-292).

Table 2:
Color coordinates of pulp and peel of S. dulcis fruits harvested from six accessions in the municipality of Jataí - GO

The L* coordinate of pulp and peel is indicative of lightness intensity. During the ripening, the coordinates L* and b* tends to decrease, which implies in fruits with darker colors (Nuncio-Jáuregui et al., 2014Nuncio-JáureguiNCalín-SánchezACarbonell-BarrachinaAHernándezF2014 Changes in quality parameters, proline, antioxidant activity and color of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) as affected by fruit position within tree, cultivar and ripening stage. Scientia Horticulturae, 165:181-189). Marques et al. (2018MarquesCSGuimarãesPVPSmiderleOJDuriganMFB2018 Qualidade agroindustrial de frutos de taperebazeiros (Spondias mombin L.) cultivados em áreas urbanas de Boa Vista, Roraima. Revista Eletrônica Ambiente, Gestão e Desenvolvimento, 11:296-307) evaluating S. mombin fruits produced in Roraima, reported L* values of 50.36 for peel and 50.04 for pulp.

As greater is the C coordinate value, as vivid and strong the color will be (Manasa et al., 2019ManasaBJagadeeshSLThammaiahNNethravathiNethravathi2019 Colour measurement of ripening mango fruits as influenced by pre-harvest treatments using L* a* b* coordinates. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8:2466-2470). These results found in the present work corroborate the results obtained by Marques et al. (2018MarquesCSGuimarãesPVPSmiderleOJDuriganMFB2018 Qualidade agroindustrial de frutos de taperebazeiros (Spondias mombin L.) cultivados em áreas urbanas de Boa Vista, Roraima. Revista Eletrônica Ambiente, Gestão e Desenvolvimento, 11:296-307) evaluating fruits of S. mombin in Roraima - Brazil. Fruits with vivid and strong colors tend to be better accepted by the consumers in fresh consumption (Souza et al., 2017SouzaASDSoaresKMDPGóisVADFreireBCF2017 Qualidade microbiológica e físico-química de polpas de umbu-cajá e cajá comercializadas em Mossoró. Higiene alimentar, 31:42-46).

The hue angle (h°) is the angular component of the representation of the product color (Nuncio-Jáuregui et al., 2014Nuncio-JáureguiNCalín-SánchezACarbonell-BarrachinaAHernándezF2014 Changes in quality parameters, proline, antioxidant activity and color of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) as affected by fruit position within tree, cultivar and ripening stage. Scientia Horticulturae, 165:181-189). H° values closest to 90° are indicative of the maturity stage, which is more attractive to the consumers (Pereira et al., 2019PereiraLDSouzaLKFFerreiraKBValleKDSilvaDFP2019 Biofilmes comestíveis na conservação pós-colheita de cajá. Revista Engenharia na Agricultura, 27:285-292). This characteristic is important to the processing industries since fruits at an advanced ripening stage produce more chemical reactions, turning the fruits with an intense yellow color and having no need to add several dyes in the juice processing (Mitchell & Daly, 2015MitchellJDDalyDC2015 A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics. PhytoKeys, 55:01-92).

The b* represents the yellow tone of color, whereas the higher is the value, the more intense is the yellow color (Manasa et al., 2019ManasaBJagadeeshSLThammaiahNNethravathiNethravathi2019 Colour measurement of ripening mango fruits as influenced by pre-harvest treatments using L* a* b* coordinates. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8:2466-2470). The yellow color occurs due to the activation of the biosynthetic pathways associated with the pigments of phenolic origin (Maldonado-Astudillo et al., 2017Maldonado-AstudilloYIAliatejacalIANúñez-ColínACJiménez-HernándezJLópez-MartínezVL2017 Chemical and phenotypic diversity of mexican plums (Spondias purpurea L.) from the states of guerrero and morelos, mexico. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura , 39:e-610.).

Regarding the pulp chemical characteristics, it can be observed that the titratable acidity presented a negative and significative strong correlation with the soluble solids content/titratable acidity ratio (-0.96), indicating that one characteristic increases as the other decreases, whereas the soluble solids concentration presented a negative and significative strong correlation with the pulp hue angle (-0.98), which also indicates that one characteristic is inverse to another and can indicate that the color change during the ripening is related with the increase of soluble solids concentration (Table 3).

Table 3:
Phenotypic correlation coefficients among 13 variables from S. dulcis fruits harvested from six accessions in the municipality of Jataí - GO

For the pulp color, the coordinates L* C and b* presented a positive and significative strong correlation with the soluble solids content/titratable acidity ratio (0.92, 0.98 and 0.99, respectively) and presented a negative and significative strong correlation with the titratable acidity (-0.89, -0.98 and -0.99), which indicates the changes that occur during the ripening process, besides, the lightness presented a positive and significative correlation with the yellowness (0.91), and for the peel color, the L* coordinate presented a positive and significative correlation with the coordinates C and b* (0.99 and 0.98, respectively), also, the coordinate C presented positive and significative correlation with the b* coordinate (0.99) (Table 3).

The knowledge of the association between characteristics has great importance for breeding programs, especially if the selection presents problems due to its low heritability or it is from difficult measurement and identification, and the correlations are considered for choosing the breeding methods when strategies of simultaneous selection for the characteristics evaluated are formulated (Giles et al., 2016GilesJADOliariLSORochaACBSchmildtERSilvaWFrançaJM2016 Correlações entre características físicas, químicas e físico-químicas de frutos de cirigueleira. Revista Agro@mbiente on-line, 10:30-35). The high correlations obtained in the present work indicate the possibility to present gains from the indirect selection of one feature in the loss of another, which can generate a high potential due to the greater heritability of the characteristics evaluated (Chaves-Neto et al., 2018Chaves-NetoJRAndradeMGSSchunemannAPPSilvaSM2018 Compostos fenólicos, carotenoides e atividade antioxidante em frutos de cajá-manga. Boletim Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos, 36:55-68).

It can be observed in the UPGMA dendrogram the formation of two groups, being the group I composed by the accession M2 and group II composed by the accessions M1, M3, M4, M5 and M6, based on the distances index within the dendrogram with a cophenetic correlation coefficient (CCC) of 0.78 and cut-off point of 0.68, corresponding to 85% of distance (Figure 1).

Figure 1:
Dendrogram generated by UPGMA method from the dissimilarities through the Euclidean distance among 13 variables of fruits from six accessions.

The clustering by the UPGMA method was suitable for genetic diversity representation and the formation of groups between the accessions because it presented a CCC of 0.78. The CCC measures the adjustment between the dissimilarity matrix and the simplification matrix due to the clustering method, and it is applied to increase the conclusion reliability at dendrograms interpretations (Cruz et al., 2012CruzCDRegazziAJCarneiroPCS2012 Modelos biométricos aplicados ao melhoramento genético. Viçosa, UFV. 514p).

The closest to the unity is the CCC value, the better will be the representation of the similarity matrix in the dendrogram (Monteiro et al., 2010MonteiroERBastosEMLopesECAGomesRLFNunesJAR2010 Diversidade genética entre acessos de espécies cultivadas de pimentas.Ciência Rural, 40:288-293). That information allows inferring because the evaluated characteristics revealed a good adjustment between the distance graphic representation e its original matrix, which reinforces the results' reliability.

CONCLUSIONS

The fruits from the accessions M3, M4, M5 and M6 presented the greatest pulp yield.

The lowest titratable acidity content was obtained in fruits from the accessions M1, M3 and M5, which indicates the great potential of these fruits for fresh consumption.

The highest vitamin C content was obtained in fruits from the accessions M1, M3, M5 and M6.

The accessions evaluated presented genetic variability, being the employed methodology efficient to show this variability.

The accession M2 stood out as the more divergent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND FULL DISCLOSURE

The authors are grateful to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the financial support.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    04 Apr 2022
  • Date of issue
    Mar-Apr 2022

History

  • Received
    22 May 2021
  • Accepted
    23 June 2021
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