Frozen yogurt from sheep milk

Frozen yogurt a partir de leite de ovelha

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to develop frozen yogurt formulations from powdered yogurt of sheep milk, through an experimental design of 2², with a triplicate at the central point. The variables studied were emulsifier/stabilizer (0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%) and powder for cream (2.75%, 3.00% and 3.25%). The parameters evaluated were sensory characteristics, texture, and microbiological counts. The results showed that the formulations had counts of S. aureus and fecal coliforms at 45 °C, lactic acid bacteria and Salmonella sp within the limits established by legislation. Instrumental analysis of texture-related parameters (firmness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and consistency) of the formulations with different concentrations of emulsifier/stabilizer and cream powder showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). In sensory analysis, Formulations 3 and 4 with lower concentrations of emulsifier/stabilizer scored the highest values, thus indicating good acceptability.

Key words:
emulsifying; stabilizing; sensorial analysis; texture

RESUMO

Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver formulações de Frozen Yogurt a partir do iogurte em pó de leite de ovelha por meio de planejamento experimental 2², com triplicata no ponto central. As variáveis estudadas foram emulsificante/estabilizante (0,50%, 0,75% e 1,00%) e pó preparo para creme (2,75%, 3,00% e 3,25%) e as respostas foram em termos de características sensoriais, microbiológicas e análise instrumental de textura. Os resultados mostraram que as formulações apresentaram contagem de S. aureus, coliformes termotolerantes a 45 ºC, bactérias láticas e Salmonella sp de acordo com os limites estabelecidos pela legislação. Em relação a análise instrumental de textura todos os parâmetros avaliados (firmeza, coesividade, adesividade e consistência) nas formulações com diferentes concentrações de emulsificante/estabilizante e o pó preparado para creme não apresentaram efeito significativo (p > 0,05). Por meio da análise sensorial as formulações 3 e 4 com menor concentração de emulsificante/estabilizantes foram as que apresentaram maiores pontuações para aceitação global, assim apresentando uma boa aceitabilidade.

Palavras-chave:
emulsificante; estabilizantes; Análise sensorial; Textura

INTRODUTION

Interest in frozen yogurt consumption has been on the increase because of its nutritional properties. Furthermore, it is an alternative to ice cream for people who suffer from obesity, cardiovascular disease, and lactose intolerance because of its low fat and lactose content compared to ice cream (Pinto et al., 2012).

Frozen yogurt is manufactured by subjecting milk to lactic acid fermentation using Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophiles cultures, with or without the addition of other foodstuffs, followed by aeration and freezing (Brasil, 2005). This product combines the cooling sensation of ice cream with the nutritional value of yogurt (Tamime & Robinson, 2007). However, yogurt is highly susceptible to microbial growth because of the ease of degradation. One way to extend the shelf life is dehydration, which drastically reduces the water activity and prevents the growth of microorganisms.

Lyophilization and atomization are the processes used for yoghurt dehydration. It is essential to study the viability of the beneficial bacteria in yogurt powder to assess the damage caused by the drying process and to establish drying temperature, to optimize the drying conditions (Mishra & Kumar, 2004). Yogurt powder has the advantage of longer shelf life without refrigeration and can be used later for the development of frozen yogurt formulations.

Adding value to a traditional product along with making use of a different raw material such as sheep milk, gives special characteristics to frozen yogurt, because sheep's milk contains high concentration of total solids (Mckusick et al., 2002), including lipids and casein. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop frozen yogurt formulations using yogurt powder from sheep milk, characterize it microbiologically and sensorily, and assess the product texture.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparation of yogurt powder

Ten liters of pasteurized whole milk from sheep of the Lacaune race, produced at Cabanha Chapecó, located in Chapecó / SC, Brazil, was used to produce the yogurt. The yogurt was prepared in accordance with the methodology of Tamime & Robinson (2007), with modifications. The milk was heated to 45 °C, inoculated with 2% mesophilic thermophilic starter Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (CHR-HANSEN) and kept in 2 L terephthalate containers for 5 h in a water bath at 45 °C. During the fermentation, the pH was monitored using a pH meter (Micronal) and maintained at 4.6, which is the isoelectric point of casein. The yogurt was cooled in a chamber (Sotronic) at 4 °C. Subsequently, the sheep milk yogurt was distributed in plastic trays of 200 g capacity and frozen (Consul) at -18 °C for 24 h. The trays were removed and placed in a lyophilizer (Edwars) at -40 °C for 48 h, following the procedure by Mishra & Kumar (2004). The resulting yogurt powder was packed in metal containers with sealing wax, stored at room temperature for further development of frozen yogurt formulations.

Development of Frozen Yogurt

The frozen yogurt formulations were developed using a central composite design 2²_, with triplicate at central point, to determine the emulsifier/stabilizer concentration (0.5 to 1%) and cream powder (2.75 to 3.25%) variables. Although these two components are added in minimal amounts relative to the other ingredients, these are crucial to obtain a suitable texture.

The formulations were prepared by reconstituting yogurt powder with mineral water in the proportion of 77.25% yogurt to 22.75% water (homogenized for 2 min in an industrial mixer (Caicara)), until complete dissolution. Next were added sugar, glucose powder, natural yogurt flavor, emulsifier/stabilizer, and cream powder and homogenized for 1 min, according to the methodology described by Gonçalves & Eberle (2008) and Alves et al.. (2009). The mixtures were placed in ice cream maker (Maqsoft) and stir/freeze during 5 min at -10 °C. The frozen yogurt was packaged in terephthalate containers (2L) and frozen in cold chamber (Solid) at -18 °C for 24 h.

Microbiological analysis

The sheep milk yogurt was assessed for total coliforms at 30 °C, thermotolerant coliforms at 45 °C, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds, and Salmonella sp. The sheep milk yogurt powder was evaluated for thermotolerant coliforms at 45 °C, lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeasts and molds. Frozen Yogurt formulations were assessed for thermotolerant coliforms at 45 °C, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp. All analyses were performed in triplicate.

The total coliform count at 30 °C was performed according ISO 4832 (2006). Serially diluted samples were inoculated into sterile petri plates and plating in depth with the addition of crystal violet neutral red bile agar (Acumedia), with slow mixing of the inoculum using a horizontal circular motion. After the culture medium solidified, the plates were incubated at 30 ± 1 °C in an incubator (Binder) for 24 ± 2 h.

The thermotolerant coliform count at 45 °C was determined as described by IN N^o. 62 (Brazil, 2011). The method was based on presumptive evidence and involved inoculation of the sample diluted with violet red bile agar - VRBA (Acumedia). The suspected colonies were submitted to confirmatory test, and inoculated in Escherichia coli - EC (Merck) broth, and incubated at 45 °C in a water bath with shaking (Marconi) for 48 h.

Lactic acid bacteria count was determined using ISO 7889 (2003) method. Serial sample dilutions were inoculated in sterile petri plates. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus count was conducted by plating in depth with MRS agar (Acumedia) and Streptococcus thermophilus count by in depth plating with M17 agar. The inoculum was mixed slowly with a circular motion. After the culture medium solidified, the plates with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were incubated inverted in an anaerobic jar at 37 °C in an incubator (Binder) for 72 h and Streptococcus thermophilus plates were also incubated in a 37 °C incubator (Binder) for 48 h.

The yeast and mold counts were carried out according to ISO 6611 (2004) method. Serial sample dilutions were inoculated into sterile petri plates, held in depth with the plating agar containing Yeast extract / dextrose / oxytetracycline (OXOID), mixing the inoculum slowly with circular motion. After solidification, the plates were incubated at 25 °C in an incubator (Tecnal) for 5 d.

The Bacillus cereus count followed the methodology described by ISO 7932 (2004). Serial dilutions were inoculated into sterile petri plates by surface plating on MYP Agar (Acumedia), carefully spreading the inoculum with Drigalski handle. The plates were incubated at 30 ± 1 °C in an incubator (Binder) for 24 h.

Staphylococcus aureus count was performed according to ISO 6888-1 (1999). Serial dilutions were surface-plated in sterile petri dishes containing Baird-Parker agar (Acumedia). The plates were incubated at 37 ± 1 °C in an incubator (Binder) for 48 h.

The analysis of Salmonella sp. was performed using VIDAS equipment according to the methodology described by AOAC (2011). Samples were pre-enriched and incubated at 35 ± 1 °C in an incubator (Binder) for 22 h. After the pre-enrichment, Rappaport Vassiliadis broth with soy - RVS (Merck) and selenite cystine broth (Merck) were added. The RVS medium was incubated at 41.5 ± 1 °C in a water bath with shaking (Marconi) for 24 h and the selenite cystine medium in an incubator (Binder) at 37 ± 1 °C for 24 h, after which the VIDAS test(r) was performed.

Sensory analysis

The sensory analysis of the frozen yogurt was performed with 50 untrained tasters, to assess the global acceptance and buying intention. These tests were approved by the ethics committee of the Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões- URI- Erechim - registry by the number of N°: 37328314.3.0000.5351, and a written consent was signed by all participants.

The global acceptance evaluation was performed using a 9-point hedonic scale anchored with: 1 = dislike extremely, 5 = neither like nor dislike, and 9 = like extremely; and purchase intention was anchored with 1 = buy, 2 = would not buy, 3 = may buy.

Instrumental Analysis of Texture

Frozen yogurt formulations were also evaluated for the parameters of firmness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, and consistency. The texture properties were determined by Texture machine TA-XT2 Plus (SMS), using a cylindrical stainless steel probe of 6 mm diameter (POR / 6), pretest speed 2.0 mM.s^-1, test speed of 2.0 mM.s^-1, post-test speed of 2.0 mM.s^-1, in 5 s with 20 mm distance.

Statistical analysis

The results of the physico-chemical analyses were subjected to Tukey's test at 5% significance for comparison between the means. All statistical analyses were performed using Statistic 8 0 (StatSoft Inc(r), USA) software.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Microbiological characterization

Sheeps milk yogurt

The sheep milk yogurt was characterized with respect to total coliform count at 30 °C, coliforms at 45 °C, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts and molds, as specified by the Normative Instruction N° 46, which establishes the Technical Regulation of Identity and Quality of Fermented Milks, MAPA (Brazil, 2007). The Salmonella sp. detection standards are provided by Technical Regulation of Microbiological Standards for Food, established by Resolution RDC Nº 12, of Brazil (2011). The results of the microbiological characterization of the sheep milk yogurt are shown in Table 1.

Table 1:
Microbiological characterization of sheep's milk yogurt

For the fermented milk to be considered as yogurt by IN N^o. 46 of MAPA (Brazil, 2007), the lactic acid bacteria count must be at least 10⁷ CFU/g. Thus, the sheep milk yogurt prepared in this study was in accordance with the regulation, which had a count of 2.0 × 10⁹ CFU/g. Lower values (5.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g) were obtained by Finco et al., (2011) in cow milk yogurt after a day of processing. These high values are important because the lactic acid bacteria act by competitive exclusion and synthesis of antagonistic substances such as organic acids, diacetyl, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins, which inhibit or retard the proliferation of spoilage bacteria and pathogens (Alexandre et al., 2002; Chesca et al., 2009).

The total coliform count at 30 °C, thermotolerant coliform count at 45 °C, and yeasts and mold count in the yoghurt were within the limits established by the legislation, indicating that the yogurt has been prepared under hygienic conditions.

The Salmonella sp analysis is a qualitative assay that indicates the absence or presence of Salmonella. The RDC Nº 12 (Brazil, 2001) standard requires the absence of this microorganism. The yogurt prepared in this study conformed to the parameters established by the Brazilian legislation.

Sheep milk yogurt powder

Table 2 presents the microbiological characterization of the yogurt powder made from sheep milk. The limits established in the DRC Nº 12 (Brazil, 2001) for Bacillus cereus, coliforms at 45 ° C, Staphylococcus aureus, and coagulase-positive Salmonella sp. are 5 × 10³ CFU/g, 10 CFU/g, 10² CFU/g, and absent, respectively. The results for the yogurt powder as shown in Table 2 are in accordance with the limits established by the DRC.

Table 2:
Microbiological characterization of sheep's milk yogurt powder

The lactic acid bacteria count in yogurt powder (Table 2) was 2 logs lower, compared to sheep milk yogurt (Table 1). This reduction may be associated with the low temperature used during the drying process (lyophilization at - 40 °C), which affects the survival of the bacteria.

Sheep milk yogurt powder produced by the lyophilization method had 4.0 × 10⁷ CFU/g lactic bacteria, which is in conformance with the minimum requirement of 10⁷ CFU/g lactic acid bacteria as specified by IN N^o 46 MAPA (Brazil, 2007). Similar values were found by Krasaekoopt & Bhatia (2012), who obtained 5.6 × 10⁷ CFU/mL of lactic acid bacteria in cow milk yogurt powder produced by foam layer drying.

Frozen Yogurt

Table 3 shows the results for microbiological analyses of frozen yogurt formulations obtained by central composite design 2²_, with triplicate at central point.

Table 3:
2² matrix of the central composite design and the response of the microbiological analysis of the frozen yogurt

• *Independent variables: X₁: Emulsifier/Stabilizing (%); X₂: Prepared powder to cream (%). Fixed variables: Sucrose (8%); Glucose powder (3%); Natural yogurt flavor (1%).

The microbiological standards established by RDC Nº12 (Brazil, 2001) for iced milk are a maximum of 5 × 10¹ CFU/g, 5 × 10² CFU/g and 0/25g, for coliform, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella sp, respectively. All frozen yogurt formulations developed in this study have values below those specified in the legislation, thus meeting the recommended microbiological requirements.

Lactic acid bacteria count declined by 2 logs when the sheep's milk yogurt was dehydrated to yogurt powder, from 10⁹ CFU/g to 10⁷ CFU/g. Frozen yogurt also had 10⁷ CFU/g lactic acid bacteria, similar to that of sheep milk yogurt powder. Corte (2008) found 2.2 × 10⁸ CFU/g to 1.2 × 10⁹ CFU/g lactic bacteria in frozen yogurt made from cow milk yogurt supplemented with prebiotic (inulin), calcium caseinate and probiotics. Isik et al., (2011) found a count of 8 × 10⁸ CFU/g in cow milk yogurt fortified with inulin and isomalt. Thus, it can be seen that frozen yogurt prepared from sheep milk yoghurt powder manufactured by a dehydration process, retained a count of 2 × 10⁷ CFU/g. The presence of viable lactic acid bacteria in fermented milk products has a beneficial effect on the health of the consumers. However, the effects can be realized only when the count per gram is maximum. According to Penna (2002), for a probiotic product to have beneficial effect, the minimal count of viable beneficial bacteria must be 10⁶ CFU/g. Thus, the frozen yogurt formulations developed in this work have beneficial effects on consumer health.

Instrumental Analysis of Texture

The texture analysis may be performed using appropriate equipment (instrumental) or sensorially. According to the ISO standard (1992), texture is the set of mechanical properties, geometry, and surface detectable by mechanical and touch receptors and possibly by visual and auditory receptors. The food texture is sometimes the deciding factor for consumer acceptability, in addition to flavor and aroma. Thus, evaluation of the product texture serves several purposes for the food industry, which include the control of raw material and the manufacturing process, changing ingredients or equipment when required, quality control of finished product, development of new products, and making changes to formulation (Alves et al., 2009; Souza et al., 2010). The instrumental texture analysis includes the evaluation of consistency, firmness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness.

Table 4 shows the results of instrumental analysis of texture of the frozen yogurt formulations manufactured according to central composite design 2²_, with triplicate at central point. Different formulations scored similar values for cohesiveness. However, formulations with higher concentration of emulsifier/stabilizer scored higher for consistency and firmness (Formulation 1). Stabilizers are macromolecular compounds that are hydrated thoroughly with water and form colloidal solutions. The formation of a three-dimensional network and hydrogen bonds prevents water mobility (Early, 2004), thus yielding higher values, as in Formulation 1.

Table 4:
2² matrix of the central composite design and the response of the instrumental analysis of texture from the frozen yogurt

• *Independent variables: X₁: Emulsifier/Stabilizing (%); X₂: Prepared powder to cream (%). Fixed variables: Sucrose (8%); Glucose powder (3%); Natural yogurt flavor (1%).

It was found that the lowest quantity of emulsifier/stabilizer and powder cream in the formulations resulted in higher stickiness (Formulation 3).

Firmness can be defined as the force required to resist strain, and indicates the structural stiffness of the product. Firmer the sample, greater is the force required to shear it (Tunick, 2000). None of the independent variables studied (emulsifier/stabilizer prepared and powder cream) had significant effect on the firmness of the frozen yogurt at 95% confidence level, as shown in Figure 1. These variables had no effect on the product because of the small quantities added to the formulation. Firmness is affected more by the composition, particularly the protein and sugar content, and the efficacy of the freezing process (Hartel, 2001).

Figure 1:
Pareto chart of the firmness of frozen yogurt

Various studies have reported that the addition of purple rice bran oil had no effect on the firmness and texture of frozen yogurt prepared from cow milk (Sanabria, 2012). On the other hand, another study on cow milk frozen yogurt containing a carbohydrate fat substitute reported greater firmness, which was significant at 95% confidence level (Pinto et al., 2012). The authors state that the fat substitute decreases the formation of ice crystals and promotes the formation of a gel network, thus enhancing the firmness of the product.

Adhesiveness is the work required to overcome the forces of attraction between the food product and other surface, and often indicates stickiness (Alves et al., 2009; Souza et al., 2010; Sanabria, 2012) of the product. The increased adhesiveness is the result of the formation of a more viscous gel (Gel Nagar et al., 2002). The emulsifier/stabilizer variables and the prepared powder cream had no significant effect at a significance level of 95% (Figure 2) in the frozen yogurt formulations developed in this study.

Figure 2:
Pareto chart of the adhesiveness of frozen yogurt

Cohesiveness refers to the forces involved in the internal connections in the product (Antunes et al., 2004). It was observed that the cohesiveness was not significantly altered in frozen yogurt, as shown in Figure 3. These results demonstrate that the formulations have acceptable characteristics.

Figure 3:
Pareto chart of the cohesiveness of frozen yogurt

The independent variables studied had no significant effect on the consistency (Figure 4) of frozen yogurt at the 95% confidence level. This shows that the quantity of emulsifier/stabilizer added and powder cream are suitable for such formulations. Excessive amounts of these ingredients would make the product more viscous, sticky, and thicker. Another component that can affect the structural aspects of the product is fat. Excessive fat content affects the rheological and melting properties. An increase in the degree of fat clustering reduces the melting rate and increases the viscosity (Tharp et al., 1998).

Figure 4:
Pareto chart of the consistency of frozen yogurt

Sensory analysis

The sensory analysis of food is of critical importance for defining the sensory quality of food, assessing consumer acceptance of the developed product, and maintaining consumer loyalty in an increasingly competitive market (Teixeira, 2009). Table 5 shows the 2² matrix of the experimental design and the responses to the overall evaluation and purchase intention for frozen yogurt.

Table 5:
2² matrix of the central composite design and the response of the global evaluation and purchase intention of frozen yogurt

• *Independent variables: X₁: Emulsifier/Stabilizing (%); X₂: Prepared powder to cream (%);
• **Means followed by the same lowercase letters on column no represents significant difference at 5% level (Tukey's test).

In this overall assessment of the samples, the calculated F was 17.60, higher than the tabulated F of 2.13, indicating significant difference between the samples at a significance level of 5%. For tasters, the calculated F was 6.64, higher than the tabulated F of 1.40 also indicating significant difference between the samples at a significance level of 5%.

Formulations 3 and 4 scored moderately higher for global acceptance, indicating significant difference over other formulations at 95% confidence level, thus presenting good acceptability. These formulations were developed with lower emulsifier/stabilizer content and did not leave an aftertaste like the other formulations did, as reported by the panelists.

In purchase intent, the calculated F for the samples was 17.06, higher than the tabulated F of 2.13, indicating significant difference among the samples at a significance level of 5%. For tasters, calculated F was 2.16, higher than the tabulated F of 1.41, also indicating significant difference among the samples at a significance level of 5%.

Formulations 3 and 4 scored higher in buying intentions, with a significant difference over other formulations. Thus, these formulations (3 and 4) were the most accepted receiving the highest scores compared to the tasters.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of microbiological quality and sensory acceptance analyses demonstrate the feasibility of producing frozen yogurt from sheep milk yogurt powder. Firmness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and consistency were similar for all the variables studied (emulsifier/stabilizer and the prepared powder to cream) without affecting (p > 0.05) the formulation. In the global acceptance analysis, formulations 3 and 4 with lower concentrations of emulsifier/stabilizer scored the highest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank CNPq, CAPES, FAPERGS, Senai and URI-Erechim for the financial support for this research.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sep-Oct 2016

History

• Received
  23 June 2015
• Accepted
  10 June 2016