Substrates for seedlings with sewage sludge and biochar

The objective of this study was to evaluate substrates formulated with proportions of sewage sludge (SS)-solarized and SS-biochar in the production of seedlings of two indicator crops: lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and black wattle (Acacia decurrens Wild). The study was composed of two experiments conducted in greenhouse, in randomized block designs. The treatments consisted of five doses of SS-solarized and SS-biochar, combined with rice husk ash and vermiculite in different proportions (20:40:40, 30:35:35, 40:30:30, 50:25:25 and 60:20:20) and two commercial substrates (controls). Morphophysiological characteristics of the seedlings and the physico-hydric characteristics, pH and electrical conductivity of the substrates were evaluated. The pyrolysis process enhanced the characteristics of SS as a component of substrates, where the substrate with 20% of SS-biochar, 40% of vermiculite and 40% of rice husk ash, presented the better performance.

Keywords:
Lactuca sativa L.; Acacia decurrens Wild; biosolids; physical-water characteristics

Authorship

Alex Becker Monteiro ^**Corresponding author: alexbeckermonteiro@gmail.com

Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Solos, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. alexbeckermonteiro@gmail.comUniversidade Federal de PelotasBrazilCapão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Solos, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. alexbeckermonteiro@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-2454

Ivan dos Santos Pereira

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil. ivanspereira@gmail.com; adilson.bamberg@embrapa.brEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa AgropecuáriaBrazilPelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil. ivanspereira@gmail.com; adilson.bamberg@embrapa.br

Adilson Luís Bamberg

Cristiane Mariliz Stöcker

Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. crisstocker@yahoo.com.brUniversidade Federal de PelotasBrazilCapão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. crisstocker@yahoo.com.br

Luís Carlos Timm

Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. luisctimm@gmail.comUniversidade Federal de PelotasBrazilCapão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. luisctimm@gmail.com

^*Corresponding author: alexbeckermonteiro@gmail.com

Project funded by FAPEG.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1:
Water available (WA) and remaining water (WR) (A), grain size (B), water retention curve (C) and water retention capacity at 10cm water column (WRC10cm), in substrates with SS solarized, biochar SS and commercial. * Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column belong to the sama group by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability. T1- 20% SS solarized (SS sol) + 40% vermiculite (VER) + 40% rice husk ash (RHA); T2- 30% SS sol + 35% VER + 35% RHA; T3- 40% SS sol + 30% VER + 30% RHA; T4- 50% SS sol + 25% VER + 25% RHA; T5- 60% SS sol + 20% VER + 20% RHA; T6- 20% biochar SS (Bioc SS) + 40% VER + 40% RHA; T7- 30% Bioc SS + 35% VER + 35% RHA; T8- 40% Bioc SS + 30% VER + 30% RHA; T9- 50% Bioc SS + 25% VER + 25% RHA; T10- 60% Bioc SS + 20% VER 20% RHA; T11- commercial substrate 1; T12- commercial substrate 2.

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Table 1:
Inorganic and pathogenic contaminants in SS-solarized samples and maximum limits allowed by current legislation

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Table 2:
Wet Density (WD), Dry Density (DD), Total Porosity (TP), Aeration Space (AS), Hydrogenionic potential (pH) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) of different substrates with sewage sludge (SS): SS-solarized (T1 to T5), SS-biochad (T6 to T10); and two commercial substrates (T11 and T12)

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Table 3:
Plant height, plant dry mass, root dry mass, total chlorophyll and total leaf area of lettuce seedlings grown on different substrates (Experiment 1). Plant height, plant dry mass and root dry mass of black wattle seedlings grown on different substrates (Experiment 2)

Figure 1: Water available (WA) and remaining water (WR) (A), grain size (B), water retention curve (C) and water retention capacity at 10cm water column (WRC10cm), in substrates with SS solarized, biochar SS and commercial. * Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column belong to the sama group by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability. T1- 20% SS solarized (SS sol) + 40% vermiculite (VER) + 40% rice husk ash (RHA); T2- 30% SS sol + 35% VER + 35% RHA; T3- 40% SS sol + 30% VER + 30% RHA; T4- 50% SS sol + 25% VER + 25% RHA; T5- 60% SS sol + 20% VER + 20% RHA; T6- 20% biochar SS (Bioc SS) + 40% VER + 40% RHA; T7- 30% Bioc SS + 35% VER + 35% RHA; T8- 40% Bioc SS + 30% VER + 30% RHA; T9- 50% Bioc SS + 25% VER + 25% RHA; T10- 60% Bioc SS + 20% VER 20% RHA; T11- commercial substrate 1; T12- commercial substrate 2.

Table 1: Inorganic and pathogenic contaminants in SS-solarized samples and maximum limits allowed by current legislation

Parameter	SS-solarized	CONAMA 375/2006 ¹	IN 7/2016 ²
Inorganic contaminants
Arsenic (mg kg^-1)	< 1.72	41.00	20.00
Barium (mg kg^-1)	246.30	1300.00	-
Cadmium (mg kg^-1)	1.37	39.00	3.00
Lead (mg kg^-1)	26.50	300.00	150.00
Copper (mg kg^-1)	147.80	1500.00	-
Chromium (mg kg^-1)	85.90	1000.00	500.00
Hexavalent chromium (mg kg^-1)	< 0.172	-	2.00
Mercury (mg kg^-1)	< 0.115	17.00	1.00
Molybdenum (mg kg^-1)	4.37	50.00	-
Nickel (mg kg^-1)	25.90	420.00	70.00
Selenium (mg kg^-1)	< 1.72	100.00	80.00
Zinc (mg kg^-1)	963.20	2800.00	-
Pathogenic contaminants
Thermotolerant coliforms (MLN/g de TS)	1.00	< 1.000	1.000
Viable eggs of helminths (nº/g de TS)	< 0.25	< 0.25	1.00
Salmonella	Absence	Absence	Absence
Enteric Viruses (g/TS)	Absence	< 0.25	-
Agronomic parameters
pH	6.0
Carbon (%)	35.00
Nitrogen (%)	5.70
Phosphorus (%)	2.40
Potassium (%)	0.49
Calcium (%)	1.60
Magnesium (%)	0.56
Sulphur (%)	0.99
Copper (mg kg^-1)	125.00
Iron (%)	2.30
Manganese (mg kg^-1)	328.00
Sodium (mg kg^-1)	520.00
Aluminum (%)	0.92
Boron (mg kg^-1)	56.00
CTC - Cation exchangeable capacity (mmol kg^-1)	556.00

¹
CONAMA 375/2006: Resolution No. 375, of August 29, 2006, defines criteria and procedures for the agricultural use of sewage sludge generated in sewage treatment plants and their by-products; ² IN 7/2016: Normative Instruction SDA No. 7, of April 12, 2016, amends Annexes IV (maximum limits of contaminants allowed in substrate for plants) of Normative Instruction SDA no. 27, of June 5, 2006; MLN - Most Likely Number; TS - Total Solids.

Table 2: Wet Density (WD), Dry Density (DD), Total Porosity (TP), Aeration Space (AS), Hydrogenionic potential (pH) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) of different substrates with sewage sludge (SS): SS-solarized (T1 to T5), SS-biochad (T6 to T10); and two commercial substrates (T11 and T12)

Treatments ¹	Physico-hydric characteristics				Chemical Characteristics
Treatments ¹	WD	DD	TP	AS	pH	EC
	kg m^-3		%			μS cm^-1
T1	667.84 c	508.78 e	63.04 a	8.37 b	7.01 c	1,629.67 a
T2	647.93 d	505.61 e	67.81 a	9.30 b	7.69 a	1,577.67 a
T3	696.75 c	534.61 d	67.55 a	5.67 c	7.87 a	1,230.83 a
T4	733.19 b	570.61 b	68.75 a	2.82 d	8.09 a	1,240.67 a
T5	816.73 a	614.71 a	68.63 a	5.02 c	8.01 a	1,431.67 a
T6	689.04 c	535.73 d	50.36 b	2.07 e	7.37 b	1,532.33 a
T7	705.05 c	555.03 c	52.82 b	3.29 d	7.53 b	1,332.67 a
T8	695.15 c	561.37 c	54.07 b	5.72 c	7.61 b	930.83 b
T9	720.45 b	585.24 b	53.53 b	1.75 e	7.70 a	999.07 b
T10	799.96 a	617.45 a	50.16 b	1.64 e	7.55 b	1,040.20 b
T11	630.92 d	440.64 f	55.33 b	13.62 a	5.24 d	805.33 b
T12	576.21 e	406.22 g	54.48 b	6.36 c	5.26 d	309.10 c
CV (%)	2.15	2.02	7.36	13.23	2.77	20.97

¹ Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column belong to the same group by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability. T1- 20% SS solarized (SS sol) + 40% vermiculite (VER) + 40% rice husk ash (RHA); T2- 30% SS sol + 35% VER + 35% RHA; T3- 40% SS sol + 30% VER + 30% RHA; T4- 50% SS sol + 25% VER + 25% RHA; T5- 60% SS sol + 20% VER + 20% RHA; T6- 20% biochar SS (Bioc SS) + 40% VER + 40% RHA; T7- 30% Bioc SS + 35% VER + 35% RHA; T8- 40% Bioc SS + 30% VER + 30% RHA; T9- 50% Bioc SS + 25% VER + 25% RHA; T10- 60% Bioc SS + 20% VER 20% RHA; T11- commercial substrate 1; T12- commercial substrate 2.

Table 3: Plant height, plant dry mass, root dry mass, total chlorophyll and total leaf area of lettuce seedlings grown on different substrates (Experiment 1). Plant height, plant dry mass and root dry mass of black wattle seedlings grown on different substrates (Experiment 2)

	Experiment 1 - Lettuce					-- Experiment 2 - Black wattle --
Treatments ¹	Plant height (cm)	Plant dry mass (g)	Root dry mass (g)	Clorofila total	Total leaf area (cm²)	Plant height (cm)	Plant dry mass (g)	Root dry mass (g)
T1	6.798 b	0.154 c	0.025 c	12.749 ^ns	28.141 c	14.500 ^ns	1.480 a	0.265 a
T2	5.181 b	0.104 c	0.020 c	12.750	22.330 c	5.553	0.328 b	0.022 b
T3	1.494 c	0.007 d	0.001 d	-	4.001 d	-	-	-
T4	1.096 c	0.003 d	0.001 d	-	2.543 d	7.167	0.560 b	0.167 b
T5	0.958 c	0.003 d	0.001 d	-	1.256 d	5.000	0.150 b	0.006 b
T6	10.554 a	0.589 a	0.118 a	13.346	86.806 a	5.167	0.417 b	0.093 b
T7	9.717 a	0.413 b	0.071 b	12.997	63.885 b	4.333	0.201 b	0.033 b
T8	6.190 b	0.200 c	0.037 c	12.298	40.222 b	5.667	1.353 a	0.350 a
T9	5.574 b	0.162 c	0.024 c	12.494	21.492 c	10.000	1.240 a	0.343 a
T10	10.030 a	0.343 b	0.054 b	12.886	50.453 b	5.833	0.367 b	0.123 b
T11	10.359 a	0.430 b	0.077 b	13.008	54.504 b	5.611	0.440 b	0.090 b
T12	8.480 a	0.311 b	0.080 b	12.595	49.813 b	7.311	0.843 a	0.217 a
CV (%)	26.37	41.13	39.08	3.74	43.49	52.65	78.7	87.11

¹ Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column belong to the same group by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability. T1- 20% SS solarized (SS sol) + 40% vermiculite (VER) + 40% rice husk ash (RHA); T2- 30% SS sol + 35% VER + 35% RHA; T3- 40% SS sol + 30% VER + 30% RHA; T4- 50% SS sol + 25% VER + 25% RHA; T5- 60% SS sol + 20% VER + 20% RHA; T6- 20% biochar SS (Bioc SS) + 40% VER + 40% RHA; T7- 30% Bioc SS + 35% VER + 35% RHA; T8- 40% Bioc SS + 30% VER + 30% RHA; T9- 50% Bioc SS + 25% VER + 25% RHA; T10- 60% Bioc SS + 20% VER 20% RHA; T11- commercial substrate 1; T12- commercial substrate 2.

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