Chlorophyll content in beet cv. Early Wonder under nitrogen fertilization

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of doses of nitrogen fertilizer in association with types of basal dressing fertilizers on the physiological characteristics of beet cultivar Early Wonder in a protected environment. The experiment was conducted in safe environment at the Federal University of Campina Grande, using a randomized block design with three replications and a 5x3 factorial scheme, in five doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg dm^-3) applied through fertigation, and three types of basal dressing fertilizers (unfertilized soil, earthworm humus and earthworm humus + NPK). At 45 and 90 days after transplanting (DAT), it was determined the chlorophylls a, b, total chlorophylls, carotenoids and SPAD index. Organo-mineral fertilizer (earthworm humus + NPK) provides greater efficiency for the photosynthetic pigments when compared with organic fertilizer (earthworm humus) and without fertilization (control).The increase of nitrogen dose up to 200 mg dm^-3 is the one which contributes most to the increment of chloroplastid pigments. Nutrients were absorbed by the plants and the humus and humus + NPK treatments supplied the nutritional demands during the beet cultivation cycle.

Keywords:
Beta vulgaris L.; nitrogen; organic fertilization; intensity of green color.

Authorship

Patrícia Ferreira da Silva ^**Corresponding author: patrycyafs@yahoo.com.br

Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Tecnologia e Recursos Naturais, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. patrycyafs@yahoo.com.brUniversidade Federal de Campina GrandeBrazilCampina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Tecnologia e Recursos Naturais, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. patrycyafs@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4580-2336

Rigoberto Moreira de Matos

Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Departmento de Engenharia Agrícola, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. rigobertomoreira@gmail.com; marianapereira.agri@gmail.com; edicleciaborges@gmail.com; zedantas1955@gmail.com; antuneslima@gmail.comUniversidade Federal de Campina GrandeBrazilCampina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Departmento de Engenharia Agrícola, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. rigobertomoreira@gmail.com; marianapereira.agri@gmail.com; edicleciaborges@gmail.com; zedantas1955@gmail.com; antuneslima@gmail.com

Mariana de Oliveira Pereira

Vitória Ediclécia Borges

José Dantas Neto

Vera Lúcia Antunes de Lima

*Corresponding author: patrycyafs@yahoo.com.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (6)
Tables (4)
Formulas (1)

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Figure 1:
Instantaneous, maximum and minimum temperature (A) and relative humidity in air (B) observed during the experimental period for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.

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Figure 2:
Chlorophyll a content in beet plants depending on the types fertilizers (A) and nitrogen doses applied through fertigation (B) at 45 and 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Equal letters do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

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Figure 3:
Chlorophyll b content in beet plants depending on the types fertilizers (A) and on the doses of nitrogen fertilization applied through fertigation (B) at 45 and 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT. for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Equal letters do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

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Figure 4:
Total chlorophyll content in beet plants the types fertilizers (A) and nitrogen doses applied through fertigation (B) at 45 and 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT. for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Equal letters do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

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Figure 5:
Carotenoids in beet plants as results of the application of the types of basal dressing fertilizers (A) and as results of nitrogen fertilization applied through fertigation (B) at 45 and 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT. for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Equal letters do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

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Figure 6:
SPAD index in beet plants under kinds of basal dressing fertilization (A) and nitrogen doses applied through fertigation (B) at 45 and 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT. for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Equal letters do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

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Table 1:
Physical-chemical characteristics of the soil used in the experiment.Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

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Table 2:
Organic fertilizer characteristics (earthworm humus) used in the experiment. Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

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Table 3:
Overview of variance analysis for chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and SPAD index at 45 DAT for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

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Table 4:
Overview of variance analysis for chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and SPAD index at 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT. for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

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Figure 1: Instantaneous, maximum and minimum temperature (A) and relative humidity in air (B) observed during the experimental period for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.

Figure 2: Chlorophyll a content in beet plants depending on the types fertilizers (A) and nitrogen doses applied through fertigation (B) at 45 and 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Equal letters do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

Figure 3: Chlorophyll b content in beet plants depending on the types fertilizers (A) and on the doses of nitrogen fertilization applied through fertigation (B) at 45 and 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT. for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Equal letters do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

Figure 4: Total chlorophyll content in beet plants the types fertilizers (A) and nitrogen doses applied through fertigation (B) at 45 and 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT. for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Equal letters do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

Figure 5: Carotenoids in beet plants as results of the application of the types of basal dressing fertilizers (A) and as results of nitrogen fertilization applied through fertigation (B) at 45 and 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT. for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Equal letters do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

Figure 6: SPAD index in beet plants under kinds of basal dressing fertilization (A) and nitrogen doses applied through fertigation (B) at 45 and 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT. for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Equal letters do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).

Table 1: Physical-chemical characteristics of the soil used in the experiment.Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

pH	OM	P	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺	H
pH	(%)	mg 100g^-1	mmol_c dm^-3
5.9	0.65	1.43	0.14	0.07	1.90	0.66	0.20	1.88
	Density		Sand		Silt		Clay
	(g cm^-3)		(%)
	1.39		74.70		16.11		9.19

*pH =hydrogenionic potential, OM = organic matter, P = phosphorus, K = potassium, Na = sodium, Ca =calcium, Mg = magnesium, Al = aluminium and H = hidrogen.

Table 2: Organic fertilizer characteristics (earthworm humus) used in the experiment. Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

pH	OM	P	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺	SB	CEC	V	m
pH	g kg^-1	mg dm^-3		Cmol_c dm^-3						%
6.9	73.1	469.3	656.0	0.9	13.2	1.0	0.0	18.9	20.8	91.2	0.0

*pH =hydrogenionic potential, OM = organic matter, P = phosphorus, K = potassium, Na = sodium, Ca =calcium, Mg = magnesium, Al = aluminium, SB = sum of bases, CEC = cation exchange capacity, V = base saturation m = aluminium saturation.

Table 3: Overview of variance analysis for chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and SPAD index at 45 DAT for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

Source of Variation	GL	Values of mean squares
		45 days after transplanting (DAT)
		chlorophyll a	chlorophyll b	chlorophyll total	carotenoids	SPAD
Types of Fertilizers (A)	2	1.68^**	0.41^**	3.76^**	0.12^**	1395.42^**
Doses of Nitrogen (N)	4	0.43^**	0.29^**	1.43^**	0.17^**	326.48^**
A * N	8	0.08^ns	0.01^ns	0.15^ns	0.01^ns	19.10^ns
Block	2	0.28	0.06	0.60	0.01	45.40
Residue	28	0.06	0.20	0.14	0.06	7.03
CV (%)	-	32.40	29.38	29.89	24.17	7.10
Average Overall	-	0.80	0.49	1.29	0.32	37.34

Note: ^**, ^* significant at 1 and 5% respectively; ^ns non-significant.

Table 4: Overview of variance analysis for chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and SPAD index at 90 DAT and SPAD index at 45 DAT. for cv. ‘Early Wonder’ (Beta vulgaris L). Campina Grande, PB, Brazil

Source of Variation	GL	Values of Mean Squares
		90 days after transplanting (DAT)
		chlorophyll a	chlorophyll b	chlorophyll total	carotenoids	SPAD
Types of Fertilizers (A)	2	1.39^**	0.03^**	1.81^**	0.04^**	98.35^**
Doses of Nitrogen (N)	4	0.32^**	0.09^**	0.75^**	0.05^**	538.54^**
A * N	8	0.08^ns	0.04^ns	0.08^ns	0.02^ns	26.71^ns
Block	2	0.02	0.12	0.07	0.01	38.54
Residue	28	0.04	0.07	0.07	0.05	29.91
CV (%)	-	29.14	22.12	24.90	29.72	13.14
Average Overall	-	0.72	0.38	1.11	0.24	41.61

Note: ^**, ^* significant at 1 and 5% respectively; ^ns non-significant.

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[1] *Corresponding author: patrycyafs@yahoo.com.br