Effect of cattle manure on sunflower production and water use in two types of soil

Received: 10/07/2012; Accpted: 05/04/2013 1 Article extracted from the fisrt author ’s monography . 2 Graduate in Agricultural Science. Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Av nida Aprígio Veloso, 882, 58429-140, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil. juniormaiapb@yahoo.com.br 3 Agronomist engineer , Doctor of Science. Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Exatas, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Escola Agrotécnica do Cajueiro, Campus IV, Zona Rural, 58884-000, Catolé do Rocha, Paraíba, Brasil. elmesquita4@uepb.edu.br (corresponding author). 4 Agricultural engineer , Doctor of Science. Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Avenida Aprígio Veloso, 882, 58429-140, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil. hugo_carvallo@hotmail.com 5 Agronomist engineer , Doctor of Science. Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Avenida Bom Pastor, s/n, Boa Vista, 55292-270, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brasil. maciof@yahoo.com.br 6 Agronomist engineer , Doctor of Science. Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Avenida Aprígio Veloso, 882, 58429-140, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil. lhgarofalo@hotmail.com Francisco das Chagas Fernandes Maia Filho , Evandro Franklin de Mesquita , Hugo Orlando Carvallo Guerra , Mácio Farias Moura, Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves 6 Effect of cattle manure on sunflower production and water use in two types of soil 1


INTRODUCTION
The sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an oilseed annual crop from dicotyledonous class.It is native from the North American continent (Pearson et al., 2010), and has been widely used in many countries for edible oil production when compared to other oilseeds (Vazin et al., 2011).The oil present in sunflower achenes has high quality for human consumption and can be used to produce biodiesel (Lazzarotto et al., 2005).In some parts of Paraiba State, especially in the hinterland, the sunflower crops have been presenting low productivity, due to the use of traditional cultivars with low productive capacity and the lack of an appropriate mineral nutrition program.
Most of the Brazilian semiarid soils are characterized by the low availability of nitrogen and phosphorus, and this failure is usually corrected by using high doses of mineral fertilizers (Menezes & Oliveira, 2008), which is considered an economically and environmentally unsatisfactory solution.For these reasons, the search for alternative sources of fertilizer has increased, which are less harmful to the environment and economically efficient at the same time.Thus, to produce sunflower in semi-arid climate, it is necessary to seek for alternatives that regard the need of obtaining high productivity at a low cost, while using organic sources in a rational way, reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.
Currently, there are several sources of organic fertilizers used in agriculture, but cattle manure has the greatest potential for fertilization, especially in small farms of Paraiba hinterland.However, there isn't much information about the quantities to be used in sunflower crop in order to obtain a compensatory income.
There are a few studies related to this topic in Brazil.Nobre et al. (2010), working with four levels of cattle manure (0, 0.7, 1.4 and 2.1% based on the dry matter) on sunflower variety Embrapa 122 V/200, observed that the fertilization anticipated the flowering and had positive effect of on growth.
Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of cattle manure fertilization on consumption, water use efficiency and yield components of sunflower variety Embrapa 122 V/2000, cultivated in two types of soil.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out from November 2010 to February 2011, in a greenhouse at the Center for Agricultural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus IV, Catolé do Rocha -PB, referenced by geographic coordinates: latitude 6º 20'38 "South, longitude 37º44'48" West and altitude of 275 m.
Two types of soil, Fluvissol and Haplic Luvisol, collected respectively at the municipalities of Catolé do Rocha and Brejos dos Santos, Paraíba State, were used as substrates in the experiment.The samples were collected at 0-20 cm depth, air-dried, sieved through 2.0 mm mesh, and chemically and physically characterized according to Embrapa (1997), and the results are presented in Table 1.
The experimental design was completely randomized and the treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme (2 x 4) + 2, consisting of two soil types (Fluvissol -Soil 1, Haplic Luvissol -Soil 2), and four doses of cattle manure (5, 10, 15 and 20% v/v), plus two additional witnesses, which consisted of each soil, chemically fertilized according to the recommendation, with three replicates, totalizing 30 experimental units.Each experimental unit consisted of a plastic container with 30 L capacity with one plant of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) variety Embrapa 122/V-2000.
The cattle manure used as treatments were previously tanned and mixed to the soil in the following proportions: 5% (1.5 L of manure + 28.5 L of soil), 10% (3 L of manure + 27 L of soil), 15% (4.5 L of manure + 25.5 L of soil) and 20% (6 L of manure + 24 L of soil).According to the soil analyzes, the witnesses were chemically fertilized with 40-70-30 kg ha -1 of N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O (Ribeiro et al., 1999).
Before sowing, the water content in both soils was brought to field capacity.The equation to calculate the planting irrigation (Albuquerque, 2010)  UA : Water content in soil at the irrigation day (% weight); d : Bulk density (g/cm 3 ); acarretou aumento dos componentes da produção e da eficiência no uso da água, independentemente do tipo de solo.Com exceção da massa de 1000 sementes e da eficiência do uso da água, o tipo de solo afetou significativamente o consumo de água do girassol e o número e a massa de sementes por planta.As plantas cultivadas no Luvissolo Háplico tiveram melhor comportamento.
The following irrigations were performed every two days, according to the amount of water used by the crop.The volume of each irrigation was calculated every day by monitoring the water content of the soil with a TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) probe PR2 Model at four depth intervals: 0 -10, 10 -20, 20 -30 and 30 -40 cm, using the equation of Albuquerque (2010), previously presented.These values were set in a spreadsheet program, which counted the daily water content of each of the four layers of the soil profile.
The sowing was carried out on November 15, 2010, at 5 cm depth, with seven seeds per pot, distributed equidistantly.Seedling emergence began on the fourth day after sowing (DAS) and continued until the fourteenth.The thinning was performed at 20 DAS, leaving one plant per pot, i.e., the most vigorous.
The irrigation was suspended at 95 DAS, regarding to the physiological maturity of the grain, i.e., when the grains presented hard mass (Silva et al., 2007).At the same time, the whole crop was at growth stage R9 (head tilted down, with back and bracts showing color between yellow and brown).
During the experiment, the weeds control, the soil surface scarifying and the plants stalking were manually performed, while preventive sprays were applied every 15 days in a conventional manner.
At harvesting, the head of each plant was cut and immediately placed in a plastic bag, which was sealed.Thus, the outer diameter of the head was measured, the number of seeds per plant counted and weighed, determining the weight of 1000 seeds.
The amount of water consumed by the plants in volume and the cumulative consumption were also assessed, and the consumption efficiency was determined by the ratio between the weight of the total dry matter and the volume of water used in each treatment, according to the methodology described by Gardner et al. (1985) and Barker et al. (1989).The total dry matter (leaf, stem, head and root) was weighed with a precision balance after drying in an oven with forced air at 65ºC until obtaining constant weight.
The statistical analyzes were performed through the computer program SAEG 5.0 (SAEG, 2003), however the Dunnett test at 5% probability was performed using the program SAS 9.0.(Gomes, 2009).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The yield components of sunflower variety Embrapa 122-V2000, were influenced, at 1% probability, by cattle manure and the soil types.The water consumption for different levels of manure, the weight of 1000 seeds and the efficiency of water use for the types of soils were not affected by the treatments (Table 2).It was also observed that there was no significant interaction between treatments on any variable studied.However, considering that the isolated factors, soil and cattle manure, presented significant effects, it was decided to perform the deployment of the interaction according to Sampaio (1998), which says that, the F test showed that the average change in the interaction between treatments was not wide enough compared to the variance of the error.
According to the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA), types of soil affected significantly (p <0.01) the water consumption (Table 2).Meanwhile, the doses of cattle manure caused a significant effect only on the water use efficiency.
The regressions for the quantitative factor cattle manure, regarding to the number of seeds per sunflower plant, can be observed in Figure 1, presenting quadratic trend for Fluvissol (Soil 1) and linear increase for the Haplic Luvisol (Soil 2).It was observed that the growth of the plants cultivated in Soil 1 was positively affected to the increase of the doses of manure, reaching the maximum of 1126 seeds at 18.23%, in a quadratic behavior.On the other hand, the number of seeds per plant cultivated in Soil 2 had a linear behavior with the increase of 27.79 seeds per percentage unit of manure increased in the soil, totalizing 1428 seeds per plant with the dose of 20%.
These results showed better soil efficiency with 20 and 18% of cattle manure for soils 2 and 1, respectively, corroborating with the results obtained by Mielniczur & Bayer (2008), who said that organic matter is a key component of the productive capacity of the soils, due to their effects on nutrient availability, capacity of cation exchange, toxic elements and micronutrients complexation and water retention and infiltration.
From the results, it is clear that the Haplic Luvisol is 26.68% superior, as a result of the higher levels of phosphorus, potassium and calcium present in this type of soil, as evidenced by Braz & Rossetto (2010), who obtained the following order of nutrients accumulation on dry matter of sunflower Embrapa 111 V/2000: N > K > Ca > P with the respective levels 112 > 74 > 56 > 51g kg -1 , demonstrating the high extractions of these nutrients in the soil.Biscarro et al. (2008), working with irrigated crop of sunflower cultivar H 358 Dekalb, obtained 707 seeds per plant, in Cassilândia, MS, fertilizing with 52.6 kg N ha -1 .Nobre et al. (2010) obtained 571 seeds per plant of sunflower variety Embrapa 122 V/2000 irrigated with wastewater, and fertilized with cattle manure.The number of seeds obtained in this present study were higher than those observed by these authors, and the values indicate that, besides of improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soils, the cattle manure possibly was the responsible for providing the higher amount of nutrient for the crop development.
As the manure level in both soils increased, the seed weight per plant increased linearly with 0.56 g and 1.07 g for each percentage unit of manure dose in Fluvissol (Soil 1) and Haplic Luvisol (Soil 2), respectively, reaching the peak of 27.17 g plant -1 (Soil 1) and 36.26g plant -1 (Soil 2), corresponding to the highest dose of manure (Figure 2).The better response was observed at dose 20%, which Tabela 2. Analysis of variance for the production and consumption components and water use efficiency in sunflower variety Embrapa 122-V2000: number of seeds per plant (NSP), weight of seeds per plant (WSP), weight of 1000 seeds (W1000S), outer diameter of the head (EDH), water consumption (WC) and water use efficiency (WUE)

Source of variation GL
appears to be a beneficial effect of manure, as it corrects the nutritional deficiency in both soils.It was observed that the number of seeds was proportional to the seeds weight per plant (Figure 1), especially on Haplic Luvisol (Soil 2), which presented the highest values as a result of the nutrients availability, containing 56.4, 19.67 and 118.18 % more calcium, phosphorus and potassium, respectively, than the Fluvissol (Soil 1).The results presented above were lower than the 44.61 g plant -1 observed by Nobre et al. (2010), irrigating with 120% of the available water and fertilizing with cattle manure.The mass of 1000 seeds increased linearly, according to the increase of the doses of cattle manure, regardless to the type of soil (Figure 3).The increase in the weight of 1000 seeds was 0.66 g per percentage unit of cattle manure added to the soil, reaching the maximum weight of 30.63 g, when fertilized with the highest dose of manure.From the results, it is clear that the plants produced many seeds per plant (Figure 1), however, the sizes were below than expected for this variety, reflecting on the low weight of seeds per plant and on the weight of 1000 seeds (Figures 2 and 3).This occurrence may be associated to the nitrogen deficiency visually observed at production stage.During this stage, the occurrence of fails in the filling or even the absence of achenes in the center of the sunflower head are very common.Those events can be attributed to the greater demand for assimilates from achenes of the flowers firstly pollinated (Castro & Farias, 2005).The test results were below the average weights of 59.7 g / 1000 seeds, observed by Silva et al. (2009)    The values of the outer diameter of the head were adjusted to the quadratic model, and presented an increase behavior, reaching the maximum of 16 cm when the dose of manure was 15.22%.After this point, the diameter gradually decreased with the increase of the dose of manure on Fluvissol (Soil 1) (Figure 4).For Haplic Luvisol (Soil 2), the diameter of the head was adjusted to the increasing linear model with addition of 0.30 g per percentage unit increased of cattle manure, reaching the value of 19.66 cm when fertilized with 20% of the manure.This value is in accordance with the number of seeds per plant (Figure 1), as the larger is the diameter of the head, the greater is the amount of seeds it is expected to hold.According to Lobo & Grassi Filho (2007), the diameter of the head has direct implications on the potential number of achenes, which is the essential component of productivity.The values of the diameter of the head observed on this sunflower variety were lower than those obtained by Nobre et al. (2010), similar to those obtained by Silva et al. (2011) and higher than those observed by Silva et al. (2009), Junior Santos et al. (2011) and Joner et al. (2011).These differences may be related to the differences on the climatic conditions, environments, genotypes, irrigation management and fertilization.Among the several techniques of growing sunflower, choosing the appropriate genotype is the most important step of the production system.
With the objective of comparing the components of sunflower production obtained with manure with those  obtained with the control (mineral fertilizer), the Dunnett test was used (Table 3).In general, on Fluvissol (Soil 1), the chemical fertilization was better only when compared to the lowest doses of manure (5 and 10%), except for DEcap with the dose 20% of manure.For the variable W1000S, the mineral fertilization was not superior to any dose of cattle manure.On Soil 2, for the variables WSP and EDH, the mineral fertilization was better until the 15 and 5% of manure, respectively.Positive responses to organic fertilization were found by Pereira et al. (2012), when studying cattle manure effects on cotton CNPA 7H for two years in Paraíba hinterland, and by Severino et al. (2006), when fertilizing castor bean plants with cattle manure.
Considering the little difference in yield components of sunflower, between the use of cattle manure and mineral fertilizer, the cattle manure can replace chemical fertilizers, if it is sufficiently available in the region.Besides of solving nutritional deficiencies in soils, the manure would reduce the costs of sunflower production, constituting an important practice for the sustainability of the soil.
The lowest water consumption (115.51L) was observed in plants cultivated in Fluvissol (Solo 1), while the consumption in Haplic Luvisol (Solo 2) was 16.40% higher (134.45 L).This difference can be explained by the fact that plants cultivated in Haplic Luvisol, had higher total biomass (Table 4), which confirms the results obtained by Doorenbos & Pruit (1997), indicating that the increase in the biomass yield is associated with higher consumption of water.It can be observed on Table 4 that, when sunflower plants were fertilized with mineral fertilizer, water consumption in both soils did not differ from the consumption of sunflowers fertilized with manure.
Regarding the efficiency of the water use, a significant effect (p <0.01) was only observed on doses of cattle manure (Figure 5).The efficiency of water use increased at a rate of 0.03 g L -1 per percentage unit of cattle manure increased, totalizing 1.349 g L -1 for 20% of manure, evidencing, this ways, the beneficial action of the manure, since the plants exposed to higher doses of manure had higher total biomass.
Although there was no significant difference between the treatments manure and mineral fertilizer, the definition of the optimal dose of manure for sunflower, would allow water saving and the improvement of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soils in Paraíba hinterlands, through the rational use of water and fertilization, resulting in an increase of the productivity for the region, as stated by Pereira et al. (2012).
According to the data of biomass production and water consumption of the sunflower, it can be noticed that the efficiency of the water use, although not Tabela 3. Number of seeds per plant (NSP), weight of seeds per plant (WSP), weight of 1000 seeds (W1000S) and outer diameter of the head (EDH) of Sunflower according to the doses of manure in soils 1 and 2, compared to the witness chemically fertilized in soil 1 and 2

Treatment
significantly, was increased by the doses of manure in both soils, i.e., sunflower plants showed greater ability to reverse the volume of water consumed in production of dry matter (Table 4).
Except for the treatment with 5% of manure, there was no significant difference between the mineral and organic fertilization, on efficiency of the water use in sunflower, showing that organic matter is a viable alternative to replace agrochemicals resulting in benefits to the environment (Table 4).

CONCLUSIONS
The cattle manure increased significantly the values of yield components of sunflower variety Embrapa 122 V/ 2000.
With the exception of the weight of 1000 seeds and the efficiency of water use, the type of soil affected significantly the water consumption and the number and weight of seeds per plant of sunflower.Plants grown in Haplic Luvisol showed better development characteristics.
Tabela 4. Total dry matter, water consumption (L) and efficiency of the water use (EA) (g L -1 ) on Sunflower 422-V2000 according to the doses of cattle manure on soils 1 and 2, compared to the chemically fertilized control  The efficiency of the water use by sunflower was significantly increased by cattle manure, leading to think about the viability of the organic matter as a fertilizer, in its effect on the reduction of production costs and at the same time, constitute an important practice for the sustainability of the environment.
depth (mm); FC : Water content in soil at field capacity (% weight);
1000 seeds, observed by Silva et al. (2011), when provided 533.7 mm of water during the cycle of Sunflower variety Embrapa 122 V/2000.The lower values obtained in this study may be due to the difference of the climatic conditions, genotypes, irrigation management and fertilizer, among other factors.

Table 1 .
Physical and chemical characterization of the two types of soil and of the cattle manure