Artificial intelligence in bibliographic searches in scientific databases: comparing search expressions in ChatGPT, Copilot, and Gemini

Picalho, Antonio Carlos; Oliveira, Gisele Rosa de; Cativelli, Adriana Stefani

doi:10.20396/rdbci.v23i00.8678378

Subjects
Subject #1 Radiotherapy Radiation Radiotherapy* Radioterapia Radiação Radioteráp* Radiación*	Subject #2 Neoplasms Neoplasm Cancer* Tumor* Neoplasias Neoplasia Câncer Neoplasma* Cáncer	Subject #3 Quality of Life HRQOL Life Quality Qualidade de vida QVRS Calidad de Vida	Subject #4 Brazil Brazil* Brasil Brasil*

ChatGPT	Copilot	Gemini
Here are the compound terms in double quotes: --- Subject#1 - "Radiotherapy" - "Radiation" - "Radiotherap" - "Radioterapia" - "Radiação" - "Radioteráp" - "Radiación" --- Assunto #2* - "Neoplasms" - "Neoplasm" - "Cancer" - "Tumor" - "Neoplasias" - "Neoplasia" - "Câncer" - "Neoplasma" - "Cáncer" --- Assunto #3* - "Quality of Life" - "HRQOL" - "Life Quality" - "Qualidade de vida" - "QVRS" - "Calidad de Vida" --- Assunto #4 - "Brazil" - "Brazil" - "Brasil" - "Brasil" --- If you need any more adjustments, I'm happy to help!	Of course, here are the compound terms in double quotes: Assunto #1 "Radiotherapy" "Radiation" "Radiotherap" "Radioterapia" "Radiação" "Radioteráp" "Radiación" Assunto #2* "Neoplasms" "Neoplasm" "Cancer" "Tumor" "Neoplasias" "Neoplasia" "Câncer" "Neoplasma" "Cáncer" Assunto #3* "Quality of Life" "HRQOL" "Life Quality" "Qualidade de vida" "QVRS" "Calidad de Vida" Assunto #4 "Brazil" "Brazil" "Brasil" "Brasil"	Double quote analysis and suggestions Note: Requiring double quotation marks in all compound terms can lead to some inconsistencies or even errors, depending on the context and language. Compound terms do not always follow the same spelling rules in all languages, and using double quotes may not be the most appropriate way in all cases. Considerations: Technical terms: In technical terms such as "radiotherapy" and "neoplasms," the use of hyphens is more common than double quotation marks to indicate compounding. Abbreviations: Abbreviations such as "HRQOL" (Health-Related Quality of Life) are already considered compound terms and do not require quotation marks. Different languages: The rules for writing compound terms vary between Portuguese, English, and Spanish. Specific contexts: The use of double quotes may be necessary in some specific contexts to emphasize a term or phrase, but it is not a general rule. Suggestions: Subject #1: English: radiotherapy, radiation, radiotherap* (keep as is, the use of hyphens is more common) Portuguese: radioterapia, radiação, radioteráp* (keep as it is) Spanish: radiación* (keep as it is) Subject #2: English: neoplasms, neoplasm, cancer, tumor (keep as it is) Portuguese: neoplasias, neoplasia, câncer, neoplasma* (keep as it is) Spanish: cáncer (keep as it is) Subject #3: English: Quality of Life, HRQOL (abbreviation), Life Quality (keep as it is) Portuguese: Qualidade de vida, QVRS (abbreviation) (keep as it is) Spanish: Calidad de Vida (keep as it is) Subject #4: English: Brazil* (keep as it is, “Brazil” is not a compound term) Portuguese: Brazil* (keep as it is, “Brazil” is not a compound term) Conclusion: Based on the analysis performed, it is not recommended to use double quotation marks in all the compound terms listed. For technical terms and in some specific cases, it is more appropriate to use hyphens or to keep the original form. If you have questions about how to write a particular term, please provide more context so that I can help you more accurately. Note: The asterisks (*) have been left in the terms to indicate that there is something else to consider or that there may be a typo. Would you like me to analyze another term or set of terms?

ChatGPT	("Radiotherapy" OR "Radiation" OR "Radiotherap" OR "Radioterapia" OR "Radiação" OR "Radioteráp" OR "Radiación") AND ("Neoplasms" OR "Neoplasm" OR "Cancer" OR "Tumor" OR "Neoplasias" OR "Neoplasia" OR "Câncer" OR "Neoplasma" OR "Cáncer") AND ("Quality of Life" OR "HRQOL" OR "Life Quality" OR "Qualidade de vida" OR "QVRS" OR "Calidad de Vida") AND ("Brazil" OR "Brazil" OR "Brasil" OR "Brasil")
Copilot	Of course it is! I'm going to build a search expression that covers all the descriptor terms in the four subject areas. We'll use the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" to combine the terms in each group. The resulting expression will look like this ("Radiotherapy" OR "Radiation" OR "Radiotherap" OR "Radioterapia" OR "Radiação" OR "Radioteráp" OR "Radiación") AND ("Neoplasms" OR "Neoplasm" OR "Cancer" OR "Tumor" OR "Neoplasias" OR "Neoplasia" OR "Câncer" OR "Neoplasma" OR "Cáncer") AND ("Quality of Life" OR "HRQOL" OR "Life Quality" OR "Qualidade de vida" OR "QVRS" OR "Calidad de Vida") AND ("Brazil" OR "Brazil" OR "Brasil" OR "Brasil") This expression can be used in databases, academic search engines or digital libraries to find relevant results related to these topics. If you need more help or have any other questions, I'm happy to help! 😊
Gemini	Complete search expression: (("Radioterapia" OR "Radiação" OR "Radioteráp" OR "Radiación") AND ("Neoplasias" OR "Neoplasia" OR "Câncer" OR "Neoplasma" OR "Cáncer")) AND (("Qualidade de vida" OR "QVRS" OR "Calidad de Vida") AND ("Brasil" OR "Brasil")))** Explanation: The expression uses parentheses to group the terms of each subject and logical operators (AND and OR) to combine the terms in a comprehensive way. The OR operator is used within each group of terms to search for any of the terms in that group. The AND operator is used between groups of terms to ensure that all terms in each group are present in the search results. Example of use: You can use this search term in an academic search engine, such as Google Scholar or PubMed, to find scientific articles that address the relationship between radiotherapy, neoplasms, quality of life, and the Brazilian context. Tips: You can further refine your search by using quotation marks to search for exact phrases or specific search engine filters. Try combining this search term with other terms relevant to your search, such as the type of cancer you are interested in or the specific side effects of radiotherapy. Notes: The word "HRQOL" was not included in the final search term because it is not a term in Portuguese. The word "quality of life" was not included in the final search term because it is not a common expression in Portuguese for "qualidade de vida". I hope you find this information useful! If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to ask.

ChatGPT	The provided search expression has some syntax errors, mainly related to the use of Boolean operators (AND/OR) and the lack of closing parentheses. Here is the corrected version: (Radiotherapy OR Radiation OR Radiotherap* OR Radioterapia OR Radiação OR Radioteráp* OR Radiación) AND (Neoplasms OR Neoplasm OR Cancer* OR Tumor* OR Neoplasias OR Neoplasia OR Câncer OR Neoplasma* OR Cáncer) AND ("Quality of Life" OR HRQOL OR "Life Quality" OR "Qualidade de Vida" OR QVRS OR "Calidad de Vida") AND (Brazil OR Brazil* OR Brasil OR Brasil) ``` ### Explanation of Corrections: 1. * Closing parenthesis: I added the closing parenthesis after “Cáncer” to correct the structure. 2. Boolean operators: I've made sure that the AND and OR operators are properly positioned. 3. Correct quotes:** I have corrected the quote to “Life Quality”. ### Corrected Search Expression: ```plaintext (Radiotherapy OR Radiation OR Radiotherap* OR Radioterapia OR Radiação OR Radioteráp* OR Radiación) AND (Neoplasms OR Neoplasm OR Cancer* OR Tumor* OR Neoplasias OR Neoplasia OR Câncer OR Neoplasma* OR Cáncer) AND ("Quality of Life" OR HRQOL OR "Life Quality" OR "Qualidade de Vida" OR QVRS OR "Calidad de Vida") AND (Brazil OR Brazil* OR Brasil OR Brasil*) ``` ### Tips for Refining the Search: - Use parentheses to group related terms and ensure that Boolean operators work correctly. - Use quotation marks for compound terms to ensure that the search considers the exact expression. - Adapt the search expression as necessary to meet the specific requirements of each database. This corrected search expression should work correctly in scientific databases and help to find relevant articles about the quality of life of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in Brazil.
Copilot	Your search expression is almost correct, but there is a small syntax error. Let's fix it so that it works correctly. Here is the corrected version: (Radiotherapy OR Radiation OR Radiotherap* OR Radiioterapia OR Radiação OR Radioteráp* OR Radiación) AND (Neoplasms OR Neoplasm OR Cancer* OR Tumor* OR Neoplasias OR Neoplasia OR Cancer OR Neoplasma) AND ("Quality of Life" OR HRQOL OR "Quality of Life" OR "Qualidade de vida" OR QVRS OR "Calidad de Vida") AND (Brazil OR Brazil OR Brasil OR Brasil*). Now the expression is ready to be used when searching scientific databases. Good luck with your literature search! 🌟12.
Gemini	No, your search expression has no syntax errors. It is correctly formatted to search for articles related to the quality of life of cancer patients treated with radiation therapy in Brazil. See the search breakdown: First part: (Radioterapia OR Radiation OR Radiotherap* OR Radioterapia OR Radiação OR Radioteráp* OR Radiación) - Search for articles containing terms related to radiotherapy (in Portuguese, English and Spanish). Second part: (Neoplasmas OR Neoplasm OR Cancer* OR Tumor* OR Neoplasias OR Neoplasia OR Câncer OR Neoplasma* OR Cáncer) - Search for terms related to neoplasms and cancer. Third part: ("Quality of Life" OR HRQOL OR "Quality of Life" OR 'Qualidade de vida' OR QVRS OR 'Calidad de Vida') - Search for terms related to quality of life. Fourth part: (Brazil OR Brazil* OR Brazil OR Brazil*) - Limits the search to articles related to Brazil. This combination ensures that you will find articles that specifically address the impact of radiation therapy on the quality of life of Brazilian cancer patients.

Subjects
Subject #1 "Radiotherapy"[Mesh] "Radiotherap*"[TIAB] "Radiation"[TIAB]	Subject #2 "Neoplasms"[Mesh] "Neoplasm"[TIAB] "Cancer"[TIAB] "Tumor*"[TIAB]	Subject #3 "Quality of Life"[Mesh] "Quality of Life"[TIAB] "HRQOL"[TIAB] "Life Quality"[TIAB]	Subject #4 "Brazil"[Mesh] "Brazil*"[TIAB]

ChatGPT	To create a comprehensive search term in English, Portuguese, and Spanish for the literature review, we will combine specific terms from the three languages. Below is an appropriate search term: ```plaintext ("qualidade de vida" OR "quality of life" OR "calidad de vida" OR QoL) AND ("câncer" OR "cancer" OR "neoplasia" OR "cáncer") AND ("radioterapia" OR "radiotherapy" OR "radiation therapy" OR "radioterapia") AND ("Brasil" OR "Brazil" OR "Brasil") ``` ### Explanation of terms and operators used: 1. Qualidade de vida" OR "quality of life" OR "calidad de vida" OR QoL: Includes terms in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, as well as the common abbreviation QoL. 2. "câncer" OR "cancer" OR "neoplasia" OR "cáncer": Terms related to cancer in Portuguese, English and Spanish. 3. "radiioterapia" OR "radiotherapy" OR "radiotherapy" OR "radioterapia": Terms related to radiation therapy in Portuguese, English and Spanish. 4. Brazil" OR "Brazil" OR "Brasil": Terms to specify the location of the research in Brazil in all three languages. ### Tips for refining your search: - Use quotation marks for compound terms to ensure that the search considers the exact phrase. - Use Boolean operators (AND, OR) to logically combine terms. - If necessary, modify the search expression to meet the specific requirements of each database. ### Example of Application in a Database (PubMed): ```plaintext ("quality of life" OR "qualidade de vida" OR "calidad de vida" OR QoL) AND ("cancer" OR "câncer" OR "neoplasia" OR "cáncer") AND ("radiotherapy" OR "radioterapia" OR "radiation therapy" OR "radioterapia") AND ("Brazil" OR "Brasil" OR "Brasil") ``` This search expression will help to find relevant articles on the quality of life of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment in Brazil in various scientific databases.
Copilot	Certainly! Let’s create a search expression for your literature review on the quality of life of patients with cancer undergoing radiotherapy in Brazil. Here are the search expressions in English, Portuguese, and Spanish: English: ("Quality of Life" OR "Health-Related Quality of Life") AND ("Cancer" OR "Neoplasms") AND ("Radiotherapy" OR "Radiation Therapy") AND ("Brazil" OR "Brazilian Territory") Português: ("Qualidade de Vida" OR "Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde") AND ("Câncer" OR "Neoplasias") AND ("Radioterapia" OR "Tratamento Radioterápico") AND ("Brasil" OR "Território Brasileiro") Español: ("Calidad de Vida" OR "Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud") AND ("Cáncer" OR "Neoplasias") AND ("Radioterapia" OR "Tratamiento Radioterápico") AND ("Brasil" OR "Territorio Brasileño") Feel free to use these expressions to search scientific databases such as CINAHL and MEDLINE (PubMed) for relevant articles related to your literature review12. Good luck with your research! 🌟
Gemini	Search Expressions for Literature Review: Portuguese: • Qualidade de vida AND câncer AND radioterapia • Impacto AND radioterapia AND bem-estar AND oncologia • Fatores sociodemográficos AND qualidade de vida AND pacientes com câncer • Efeitos colaterais AND radioterapia AND saúde mental • Intervenções psicossociais AND qualidade de vida AND oncologia Inglês: • Quality of life AND cancer AND radiotherapy • Impact AND radiotherapy AND well-being AND oncology • Sociodemographic factors AND quality of life AND cancer patients • Side effects AND radiotherapy AND mental health • Psychosocial interventions AND quality of life AND oncology Espanhol: • Calidad de vida AND cáncer AND radioterapia • Impacto AND radioterapia AND bienestar AND oncología • Factores sociodemográficos AND calidad de vida AND pacientes con cáncer • Efectos secundarios AND radioterapia AND salud mental • Intervenciones psicosociales AND calidad de vida AND oncología Bases de Dados Científicas: • PubMed • SciELO • BIREME • LILACS • Google Scholar • Cochrane Library Additional Tips: • Use advanced search filters to refine your search by publication date, study type, language, etc. • Combine different descriptors and terms using Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT). • Use quotation marks to search for exact phrases. • Consult a librarian or other information professional for help with your search. Example of a full search: (Qualidade de vida OR quality of life OR calidad de vida) AND (câncer OR cancer OR cáncer) AND (radioterapia OR radiotherapy OR radioterapia) AND (Brasil OR Brazil OR Brasil) Observations: • The spelling of the English and Spanish descriptors was checked. • The Portuguese search term includes an additional descriptor ("bem-estar") to cover psychological aspects of quality of life. • The scientific databases listed are suggestions only, and you may include other databases relevant to your research. I hope this information helps you with your literature search!

[TFN9n] Source: OpenAI (2024); Microsoft (2024); Google (2024)

ChatGPT	("Radiotherapy"[Mesh] OR "Radiotherap"[TIAB] OR "Radiation"[TIAB]) AND ("Neoplasms"[Mesh] OR "Neoplasm"[TIAB] OR "Cancer"[TIAB] OR "Tumor"[TIAB]) AND ("Quality of Life"[Mesh] OR "Quality of Life"[TIAB] OR "HRQOL"[TIAB] OR "Life Quality"[TIAB]) AND ("Brazil"[Mesh] OR "Brazil*"[TIAB])
Copilot	("Radiotherapy"[Mesh] OR "Radiotherap"[TIAB] OR "Radiation"[TIAB]) AND ("Neoplasms"[Mesh] OR "Neoplasm"[TIAB] OR "Cancer"[TIAB] OR "Tumor"[TIAB]) AND ("Quality of Life"[Mesh] OR "Quality of Life"[TIAB] OR "HRQOL"[TIAB] OR "Life Quality"[TIAB]) AND ("Brazil"[Mesh] OR "Brazil*"[TIAB])
Gemini	Radiotherapy[Mesh] OR Radiotherap* OR Radiation AND Neoplasms[Mesh] OR Neoplasm* OR Cancer* OR Tumor* AND Quality of Life[Mesh] OR Quality of Life OR HRQOL OR Life Quality AND Brazil[Mesh] OR Brazil*

Artificial intelligence in bibliographic searches in scientific databases: comparing search expressions in ChatGPT, Copilot, and Gemini

ABSTRACT