Cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents

to identify cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents and verify correlations between these variables and biochemical markers, and between blood pressure percentiles, Body Mass Index, and biochemical markers.

Methods:

a cross-sectional study, conducted at a Brazilian school, from August to September 2019, including 205 participants who were interviewed. After the interview, anthropometric assessments, including weight, height, arm circumference, blood pressure checking, and blood collection for laboratory tests were performed. Descriptive and inferential analysis using the chi-square test was conducted.

Results:

a total of 18.5% had blood pressure percentiles >95%, 25.4% were overweight, and 25.9% were at very high cardiovascular risk. Statistically significant associations were found between cardiovascular risk and sex, Body Mass Index and blood pressure percentiles, and between blood pressure percentiles and triglycerides.

Conclusions:

high prevalence of risk factors among school adolescents reinforces the need for interventions for cardiovascular risk reduction in this population.

Descriptors:
Adolescent; School; Cardiovascular Diseases; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Risk

Variables	n	%	Mean	SD
Blood pressure percentiles			91.86	± 3.55
<90	159	77.6
90 - 95	8	3.9
> 95	38	18.5
BMI			20.61	± 4.18
Underweight	16	7.8
Eutrophic	137	66.8
Overweight	52	25.4
Blood glucose (mg/dl)			81.80	± 8.75
Hypoglycemia	6	2.9
Without alteration	196	95.6
Hyperglycemia	3	1.5
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)			140.03	± 24.83
Without alteration	184	89.8
High	21	10.2
Triglycerides (mg/dl)			73.36	± 34.20
Without alteration	189	92.2
Altered	16	7.8
HDL cholesterol mg/dl)			58.82	± 13.60
Without alteration	173	84.4
Altered	32	15.6
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)			66.60	± 20.84
Without alteration	200	97.6
Altered	5	2.4
Uric Acid (mg/dl)			3.06	± 0.91
Without alteration	204	99.5
Altered	1	0.5
Urea			19.61	± 7.45
Low	8	3.9
Without alteration	192	93.7
High	5	2.4
Creatinine			0.65	± 0.31
Low	9	4.4
Without alteration	130	63.4
High	66	32.2
TGO			37.17	± 12.53
Low	-	-
Without alteration	141	68.8
High	64	31.2
TGP			15.78	± 11.80
Low	174	84.9
Without alteration	27	13.2
High	4	1.9

Variables	n	%
Cardiovascular risk
Low	43	21.0
Moderate	53	25.8
High	56	27.3
Very high	53	25.9
Total	205	100

Variables	Cardiovascular risk						p value
	Low		Moderate		High / Very high
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sex							<0.001^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Female	5	4.0	27	21.6	93	74.4
Male	38	47.5	26	32.5	16	20.0
BMI							<0.001^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Underweight	7	43.8	3	18.8	2	37.5
Eutrophic	32	23.4	43	31.4	62	45.3
Overweight	4	7.7	7	13.5	41	78.8
Blood pressure percentiles							0.05^b b Fisher’s exact test; BMI - Body Mass Index; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase
90	36	22.6	45	28.3	78	49.1
95	3	37.5	2	25.0	3	37.5
99	4	10.5	6	15.8	28	73.7
Blood glucose							0.43^b b Fisher’s exact test; BMI - Body Mass Index; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase
Without alteration	42	21.4	52	26.5	102	52.0
Altered	1	11.1	1	11.1	7	77.8
Total cholesterol							0.21^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	38	20.7	51	27.7	95	51.6
Altered	5	23.8	2	9.5	14	66.7
Triglycerides							0.92^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	39	20.6	49	25.9	101	53.4
Altered	4	25.0	4	25.0	8	50.0
HDL							0.15^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	9	28.1	11	34.4	12	37.5
Altered	34	19.7	42	24.3	97	56.1
LDL							0.41^b b Fisher’s exact test; BMI - Body Mass Index; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase
Without alteration	42	21.0	53	26.5	105	52.5
Altered	1	20.0	-	-	4	80.0
Uric acid							0.21^b b Fisher’s exact test; BMI - Body Mass Index; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase
Without alteration	42	20.6	53	26.0	109	53.4
Altered	1	100.0	-	-	-	-
Urea							0.81^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	41	21.4	50	26.0	101	52.6
Altered	2	15.4	3	23.1	8	61.5
Creatinine							0.71^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	26	20.0	32	24.6	72	55.4
Altered	17	22.7	21	28.0	37	49.3
TGO							0.44^b b Fisher’s exact test; BMI - Body Mass Index; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase
Without alteration	33	23.4	36	25.5	72	51.1
Altered	10	15.6	17	26.6	37	57.8
TGP							0.26^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	3	11.1	6	22.2	18	66.7
Altered	40	22.5	47	26.4	91	51.1

Variables	Blood pressure percentiles						p value
	<90		90 - 95		> 95
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Vegetable consumption							0.55^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Yes	69	76.7	5	5.5	16	17.8
No	90	78.3	3	2.6	22	19.1
Fruit consumption							0.22^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Yes	128	79.5	7	4.4	26	16.1
No	31	70.4	1	2.3	12	27.3
Fat consumption							0.24^b b Fisher’s exact test;
Yes	141	75.8	8	4.3	37	19.9
No	18	94.7	-	-	1	5.3
Physical activity practice							0.18^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
0 - 149 min/week	60	70.6	4	4.7	21	24.7
≥ 150 min/week	99	82.5	4	3.3	17	14.2
BMI							<0.001^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	121	88.3	5	3.7	11	8.0
Altered	38	55.9	3	4.4	27	39.7

Variables	Blood pressure percentiles						p value
	<90		90 - 95		> 95
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Blood glucose							0.26^b b Fisher’s exact test; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase.
Without alteration	153	78.0	7	3.6	36	18.4
Altered	6	66.7	1	11.1	2	22.2
Total cholesterol							0.27^b b Fisher’s exact test; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase.
Without alteration	144	78.3	6	3.2	34	18.5
Altered	15	71.4	2	9.5	4	19.1
Triglycerides							0.03^b b Fisher’s exact test; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase.
Without alteration	145	76.7	6	3.2	38	20.1
Altered	14	87.5	2	12.5	-	-
HDL							1.00^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	134	77.5	7	4.0	32	18.5
Altered	25	78.1	1	3.1	6	18.8
LDL							0.38^b b Fisher’s exact test; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase.
Without alteration	156	78.0	8	4.0	36	18.0
Altered	3	60.0	-	-	2	20.0
Uric acid							1.00^b b Fisher’s exact test; HDL - High Density Lipoprotein; LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein; TGO - Oxalacetic Glutamic Transaminase; TGP - Pyruvic Glutamic Transaminase.
Without alteration	158	77.5	8	3.9	38	18.6
Altered	1	100.0	-	-	-	-
Urea							0.58^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	149	77.6	7	3.6	36	18.8
Altered	10	76.9	1	7.7	2	15.4
Creatinine							0.31^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	102	78.5	3	2.3	25	19.2
Altered	57	76.0	5	6.7	13	17.3
TGO							0.63^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	107	75.9	5	3.5	29	20.6
Altered	52	81.2	3	4.7	9	14.1
TGP							0.28^a a Pearson’s chi-square;
Without alteration	18	66.7	7	3.7	8	29.6
Altered	141	79.2	7	3.9	30	16.9

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[1] Corresponding author: Emilia Soares Chaves Rouberte E-mail: emilia@unilab.edu.br