Influencia de las características sociodemográficas en el autocuidado de personas con insuficiencia cardiaca

Cavalcante, Luiza Marques; Lima, Francisca Elisângela Teixeira; Custódio, Ires Lopes; Oliveira, Sherida Karanini Paz de; Meneses, Lidia Stella Teixeira de; Oliveira, Andressa Suelly Saturnino de; Araújo, Thelma Leite de

doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0480

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Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem

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Sumário

RESEARCH • Rev. Bras. Enferm. 71 (suppl 6) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0480 copiar

Influencia de las características sociodemográficas en el autocuidado de personas con insuficiencia cardiaca

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

Averiguar la influencia de las características sociodemográficas en el autocuidado de personas con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC).

Método:

Estudio transversal, analítico, realizado en tres hospitales privados de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, con 57 pacientes internados. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de formulario de caracterización sociodemográfica y de escala de evaluación del autocuidado y fueron analizados con estadística inferencial, utilizando pruebas de comparación de promedios.

Resultados:

El autocuidado fue mejor evaluado en personas con mayor escolaridad, renta familiar más alta y con pareja.

Conclusión:

Las características sociodemográficas influenciaron siete prácticas de autocuidado: el control dietético; el monitoreo del peso corporal; el esfuerzo en la actividad laboral; el conocimiento sobre la IC; el esquema de vacunación actualizado; las actividades de ocio; y la red de apoyo familiar y social con vínculos fuertes. La mayor prevalencia de respuestas indicativas de las prácticas de autocuidado satisfactorias entre los pacientes ocurrió en los ámbitos de la promoción de la salud y de la tolerancia al estrés.

Descriptores:
Enfermería; Autocuidado; Insuficiencia Cardíaca; Promoción de la Salud; Anomalías Cardiovasculares

Domains/Items	Self-care
	Unsatisfactory		Satisfactory
	f	%	f	%
Nutrition
Dietary control	41	71.9	16	28.1
Salt intake (restriction)	7	13.2	50	86.8
Water intake (restriction)	5	31.3	52	68.8
Monitoring of body weight	55	96.5	2	3.5
Activity and rest
Regular exercise	51	89.5	6	10.5
Labor activity	4	7.0	53	93.0
Sexual activity	11	19.3	46	80.7
Perception and cognition
Knowledge about HF	39	68.4	18	31.6
Acceptance and adaptation to HF	30	52.6	27	47.4
Monitoring and recognition of decompensation of HF	8	14.0	49	86.0
Health promotion
Follow-up with healthcare professionals	13	22.8	44	77.2
Abstention from smoking	3	5.3	54	94.7
Abstention from alcohol	2	3.5	55	96.5
Personal hygiene	16	28.1	41	71.9
Up-to-date vaccination record	20	35.1	37	64.9
Regular use of prescribed medication	10	17.5	47	82.5
Tolerance to stress
Stress management	31	54.4	26	45.6
Leisure activities	28	49.1	29	50.9
Seeks help when symptoms of decompensation appear	12	21.1	45	78.9
Family and social support network	10	17.5	47	82.5

Domains/Items	Sex		Age group		Education level		Household income		Marital status
	Female	Male	< 60 years old	≥ 60 years old	≤ 8 years old	> 8 years old	1-6 MW	≥ 7 MW	IR	NR
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Nutrition
Dietary control	3.1(1.1)	2.4(1.0)	1.9(1.0)	2.9(1.0)	2.9(0.8)	2.5(1.2)	2.9(1.1)	2.6(1.2)	2.7(1.1)	2.8(1.1)
p-value^* * Student's t-test (for independent samples);	0.023		0.010		0.100		0.413		0.794
Salt consumption	4.4(1.4)	4.4(1.3)	3.8(1.9)	4.6(1.2)	4.8(0.8)	4.3(1.5)	4.7(1.0)	4.3(1.5)	4.4(1.4)	4.5(1.3)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.939		0.085		0.152		0.713		0.808
Water intake	4.2(1.7)	3.5(2.0)	3.4(2.1)	3.9(1.8)	5.0(0.0)	3.5(1.9)	4.0(2.0)	3.4(2.1)	4.5(1.3)	2.7(2.1)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.661		0.743		0.667		0.730		0.142
Weight monitoring	1.1(0.4)	1.2(0.8)	1.8(1.5)	1.0(0.0)	1.1(0.8)	1.1(0.6)	1.0(0.0)	1.0(0.0)	1.3(0.9)	1.0(0.0)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.723		0.000		0.766		1.000		0.094
Activity and rest
Regular exercise	1.3(0.9)	1.4(1.1)	1.5(1.2)	1.4(0.9)	1.4(1.0)	1.3(1.0)	1.3(0.8)	1.4(1.1)	1.3(0.9)	1.5(1.1)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.738		0.639		0.693		0.820		0.382
Labor activity	4.9(0.2)	4.4(1.3)	4.1(1.6)	4.8(0.8)	4.8(0.8)	4.5(1.1)	4.8(0.7)	4.3(1.4)	4.6(1.0)	4.7(1.1)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.063		0.019		0.072		0.424		0.213
Sexual activity	3.7(0.9)	3.5(0.8)	4.0(0.8)	3.2(0.7)	3.5(1.2)	3.6(0.7)	3.5(1.0)	3.2(0.5)	3.6(0.7)	3.2(1.2)
p-value^* * Student's t-test (for independent samples);	0.739		0.065		0.750		0.673		0.390
Perception and cognition
Knowledge about HF	2.7(0.8)	3.3(1.0)	3.5(0.8)	2.9(0.9)	2.8(0.8)	3.2(1.0)	2.8(0.8)	3.6(0.9)	3.3(0.9)	2.8(1.0)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.021		0.046		0.129		0.016		0.049
Acceptance and adaptation	3.3(0.9)	3.3(1.1)	3.1(1.2)	3.4(1.0)	3.6(0.7)	3.0(1.1)	3.3(1.0)	3.4(1.1)	3.5(1.1)	3.1(0.9)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.973		0.514		0.056		0.754		0.128
Recognition of decompensation	4.1(1.3)	4.3(0.9)	4.4(0.8)	4.2(1.1)	4.2(0.9)	4.1(1.2)	4.1(1.2)	4.3(1.1)	4.4(0.7)	4.0(1.4)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.768		0.538		0.784		0.669		0.627
Health promotion
Follow-up with healthcare professionals	4.3(1.3)	4.2(1.2)	4.0(1.1)	4.3(1.2)	4.5(0.8)	4.0(1.4)	4.4(1.1)	4.0(1.3)	4.1(1.1)	4.3(1.3)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.772		0.250		0.163		0.512		0.921
Abstention from smoking	4.8(0.8)	4.8(0.9)	5.0(0.0)	4.7(0.9)	4.8(0.8)	4.7(0.9)	4.8(0.7)	4.3(1.5)	4.7(1.0)	4.8(0.8)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.754		0.388		0.734		0.568		0.620
Abstention from alcohol	5.0(0.0)	4.8(0.9)	4.6(1.2)	4.9(0.6)	4.8(0.8)	4.9(0.7)	4.8(0.7)	5.0(0.2)	4.7(1.0)	5.0(0.2)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.616		0.240		0.511		0.588		0.090
Personal hygiene	3.9(0.7)	3.8(0.7)	4.2(0.7)	3.8(0.7)	3.7(0.7)	3.9(0.7)	3.7(0.7)	4.1(0.6)	3.9(0.7)	3.8(0.7)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.929		0.152		0.447		0.135		0.499
Up-to-date vaccination record	3.5(1.6)	3.9(1.6)	3.4(1.7)	3.9(1.6)	3.6(1.6)	3.8(1.6)	3.8(1.5)	4.0(1.7)	4.1(1.3)	3.3(1.7)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.199		0.354		0.576		0.475		0.039
Prescribed medication	4.5(1.3)	4.1(1.7)	3.8(1.9)	4.4(1.5)	4.3(1.5)	4.2(1.6)	4.4(1.4)	4.0(1.8)	4.2(1.6)	4.4(1.4)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.341		0.288		0.756		0.620		0.614
Tolerance to stress
Stress management	3.3(0.9)	3.3(1.2)	3.1(1.3)	3.3(1.0)	3.4(1.1)	3.2(1.0)	3.1(1.1)	3.6(1.1)	3.3(1.1)	3.2(1.0)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.993		0.461		0.413		0.159		0.809
Leisure activities	3.0(1.3)	3.4(1.5)	3.7(1.4)	3.1(1.4)	2.7(1.3)	3.6(1.3)	2.8(1.2)	4.1(1.4)	3.4(1.3)	3.0(1.4)
p-value^* * Student's t-test (for independent samples);	0.283		0.284		0.016		0.011		0.289
Seeks help	4.3(0.9)	4.4(0.8)	4.4(1.0)	4.4(0.8)	4.5(0.8)	4.3(0.9)	4.3(0.9)	4.6(0.6)	4.4(0.8)	4.4(0.9)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.992		0.645		0.513		0.527		0.794
Support network	4.0(0.9)	4.2(0.9)	4.4(0.7)	4.1(0.9)	4.1(0.9)	4.1(0.8)	4.1(0.9)	4.2(1.0)	4.4(0.8)	3.8(0.8)
p-value^ Mann-Whitney Test (for the mean of each item); EAAPIC: Scale of Evaluation of Self-Care of Patients with Heart Failure; HF: heart failure; SD: standard deviation; IR: in a relationship; NR: not in a relationship; MW: minimum wage in 2013 (R$ 678.00).	0.276		0.280		0.943		0.690		0.006

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[1] CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Luiza Marques Cavalcante E-mail: luizamarques0104@gmail.com