Enseñanza de la enfermería psiquiátrica y salud mental frente a los currículos brasileños

Olmos, Camila Ester Fuentes; Rodrigues, Jeferson; Lino, Monica Motta; Lino, Murielk Motta; Fernandes, Josicélia Dumêt; Lazzari, Daniele Delacanal

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Brasil

Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem

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Brasil

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Sumário

REVIEW • Rev. Bras. Enferm. 73 (2) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0200 copiar

Enseñanza de la enfermería psiquiátrica y salud mental frente a los currículos brasileños

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivos:

conocer la producción científica sobre la enseñanza de la enfermería psiquiátrica y salud mental en relación con los currículos de enfermería brasileños.

Métodos:

Revisión Integrativa de la Literatura sin delimitación temporal, cuya recolección de datos se realizó en diez bases de datos nacionales e internacionales, sumando al total de 35 objetos de análisis.

Resultados:

se adoptaron categorías a priori, que consistían en la enseñanza de la enfermería psiquiátrica y salud mental en Brasil de acuerdo con los programas de enfermería de los años 1923, 1949, 1962, 1972, 1994 y 2001, presentados a la luz de las dimensiones: modelo de pensamiento; lugares de práctica; Métodos o contenidos utilizados; y perfil o habilidades del alumno.

Consideraciones finales:

el estudio permitió observar la evolución histórica de la enseñanza de la salud mental y la enfermería psiquiátrica, lo que indica que las transformaciones de la enseñanza implican cambios curriculares, la Reforma Psiquiátrica y la forma en que los cursos y escuelas de enfermería de pregrado toman estos determinantes.

Descriptores:
Educación en Enfermería; Enfermería Psiquiátrica; Curriculum; Salud Mental; Educación Superior

Title	Objective
Saberes e fazeres que integram o ensino de enfermagem psiquiátrica na perspectiva de enfermeiros docentes ⁽ ⁵5 Cortes JM, Kantorski LP, Barros S, Antonacci MH, Chiavagatti FG, Willrich JQ. Saberes e fazeres que integram o ensino de enfermagem psiquiátrica na perspectiva de enfermeiros docentes. Rev Port Enfermagem Saúde Ment [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Mar 10];12:34-42. Available from: http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-21602014000300005 http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?scri... ⁾	To understand care technologies and inclusion that professors use for the teaching of care in freedom, from the perspective of the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform.
(Trans)formando e ousando o método de ensino de enfermagem no cuidado à saúde mental ⁽ ⁶6 Aragão MN, Soares IG. (Trans)formando e ousando o método de ensino de enfermagem no cuidado à saúde mental. Rev Port Enferm Saúde Ment [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Mar 10]; 12: 59-64. Available from: http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-21602014000300008 http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?scri... ⁾	To reflexively socialize the teaching method of nursing in the mental health care experienced by the teaching-student group, based on the (trans) formation logic of the psychosocial paradigm.
Formação e desenvolvimento de competências de estudantes de enfermagem em contexto de ensino clínico em saúde mental e psiquiatria ⁽ ⁷7 Martinho J, Pires R, Carvalho JC, Pimenta G. Formação e desenvolvimento de competências de estudantes de enfermagem em contexto de ensino clínico em saúde mental e psiquiatria. Rev Port Enferm Saúde Ment [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Mar 10];1:97-102. Available from: http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1647-21602014000100016&lng=pt&nrm=iso http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?scri... ⁾	To know the students' perspectives on clinical teaching in the context of psychiatry nursing and mental health and the competences developed in its course.
Mental health in primary attention: needed constitution of competences⁽⁸8 Neves HG, Lucchese R, Munari DB. Saúde mental na atenção primária: necessária constituição de competências. Rev Bras Enferm. 2010;63(4):666-70. doi: 10.1590/S0034-71672010000400025 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167201000... ⁾	To reflect on the need to constitute new knowledge/practices for mental health care in primary care, from the perspective of competence.
A New Psychiatric Nursing in the University of Brazil in the 60's of the 20th Century⁽⁹9 Peres MAA, Barreira IA. Uma nova enfermagem psiquiátrica na universidade do Brasil nos anos 60 do século XX. Esc Anna Nery. 2008;12(1):108-14. doi: 10.1590/S1414-81452008000100017 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-8145200800... ⁾	To analyze the strategies adopted in Nursing Reform.
Discussing the education-learning process in nursing graduation related to mental health⁽¹⁰10 Barros S, Lucchese R. Problematizando o processo ensino-aprendizagem em enfermagem em saúde mental. Trab Educ Saúde. 2006;4(2):337-54. doi: 10.1590/S1981-77462006000200007 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1981-7746200600... ⁾	To problematize the training of mental health undergraduate students.
Interdisciplinarity as requisite for the formation of the psychiatric nurse in the perspective of psycho-social care⁽¹¹11 Tavares CMM. A interdisciplinaridade como requisito para a formação da enfermeira psiquiátrica na perspectiva da atenção psicossocial. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2005;14(3);403-10. doi: 10.1590/S0104-07072005000300012 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707200500... ⁾	To analyze interdisciplinarity as a fundamental element for the training of the psychiatric nurse in the perspective of psychosocial care.
Psychiatric nursing education at Public Universities in the State of Rio de Janeiro⁽¹²12 Magnago C, Tavares CMM. O ensino de enfermagem psiquiátrica nas Universidades Públicas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rev Elet Enf. 2012;14(1):50-8. doi: 10.5216/ree.v14i1.10626 https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i1.10626... ⁾	To analyze programs of the disciplines of psychiatric nursing and mental health of nursing undergraduate courses of public universities of the State of Rio de Janeiro, in the light of the Psychiatric Reform.
A brief history of psychiatric nursing teaching in Brazil⁽¹³13 Kantorski LP. A brief history of psychiatric nursing teaching in Brazil. Nurse Educ Pract. 2005;5(1):58-60. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2004.10.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2004.10.0... ⁾	To present a synthesis about psychiatric nursing and mental health teaching in Brazil.
Formação de Enfermeiros na perspectiva da Reforma Psiquiátrica ⁽ ¹⁴14 Silva ATM, Souza JS, Silva CC, Nóbrega MML, Filha MO, Barros S, Braga JE. Formação de Enfermeiros na perspectiva da Reforma Psiquiátrica. Rev Bras Enferm. 2004;57(6):675-78. doi: 10.1590/S0034-71672004000600008 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200400... ⁾	To understand which conceptions of health-mental illness should guide the work process of the current nursing undergraduates.
Nursing graduation: learning how to learn the brazilian psychiatric reform⁽¹⁵15 Olschowsky A, Barros S. Graduação em enfermagem: aprendendo a aprender a reforma psiquiátrica brasileira. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 1999;33(4):377-83. doi: 10.1590/S0080-62341999000400009 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234199900... ⁾	To identify the changes incorporated in undergraduate teaching in psychiatric nursing.
Enfermagem psiquiátrica como disciplina de graduação em enfermagem no Brasil: uma visão de conjunto ⁽ ¹⁶16 Gross HB, Casagrande LDR. Enfermagem psiquiátrica como disciplina de graduação em no Brasil: uma visão de conjunto. Rev Esc Enferm USP [Internet]. 1987 [cited 2017 Mar 10]; 21(3):225-34. Available from: https://www.revistas.usp.br/reeusp/article/download/135894/131710 https://www.revistas.usp.br/reeusp/artic... ⁾	Historical retrospective of the teaching of Psychiatric Nursing in Brazil.
Plano de ensino para a disciplina de enfermagem psiquiátrica ⁽ ¹⁷17 Gross HB, Casagrande LDR. Plano de ensino para a disciplina de enfermagem psiquiátrica. Rev Gaúcha Enferm [Internet]. 1984 [cited 2017 Mar 10];5(2):245-60. Available from: http://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/RevistaGauchadeEnfermagem/article/view/3271/43248 http://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/RevistaGa... ⁾	To present a course plan for Psychiatric Nursing.
The teaching of mental health in a nursing undergraduate curse: a case study⁽¹⁸18 Villela JC, Maftum MA, Paes MR. The teaching of mental health in a nursing undergraduate curse: a case study. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2013;22(2):397-406. doi: 10.1590/S0104-07072013000200016 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707201300... ⁾	To describe how mental health education develops in a nursing undergraduate course and to verify how mental health education influences the training of students.
Teaching nursing care in mental health in undergraduate nursing⁽¹⁹19 Rodrigues J, Santos SMA, Spricigo JS. Teaching nursing care in mental health in undergraduate nursing. Acta Paul Enferm. 2012;25(6):844-51. doi: 10.1590/S0103-21002012000600004 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-2100201200... ⁾	To analyze the teaching of nursing care in mental health in the contents of Pedagogical Projects and Teaching Plans of Nursing Undergraduate Courses of Santa Catarina between 2009 and 2010.
Ensino de relacionamento terapêutico em enfermagem psiquiátrica: dificuldades e perspectivas ⁽ ²⁰20 Fraga MNO, Damasceno RN, Calixto MLG. Ensino de relacionamento terapêutico em enfermagem psiquiátrica: dificuldades e perspectivas. Rev Bras Enferm. 1986;39(2):94-102. doi: 10.1590/S0034-71671986000300017 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167198600... ⁾	To disclose the attempt to adapt the principles of therapeutic relationship to specific issues of the reality of nursing care to hospitalized psychiatric patients.
Assistência Psiquiátrica Através da Divisão de Saúde Mental e o Ensino Prático de Enfermagem Psiquiátrica ⁽ ²¹21 Fernandes DAB. Assistência psiquiátrica através da divisão de saúde mental e o ensino prático de enfermagem psiquiátrica. Rev Bras Enferm. 1968;20:545-56. ⁾	To describe how psychiatric care occurs through the division of mental health and the practical teaching of psychiatric nursing.
The constitution of competences in mental health nursing education and practice⁽²²22 Lucchese R, Barros S. The constitution of competences in mental health nursing education and practice. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2009;43(1):146-53. doi: 10.1590/S0080-62342009000100020 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234200900... ⁾	To analyze the representation of the subjects of the research on competence in mental health.
Teaching mental health nursing care through the faculty's discourse⁽²³23 Rodrigues J, Santos SMA, Spricigo JS. Teaching mental health nursing care through the faculty's discourse. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2012;21(3):616-24. doi: 10.1590/S0104-07072012000300017 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-0707201200... ⁾	To investigate how the teaching of nursing care in mental health materializes in the discourses of psychiatric nursing and/or mental health professors in the four oldest nursing undergraduate courses in the State of Santa Catarina.
Participating in the construction of a teaching project for nursing⁽²⁴24 Zem-Mascarenhas SH, Beretta MIR. Participando da construção de um projeto pedagógico da enfermagem. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2005;39(4):437-42. doi: 10.1590/S0080-62342005000400010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234200500... ⁾	To report the experience lived by the authors as participants in the process of construction of the pedagogical project of the Nursing Course of Universidade Federal deSãoCarlos.
Integrative review about the teaching of the nursing care in mental health⁽²⁵25 Rodrigues J, Santos SMA, Zeferino MT, Tosoli M. Integrative review about the teaching of the nursing care in mental health. J Res Fundam Care Online. 2014;6(1):433-49. doi: 10.9789/2175-5361.2014.v6i1.433-449 https://doi.org/10.9789/2175-5361.2014.v... ⁾	To review the productions about teaching nursing care in mental health.
Nursing students and mental health education in primary care⁽²⁶26 Miyai FT, Barros S, Cortes JM. Nursing students and mental health education in primary care. Rev Gaúcha Enferm. 2014;35(1):94-101. doi: 10.1590/1983-1447.2014.01.37887 https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2014.0... ⁾	To identify how care for people with mental illness was performed by 20 undergraduate students in nursing in the context of basic care.
Teaching psychiatric nursing/mental health: its interface with the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform and national curriculum guidelines⁽²⁷27 Fernandes JD, Sadigursky D, Silva RMO, Amorim AB, Teixeira GAS, Araújo MCF. Teaching psychiatric nursing/mental health: its interface with the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform and national curriculum guidelines. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2009;43(4):955-60. doi: 10.1590/S0080-62342009000400031 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234200900... ⁾	To discuss pedagogical doing in psychiatric nursing and mental health teaching, and its interface with the principles of Psychiatric Reform and the National Curricular Guidelines of Undergraduate Nursing Courses.
The Psychiatric Nursing, ABEn and the Scientific Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: progress and challenges⁽²⁸28 Espiridião E, Silva NS, Caixeta CC, Rodrigues J. A Enfermagem Psiquiátrica, a ABEn e o Departamento Científico de Enfermagem Psiquiátrica e Saúde Mental: avanços e desafios. Rev Bras Enferm. 2013;66(spe):171-6. doi: 10.1590/S0034-71672013000700022 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167201300... ⁾	To contextualize Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health in Brazil, considering the main historical, political and social milestones that influence Nursing care in this area.
Psychiatric nursing and modern nursing in the federal state of Rio de Janeiro: a lesson from history⁽²⁹29 Silva Júnior OC, Moreira A, Amorim W, Porto F. A enfermagem psiquiátrica e a enfermagem moderna no Rio de Janeiro: uma lição da história. Rev Bras Enferm. 2001;54(2):229-36. 10.1590/S0034-71672001000200008 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200100... ⁾	To present the difficulties in spite of the institutionalization of Nursing in a Psychiatric Hospital of Rio de Janeiro.
The conceptions and scenarios of the teaching of psychiatric nursing and mental health⁽³⁰30 Kantorski LP, Silva GB, Silva ENF. The conceptions and scenarios of the teaching of psychiatric nursing and mental health. Rev Bras Enferm. 2001;54(3):409-19. doi: 10.1590/S0034-71672001000300003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200100... ⁾	To address the contradictions that permeate the psychiatric nursing and mental health teaching in four public universities in Rio Grande do Sul.
O ensino de enfermagem psiquiátrica e saúde mental: um olhar a partir das disciplinas ⁽ ³¹31 Kantorski LP, Silva GB. O ensino de Saúde Mental e Enfermagem Psiquiátrica: um olhar a partir dos programas das disciplinas. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2000;8(6):27-34. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692000000600005 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200000... ⁾	To characterize the psychiatric nursing and mental health teaching undergraduate courses in nursing of the public universities of Rio Grande do Sul rescuing their specificities.
Therapeutic relationship and teaching of mental health psychiatric nursing: tendencies in the state of São Paulo⁽³²32 Kantorski LP, Pinho LB, Saeki T, Mello e Souza MCB. Relacionamento terapêutico e ensino de enfermagem psiquiátrica e saúde mental: tendências no Estado de São Paulo. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2005;39(3):317-24. doi: 10.1590/S0080-62342005000300010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-6234200500... ⁾	To present a panorama on the insertion of the theme of the therapeutic relationship and therapeutic communication in nursing undergraduate teaching.
An object study about psychiatric nursing and mental health teaching⁽³³33 Kantorski LP, Silva GB. Um objeto de estudo sobre ensino de enfermagem psiquiátrica e saúde mental. Rev Bras Enferm. 1998;51(3):417-30. doi: 10.1590/S0034-71671998000300007 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167199800... ⁾	To present a way to construct a study object about psychiatric nursing and mental health teaching.
The teaching of psychiatric nursing and mental health in the curriculum by competence⁽³⁴34 Siqueira Júnior AC, Otani MAP. The teaching of psychiatric nursing and mental health in the curriculum by competence. REME - Rev Min Enferm. 2011;15(4):539-45. doi: S1415-27622011000400010 https://doi.org/S1415-27622011000400010... ⁾	Identify if the nurse trained in FAMEMA has theoretical knowledge to develop the nursing tasks assigned to the multidisciplinary team of the Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS - Centros de Atenção Psicossocial).
O ensino de enfermagem psiquiátrica no Ceará: a realidade que se esboça ⁽ ³⁵35 Braga VAB, Silva GB. O ensino de enfermagem psiquiátrica no Ceará: a realidade que se esboça. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2000;8(1):13-21. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692000000100003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200000... ⁾	To characterize and analyze critically the current teaching of the psychiatric nursing discipline and the Psychiatric Reform project.
Mental health in the integrated curriculum of UNIFESO's nursing graduation course: diversification of settings and learning strategies⁽³⁶36 Albuquerque VS, Campos JCL. Saúde mental no currículo integrado do curso de enfermagem do unifeso: diversificação de cenários e de estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem. Rev Pesqui Cuid Fundam Online. 2010;2(4):1516-27. doi: 10.9789/2175-5361.2010.v2i4.%25p https://doi.org/10.9789/2175-5361.2010.v... ⁾	To present the pedagogical development for the construction of competences related to mental health care in the integrated curriculum, implemented in the Undergraduate Nursing Course of UNIFESO since 2007.
Análise histórica das práticas de enfermagem na assistência psiquiátrica no Brasil, no período compreendido entre as décadas de 20 e 50 ⁽ ³⁷37 Kirschbaun DIR. Análise histórica das práticas de enfermagem no campo da assistência psiquiátrica no Brasil, no período compreendido entre as décadas de 20 e 50. Rev Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 1997;5(spe):19-30. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11691997000500003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169199700... ⁾	To reconstruct historically the formation of nursing knowledge and practices in Brazil developed in the field of psychiatric care in the period between the decades of 20 and 50.
Time: an issue in teaching psychiatric nursing⁽³⁸38 Silva TC, Vianna PCM, Silveira MR. O tempo: uma questão no ensino da enfermagem psiquiátrica. REME - Rev Min Enferm. 2007;11(3):323-30. doi: S1415-27622007000300018 https://doi.org/S1415-27622007000300018... ⁾	To make theoretical articulations about the teaching of psychiatric nursing and its particularities.
Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health Education in Nursing College of the Federal University of Goiás - Brazil⁽³⁹39 Munari DB, Godoy MTH, Espiridião E. Ensino de enfermagem psiquiátrica/saúde mental na Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Esc Anna Nery. 2006;10(4):684-93. doi: 10.1590/S1414-81452006000400010 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1414-8145200600... ⁾	To describe the experience of the teaching of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health at the Faculty of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Goiás.

Curriculum	Thinking model	Practice places	Methods or contente used	Profile or professor competence
1923	Nightingale model; Positivist currents; Biomedical model	Psychiatric hospital	Traditional teaching model; Minimum scientific knowledge to care for the mentally ill	Assisting the physician in psychiatric procedures; guarding the patient's physical needs
1949	Organic model; Positivist currents; Theorists Peplau, Travelbee and Minzoni	Psychiatric hospital	Traditional teaching model; Emphasis on clinical aspects; Insertion of Freudian Psychoanalysis; Interpersonal relationships	Establishing care for people including those with mental illness
1962	Preventive Psychiatry; Psychiatric Nursing; Theorists Peplau, Travelbee and Minzoni	Psychiatric hospital, outpatient clinic and community	Traditional teaching model; Organic contents; Integration between theoretical and practical teaching in minimum curriculum	The nurse must deal with human emotions and behaviors and plan care
1972	Psychiatric Reform; Democratic Psychiatry; Theorists Peplau, Travelbee and Minzoni	Psychiatric hospital, outpatient clinic and community	Therapeutic relationships and community actions; Psychopathology; Psychiatric clinic	General nurse with knowledge of Psychiatric Nursing
1994	Critical approaches to health-mental illness process; Theorists Peplau, Travelbee and Minzoni	Psychiatric Hospital, outpatient clinic, Nucleus and Center for Psychosocial Care	Methodology of problematization with biologicist perspective	Nurse with critical training and symptom recognition
2001	Psychiatric Model; Psychosocial Care Model	Psychosocial Care Network	Traditional and problematizing methodologies; therapeutic relationship, longitudinal care	General, humanistic, critical and reflexive formation

Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem SGA Norte Quadra 603 Conj. "B" - Av. L2 Norte 70830-102 Brasília, DF, Brasil, Tel.: (55 61) 3226-0653, Fax: (55 61) 3225-4473 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: reben@abennacional.org.br

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[1] Corresponding Author: Camila Ester Fuentes Olmos E-mail: eu.camila.f@hotmail.com