S1(1313 Akbari F, Rezaei M, Khatony A. Effect of peppermint essence on the pain and anxiety caused by intravenous catheterization in cardiac patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2019;12:2933-9. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S226312 https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S226312...
) |
Aromatherapy by inhaling three drops of peppermint essence dripped onto a piece of absorbent cotton, 10 centimeters from the nose, for five minutes |
Intravenous catheterization in cardiac patients with a 20G Angiocath |
Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NRS) |
Significant reduction in pain intensity caused by IV catheterization |
S2(1414 Balanyuk I, Ledonne G, Provenzano M, Bianco R, Meroni C, Ferri P, et al. Distraction technique for pain reduction in Peripheral Venous Catheterization: randomized, controlled trial. Acta Biomed. 2018;89(Suppl 4):55-63. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v89i4-S.7115 https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v89i4-S.711...
) |
Distraction technique by asking several questions on a variety of subjects |
Peripheral Venous Catheterization (PVC) |
NRS |
Significant reduction of pain in the experimental group, when compared to the control group |
S3(1515 BayJndJr SK, Çürük GN, Oguzhan A. Effect of ice bag application to femoral region on pain in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Pain Res Manag. 2017;2017:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6594782 https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6594782...
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Ice pack compress at the site of the femoral catheter for 20 minutes before catheter removal |
Withdrawal of the femoral catheter four hours after percutaneous coronary intervention |
NRS |
Pain intensity in the experimental group was significantly lower compared to the control group at catheter removal |
S4(1616 Chan MF, Wong OC, Chan HL, Fong MC, Lai SY, Lo CW et al. Effects of music on patients undergoing a C-clamp procedure after percutaneous coronary interventions. J Adv Nurs. 2006;53(6):669-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03773.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006...
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Patients’ music-of-choice based on a pre-selection of slow, soft, lyric-free music, applied via an MP3 player with headphones |
C-clamp procedure after percutaneous coronary interventions |
Universal Pain Assessment Tool (UPAT) |
Significant reduction in pain scores, systolic blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, and oxygen saturation, mainly at 45 minutes after the intervention |
E5(1717 Foji S, Tadayonfar MA, Mohsenpour M, Rakhshani MH. The study of the effect of guided imagery on pain, anxiety and some other hemodynamic factors in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2015;21(2):119-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.02.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.02.0...
) |
18-minute guided imagery through a headset |
Coronary angiography |
Pain scale not specified |
The levels of pain, mean arterial pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate in the experimental group were reduced, but had no significant differences in the control group. |
S6(11 Hilário TS, Santos SM, Kruger J, Goes MG, Casco MF, Rabelo-Silva ER. Pain assessment and management in patients undergoing endovascular procedures in the catheterization laboratory. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2017;51:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2016018003229. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X201601...
) |
Turning and positioning in bed in only four patients (3% of the sample) |
Endovascular diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in hemodynamics |
NRS and Verbal Rating Scale |
41% of patients who had some intervention for pain management did not have their pain levels reassessed Outcomes were not reported |
S7(1818 Kardan M, Zarei B, BahramiTaghanaki H, Vagharseyyedin SA, Azdaki N. The effects of foot reflexology on back pain after coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;38:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.101068 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.1010...
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Foot reflexology for 16 minutes, eight minutes on each foot. Gentle pressure was applied, stimulating the solar plexus and spinal areas |
Coronary angiography |
Visual Analog Scale (VAS) |
The level of back pain in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group at all four moments of verification |
S8(1919 Kim S, Park K, Son B, Jeon Y. The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain during venous cannulation. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2012;73(4-5):134-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2012.05.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2012...
) |
TENS, with two electrodes placed in the radial area of the dominant forearm, delivering a stimulation of 80 pulses per second for 20 minutes |
Venous cannulation with a 22-gauge cannula |
VAS |
The pain intensity of the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group |
S9(2020 Kurt Y, Kaşıkçı M. The effect of the application of cold on hematoma, ecchymosis, and pain at the catheter site in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Nurs Sci. 2019;6(4):378-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09....
) |
Cold compress of saline solution (100 ml) applied within the first 15 minutes after femoral arterial catheter removal |
Femoral arterial catheter removal |
NRS |
Significant reduction of ecchymosis, hematoma, and pain levels |
S10(2121 Rejeh N, Tadrisi SD, Yazdani S, Saatchi K, Vaismoradi M. The effect of hand reflexology massage on pain and fatigue in patients after coronary angiography: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Nurs Res Pract. 2020;2020:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8386167 https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8386167...
) |
Hand reflexology with pressure, according to the Ingham method, for 20 minutes, ten minutes on each hand. Three areas were pressured: solar plexus, heart, and pituitary |
Elective coronary angiography |
NRS |
Reflexology significantly reduced the pain and fatigue levels of the patients |
S11(2222 Scaglione M, Battaglia A, Donna PD, Peyracchia M, Bolzan B, Mazzucchi P, et al. Hypnotic communication for periprocedural analgesia during transcatheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2019;24:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100405 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100...
) |
Hypnotic communication as adjuvant to analgesia during the procedure |
Transcatheter ablation for atrial fibrillation |
NRS |
The procedure became painless in 77.9% of the cases. There were reductions in anxiety, procedure time, and use of sedatives |
S12(2323 Taman RO, Shehata AES, Sallam SAEG, Mady MM. Effect of foot massage on pain level among patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Menoufia Nurs J. 2018;3(2):63-71. https://doi.org/10.21608/menj.2018.121025 https://doi.org/10.21608/menj.2018.12102...
) |
Reflexology, stimulating the points of the solar plexus, pituitary gland, and heart. Foot massage, for 30 minutes, 15 minutes on each foot. Prior to the procedure it was performed from the ankle to the toes with moderate pressure |
Cardiac catheterization |
VAS |
Reduction of pain levels in the experimental group, presenting a statistically significant difference at the post-intervention moment |
S13(2424 Zengin S, Kabul S, Al B, Sarcan E, Doğan M, Yildirim C. Effects of music therapy on pain andanxiety in patients undergoing portcatheter placement procedure. Complement Ther Med. 2013;21(6):689-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2013.08.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2013.08.0...
) |
Music therapy with Turkish classical music, as it is slower and more relaxing, before and during port insertion |
Insertion of the port catheter in oncologic patients |
VAS |
Reduction in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol, 30 minutes and immediately after the procedure. Pain and anxiety scores were significantly reduced |