Risk factors for the population’s mental health amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

Vale, Mariana Ferreira; Camargo-Júnior, Elton Brás; Magalhães, Fernando Augusto Cintra; Almeida-Júnior, José Jailson de; Gherardi-Donato, Edilaine Cristina da Silva; Fernandes, Maria Neyrian de Fátima

doi:10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2022-0324en

Mariana Ferreira Vale

Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Curso de Enfermagem, Imperatriz, MA, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5643-214X

Elton Brás Camargo-Júnior

Universidade de Rio Verde, Escola de Enfermagem, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5148-1703

Fernando Augusto Cintra Magalhães

Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Curso de Enfermagem, Imperatriz, MA, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7022-2280

José Jailson de Almeida-Júnior

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Natal, RN, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7448-0703

Edilaine Cristina da Silva Gherardi-Donato

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Enfermagem Psiquiátrica e Ciências Humanas, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7475-6650

Maria Neyrian de Fátima Fernandes Corresponding author: Maria Neyrian de Fátima Fernandes Avenida da Universidade, SN, Dom Afonso Felipe Gregory 65915-240 – Imperatriz, MA, Brasil. neyrian.maria@ufma.br.

Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Curso de Enfermagem, Imperatriz, MA, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7626-9733

Corresponding author: Maria Neyrian de Fátima Fernandes Avenida da Universidade, SN, Dom Afonso Felipe Gregory 65915-240 – Imperatriz, MA, Brasil. neyrian.maria@ufma.br.

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

Thiago da Silva Domingos

Sociodemographic variables		n (%)
Sex (n = 952)	Female	622 (65.1)
	Male	333 (34.9)
Age group (years)	<21	192 (20.1)
	21 – 30	465 (48.7)
	31 – 40	168 (17.6)
	41 – 50	81 (8.5)
	51 – 60	37 (3.9)
	≥61	12 (1.3)
Skin color (n = 944)	White	344 (36.0)
Skin color (n = 944)	Non-white	600 (62.8)
Religious belief (n = 951)	Believer	699 (73.2)
Religious belief (n = 951)	Non-believer	252 (26.4)
Education	Complete elementary school	4 (0.4)
	Incomplete high school	6 (0.6)
	Complete high school	101 (10.6)
	Incomplete higher education	509 (53.3)
	Complete higher education	110 (11.5)
	Specialization	87 (9.1)
	Masters’ degree	66 (6.9)
	Doctoral degree	72 (7.5)
Monthly income (minimum wages)	<1	151 (16.0)
	1 – 3	392 (41.5)
	3 – 6	201 (21.3)
	6 – 10	169 (17.9)
	11 – 15	31 (3.3)
State of residence	Maranhão	831 (87.0)
	Goiás	34 (3.6)
	Rio Grande do Norte	33 (3.5)
	Pará	10 (1.0)
	São Paulo	10 (1.0)
	Other states	37 (3.7)
Live with partner	Yes	257 (27.1)
Live with partner	No	692 (72.9)
Children	0	725 (80.8)
	1	106 (11.8)
	2	66 (7.4)
Home office work	Yes	331 (36.2)
Home office work	No	584 (63.8)
I feel more overwhelmed today than before social isolation	(1) Totally agree	409 (42.8)
	(2) Partially agree	368 (38.5)
	(3) Partially disagree	113 (11.8)
	(4) Strongly disagree	65 (6.8)

Health variables		N (%)
Chronic disease	Yes	203 (21.4)
Chronic disease	No	744 (78.6)
Live with someone with a chronic illness	Yes	389 (40.9)
Live with someone with a chronic illness	No	561 (59.1)
Who had COVID-19	Me	221 (23.2)
	Family	390 (40.9)
	Others	299 (31.3)
	Do not know	44 (4.6)
Someone close has died from COVID-19	Yes	504 (52.9)
Someone close has died from COVID-19	No	448 (47.1)
Psychotherapeutic follow-up	Yes	142 (14.9)
Psychotherapeutic follow-up	No	813 (85.1)
Frequency of alcohol consumption	Once a month or less	324 (56.2)
	2 to 4 times a month	195 (33.8)
	2 to 3 times a week	51 (8.8)
	4 or more times a week	7 (1.2)
Smoke	Yes	81 (8.5)
Smoke	No	871 (91.5)
Use psychotropic	Yes	92 (9.6)
Use psychotropic	No	863 (90.4)

Sociodemographic and health variables		PSS (n = 955)		LMS (n = 952)
Sociodemographic and health variables		Median (max – min)	p	Median (max – min)	p
Sex (n = 952)	Female	34 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	93 (132 – 35)	<0.00*
Sex (n = 952)	Male	30 (53 – 5)	<0.00*	98 (132 – 50)	<0.00*
Age group (years) (n = 955)	<21	36 (55 – 6)	<0.00**	94 (123 – 50)	<0.00**
	21 – 30	35 (56 – 5)		92 (132 – 35)
	31 – 40	30 (53 – 6)		95 (124 – 55)
	41 – 50	28 (51 – 5)		101(130 – 67)
	51 – 60	25 (43 – 8)		101 (132 – 50)
	≥61	25 (39 – 9)		100 (129 – 78)
Skin color (n = 944)	White	32 (56 – 5)	0.32*	96 (130 – 55)	0.02*
Skin color (n = 944)	Non-white	33 (56 – 5)	0.32*	94 (132 – 35)	0.02*
Religious belief (n = 951)	Believer	32 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	94 (132 – 50)	0.04*
Religious belief (n = 951)	Non-believer	36 (56 – 7)	<0.00*	97 (132 – 50)	0.04*
Education	Complete elementary school	34 (44 – 29)	<0.00**	87 (91 – 72)	<0.00**
	Incomplete high school	43 (48 – 16)		97 (103 – 71)
	Complete high school	33 (53 – 5)		91 (123 – 50)
	Incomplete higher education	35 (56 – 6)		93 (130 – 53)
	Complete higher education	31 (53 – 11)		94 (126 – 63)
	Specialization	30 (51 – 5)		96 (132 – 35)
	Masters’ degree	30 (45 – 8)		99 (132 – 65)
	Doctoral degree	28 (45 – 5)		103 (135–65)
Monthly income (minimum wages)	<1	34 (56 – 6)	<0.00**	91 (129 – 55)	<0.00**
	1 – 3	34 (56 – 5)		95 (132 – 35)
	3 – 6	33 (55 – 8)		95 (132 – 50)
	6 – 10	30 (56 – 5)		98 (130 – 63)
	11 – 15	28 (45 – 8)		98 (129 – 73)
Live with partner	Yes	30 (54 – 5)	<0.00*	95 (132 – 56)	0.04*
Live with partner	No	34 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	95 (132 – 35)	0.04*
Children	0	34 (56 – 5)	<0.00**	95 (132 – 50)	0.10**
	1	29 (50 – 5)		95 (121 – 35)
	2	27 (50 – 11)		98 (126 – 64)
Home office work	Yes	31 (55 – 5)	<0.00*	98 (130 – 35)	<0.00*
Home office work	No	34 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	92 (132 – 53)	<0.00*
I feel more overwhelmed than before social isolation	(1) Totally agree	35 (56 – 6)	<0.00**	97 (132 – 35)	0.48**
	(2) Partially agree	31 (53 – 6)		94 (132 – 56)
	(3) Partially disagree	30 (49 – 7)		94 (129 – 53)
	(4) Strongly disagree	25 (53 – 5)		94 (130 – 50)
Chronic disease	Yes	34 (56 – 9)	0.10*	97 (129 – 55)	<0.00*
Chronic disease	No	33 (56 – 5)	0.10*	94 (132 – 35)	<0.00*
Live with someone with a chronic illness	Yes	34 (56 – 6)	<0.00*	95 (132 – 50)	0.52*
Live with someone with a chronic illness	No	31 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	95 (130 – 35)	0.52*
Who had COVID-19	Me	35 (56 – 6)	<0.00**	94 (129 – 35)	0.38**
	Family	34 (55 – 5)		95 (132 – 55)
	Others	31 (54 – 6)		95 (132 – 59)
	Do not know	32 (52 – 14)		95 (128 – 67)
Psychotherapeutic follow-up	Yes	35 (56 – 13)	<0.00*	99 (130 – 55)	0.01*
Psychotherapeutic follow-up	No	32 (56 – 5)	<0.00*	94 (132 – 35)	0.01*
Use psychotropic	Yes	34 (56 – 13)	0.03*	95 (129 – 55)	0.93*
Use psychotropic	No	33 (56 – 5)	0.03*	95 (132 – 35)	0.93*
Smoke	Yes	34 (54 – 11)	0.01*	94 (124 – 63)	0.49*
Smoke	No	32 (56 – 5)	0.01*	95 (132 – 35)	0.49*

[1] Corresponding author: Maria Neyrian de Fátima Fernandes Avenida da Universidade, SN, Dom Afonso Felipe Gregory 65915-240 – Imperatriz, MA, Brasil. neyrian.maria@ufma.br.

Brasil

Brasil

Risk factors for the population’s mental health amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

Factores de riesgo para la salud mental de la población en medio de la pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Method:

Results:

Conclusion: