Srinivas-Shankar, Roberts, Connolly et al., 2010(3030. Srinivas-Shankar U, Roberts SA, Connolly MJ, O’ Connell MDL, Adams JE, Oldham JA, et al. Effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(2):639-50.)
|
Randomized controlled |
M ≥ 65 years |
To determine the effects of 6 months of testosterone treatment on the muscle mass and strength, physical function and quality of life in pre-frail and frail elderly men. |
Placebo: pre-frail 85% frail 15% Intervention: pre-frail 86% frail 14% |
GS measured by Tinetti test. |
Placebo: 8% Intervention 7% |
There was improvement of GS throughout the 6 months of intervention, but without significant differences. |
NA |
Kim, Yabushita, Kim et al., 2010(3131. Kim M, Yabushita N, Kim M, Nemoto M, Seino S, Tanaka K. Mobility performance tests for discriminating high risk of frailty in communitydwelling older women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2010;51(2):192-8.)
|
Cross-sectional |
W Mean age 74.6±5.3 years |
To compare and identify the risk of frailty in communitydwelling elderly women. |
Frail 0% Pre-frail 68.2% Non-frail 31.8% |
GS was assessed by walking speed and adjusted for sex and height. |
2.70% |
GS is strongly associated with the occurrence of disabilities, and the GS test is strongly associated with a high risk of frailty. |
18/22 |
Pinedo, Saavedra, Jimeno et al., 2010(3232. Pinedo LV, Saavedra PJO, Jimeno HC. Velocidad de la marcha como indicador de fragilidad en adultos mayores de la comunidad en Lima, Peru. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2010;45(1):22-5.)
|
Cross-sectional |
147 W 99 M Mean age 69.9±7.6 years |
To determine the gait speed cutoff point by indicating the presence of frailty in community elderly in Lima, Peru. |
Frail 7.7% Pre-frail 64.4% Non-frail 27.9% |
Slow GS was determined by a 4.5 m walk adjusted for body mass and height. The cutoff point for frail was 0.7 m/s and for pre-frail 1.1 m/s. |
Missing information |
The slowest GS was found in frail elderly, advanced age, and women. |
16.5/22 |
Montero-Odasso, Muir, Hall et al., 2011(3333. Montero-Odasso M, Muir SW, Hall M, Doherty TJ, Kloseck M. Olivier Beauchet, et al. Gait variability is associated with frailty in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66(5):56-76.)
|
Cross-sectional |
78 W 22 M Mean age 82±5.4 years |
To evaluate gait in communitydwelling elderly adults and to evaluate if gait variability is associated with frailty. |
Frail 20% Pre-frail 55% Non-frail 25% |
Slow GS was considered if the participant walked below 1 m/s at a normal and comfortable pace. |
50% |
Frailty is associated with poor performance in several quantitative parameters of gait. |
19.5/22 |
Costa, Neri, 2011(3434. Costa TB, Neri AL. Medidas de atividade física e fragilidade em idosos: dados do FIBRA Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2011;27(8):1537-50.)
|
Cross-sectional |
470 W 219 M Mean age 72.28±5.40 years |
To investigate the relationships between frailty and measurements of physical activity. |
Missing information |
GS was indicated by the average time to walk a distance of 4.6 m. Participants with the 20% highest values of time distribution were considered frail. Averages were adjusted for median of height for men and women. |
15.87% |
Slow gait was associated with sedentary lifestyle. The median of women's gait time was higher than that of men. |
18.5/22 |
Chang, Chen, Lin et al., 2012(3535. Chang YW, Chen WL, Lin FG, Fang WH, Yen MY, Hsieh CC, et al. Frailty and Its impact on health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study on elder community-dwelling preventive health service users. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e38079.)
|
Cross-sectional |
197 W 177 M Mean age 74.6±6.3 years |
To identify the incidence of frailty and investigate the relationship between frailty and health with quality of life in the elderly. |
Frail 5.9% Pre-frail 62.8% Non-frail 31.3% |
Slow GS was determined by the completion time of the Get up and Go test. The cutoff point was defined by the slowest 20%. |
17.20% |
Slow GS contributed to poorer health and quality of life. |
18.5/22 |
Subra, Gillette-Guyonnet, Cesari et al., 2012(3636. Subra J, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Cesari M, Oustric S, Vellas B; Platform Team. The Integration of frailty into clinical practice: preliminary results from the gérontôpole. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(8):714-20.)
|
Missing information |
99 W 61 M Mean age 82.7±6.1 years |
To present the main characteristics of the platform for evaluation of frailty and prevention of disabilities. |
Frail 52.9% Pre-frail 41.4% Non-frail 5.7% |
Slow GS was measured during a 4 m walk. Elderly who took more than 4s to complete the task were considered slow. |
83.90% |
Slow GS was identified in 83.9% participants, 53.8% had sedentary lifestyle, and 57.7% had low muscle strength. |
NA |
Cameron, Fairhall, Langron et al., 2013(3737. Cameron ID, Fairhall N, Langron C, Keri Lockwood K, Monaghan N, Aggar C, et al. A multifactorial interdisciplinary intervention reduces frailty in older people: randomized trial. BMC Med. 2013;11:65.)
|
Randomized controlled |
147 W 69 M Mean age 83.3 years |
To check the effects of intervention on frailty and on reduced mobility. |
Control group n=120 frail, Intervention group n=121 frail |
Missing information. |
Missing information. |
Mean GS: Control group=0.48 m/s and Intervention group=0.50 m/s. |
NA |
Amaral, Guerra, Nascimento et al., 2013(3838. Amaral FLJS, Guerra RO, Nascimento AFF, Maciel, ACC. Social support and the frailty syndrome among elderly residents in the community. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2013; 18(6):1835-46.)
|
Cross-sectional |
202 W 98 M Mean age 74.3 years |
To analyze the association between social support and the frailty syndrome in communityresiding elderly. |
Frail 18.3% Pre-frail 54.3% Non-frail 25.7% |
The GS was calculated by gait time to cover a distance of 4.6 m. The results were adjusted for the median of height, and the lowest quintiles were used as the cutoff point. |
19.0% |
By considering the frailty screening criteria, the frequency of slow GS corroborates data from previous studies. |
18/22 |
Pegorari, Ruas, Patrizzi, 2013(3939. Pegorari MS, Ruas G, Patrizzi LJ. Relationship between frailty and respiratory function in the community-dwelling elderly. Braz J Phys Ther. 2013;17(1):9-16.)
|
Cross-sectional |
22 W 29 M Mean age 73±6 years |
To assess the impact of frailty on respiratory function in communitydwelling elderly. |
Frail 9.8% Pre-frail 47.1% Non-frail 43.1% |
The slow GS was evaluated by the time spent to walk a 4.6 m distance, and values were adjusted for sex and height. |
23.50% |
GS values showed no correlation with maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure. |
16/22 |
Pinto, Neri, 2013(4040. Pinto JM, Neri AL. Factors associated with low life life satisfaction in community-dwelling elderly: FIBRA Study. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2447-58.)
|
Cross-sectional |
1.625 W 847 M Mean age 72.2±5.5 years |
To identify factors associated with low life satisfaction in community elderly and to describe them according to sex and age group. |
Missing information |
GS was calculated by gait time to walk a 4.6 m distance. Reduced GS was defined by the lowest quintile, and adjusted for sex and height. |
16.90% |
GS was significantly lower in females (0.87 m/s) and in elderly aged ≥ 80 years (0.81 m/s). Reduced GS was significantly associated with lower life satisfaction. |
16/22 |
Castell, Sánchez, Julián et al., 2013(2323. Castell MV, Sánchez M, Julián R, Queipo R, Martín S, Otero A. Frailty prevalence and slow walking speed in persons age 65 and older: Implications for primary care. BMC Fam Pract. 2013;14:86.)
|
Cross-sectional |
708 W 619 M Mean age 75.4±7.4 years |
To estimate the prevalence of frailty and GS, and to analyze the relationship between these two indicators from the perspective of beginning of frailty diagnosis in the primary care context. |
Frail 11.2% Non-frail 88.8% |
GS was calculated after walking 3 m. Values were adjusted for sex and height. |
42.60% |
99.3% of frail elderly and 35.5% of non-frail had reduced GS. Measurement of GS is a simple, quick and easy to perform test, and is a good indicator of health and survival in the elderly. |
18/22 |
Ruggero, Bilton, Teixeira et al., 2013(4141. Ruggero CR, Bilton TR, Teixeira LF, Ramos JLA, Alouche SR, Dias RC, et al. Gait speed correlates in a multiracial population of communitydwelling older adults living in Brazil: a cross-sectional population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:182.)
|
Cross-sectional |
248 W 137 M Mean age 71.4±5.7 years |
To identify gait speed in a community elderly population and the association with sociodemographic, mental, and physical health characteristics. |
Missing information |
GS was calculated by gait time to walk a distance of 4.6 m. The average value of three runs was used for data analysis. |
Missing information |
The mean GS was 1.11 m/s, and 28.1% presented reduced GS. Elderly people ≥ 75 years old with low level of physical activity, diseases and fear of falls are more likely to present slow GS. |
19/22 |
Vieira, Guerra, Giacomin et al., 2013(4242. Vieira RA, Guerra RO, Giacomin KC, Vasconcelos KSS; Souza ACA, Pereira LSM, et al. Prevalência de fragilidade e fatores associados em idosos comunitários de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: dados do estudo FIBRA. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(8):1631-43.)
|
Cross-sectional |
398 W 203 M Mean age 76.7±5.8 years |
To identify the prevalence and factors associated with frailty in community elderly in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. |
Frail 8.7% Pre-frail 46.3% Non-frail 45% |
The gait time was calculated by the time to walk a 4.6 m distance. Cutoff points were determined by the 80th percentile of the time adjusted for sex and height. |
Pre-frail: 26.6% Frail: 86.5% |
Reduced GS was one of the most frequent components among frail and pre-frail elderly. |
18/22 |
Bollwein, Volkert, Diekmann et al., 2013(4343. Bollwein J, Volkert D, Diekmann R, Kaiser MJ, Uter W, Vidal K, et al. Nutritional Status assording to the mini nutritional assessment (MNA®) and Frailty in community dwelling older persons: a close relationship. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17(4):351-56.)
|
Cross-sectional |
134 W 72 M Mean age 83 years |
To investigate the association between The Mini Nutritional Assessment and frailty in community elderly. |
Frail 15.5% Pre-frail 39.8% Non-frail 44.7% |
Low gait speed (adjusted for sex and height). |
21.90% |
Missing information |
18.5/22 |
Neri, Yassuda, Araújo et al., 2013(4444. Neri AL, Yassuda MS, Araújo LF, Eulálio MC, Cabral BE, Siqueira MEC, et al. Metodologia e perfil sociodemográfico, cognitivo e de fragilidade de idosos comunitários de sete cidades brasileiras: estudo FIBRA. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(4):778-92.)
|
Cross-sectional |
2,355 W 1,123 M |
To identify conditions of frailty in relation to sociodemographic, health, cognition, functional and psychosocial variables in community elderly. |
Frail 9.1% Pre-frail 51.8% Non-frail 39.1% |
The slow gate was defined by the time to walk 4.6 m. The percentile above 80 was considered as reduced GS (values adjusted for sex and height). |
19.90% |
The percentages of elderly who scored for slow gait were statistically comparable between the percentages of frail, pre-frail and non-frail. |
18/22 |
Perez, Lourenço, 2013(4545. Perez M, Lourenço RA. FIBRA-RJ: fragilidade e risco de hospitalização em idosos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(7):1381-91.)
|
Cross-sectional |
537 W 227 M Mean age 76.8±6.8 years |
To determine the risk profile and factors associated with frailty in the elderly. |
Missing information |
The GS was obtained by averaging three assessments of the time taken to walk 4.6 m in a straight line. |
Missing information |
GS was not significantly associated with the risk of hospitalization. |
17.5/22 |
Sheehan, O'Connell, Cunningham et al,, 2013(4646. Sheehan KJ, O'Connell MD, Cunningham C, Crosby L, Kenny RA. The relationship between increased body mass index and frailty on falls in community dwelling older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:132.)
|
Cohort |
417 W 189 M Mean age 72.8±7.2 years |
To evaluate the relationships between Body Mass Index, frailty and falls. |
Frail 8.1% Pre-frail 43.2% Robust 47.5% |
Reduced GS was defined by the lowest percentile (20) of GS stratified by sex, as measured by the GAITRite” walkway system. |
10.20% |
Obese elderly were significantly more likely to have reduced GS. Falls were significantly associated with reduced GS (p=0.02). |
16/22 |
Moreno-Aguilar, Garcia-Lara, Aguolar-Navarro et al., 2013(4747. Moreno-Aguilar M, García-Lara JM, Aguilar-Navarro S, Navarrete-Reyes AP, Amieva H, Ávila-Funes JA. The Phenotype of frailty and health-related quality of life. J Frailty Aging. 2013;2(1):2-7.)
|
Cross-sectional |
245 W 251 M Mean age 78.0±6.2 years |
To determine the association between frailty, health and quality of life of the elderly. |
Frail 12.7% Pre-frail 38.9% Non-frail 48.4% |
Slow GS was evaluated by the response to two questions for estimating the slowness. |
Missing information. |
The gait speed (p<0.001) was independently and inversely associated with the physical dimension as a component of quality of life. |
17/22 |
Romero-Ortuno, Soraghan, 2014(4848. Romero-Ortuno R, Soraghan CA. Frailty Instrument for primary care for those aged 75 years or more: findings from the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe, a longitudinal population-based cohort study (SHARE-FI75+). BMJ Open. 2014;4(12):e006645.)
|
Longitudinal |
4,001 W 3,057 M Age ≥ 75 years |
To create and validate an instrument for the evaluation of frailty in the elderly. |
Frail 12.2% Pre-frail 40.9% Non-frail 46.9% |
The following were observed by the interviewer: walking without the help of another person or using support. |
Missing information. |
Missing information. |
18/22 |
Capistrant, Glymour, Berkman, 2014(4949. Capistrant BD, Glymour MM, Berkman LF. Assessing mobility difficulties for cross-national comparisons: results from the WHO Study on AGEing and Adult Health. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(2):329-35.)
|
Cross-sectional |
7,330 W 4,886 M Mean age 72.4 years |
To evaluate the self-reported and measured indicators of functional mobility limitation among the elderly in six low-and middle-income countries. |
Missing information |
GS was assessed by timing the time to walk 4 m. The decrease in GS was estimated by the lowest quintile. |
Missing information |
Those with slow GS have a high likelihood of self-reporting difficult walking. |
16,5/22 |
Santos, Ceolim, Pavarini el al., 2014(5050. Santos AA, Ceolim MF, Pavarini, SCL, Neri AL, Rampazo, MK. Association between sleep disorders and frailty status among elderly. Acta Paul Enferm. 2014;27(2):120-5.)
|
Cross-sectional |
1,155 W 658 M Age ≥ 65 years |
To analyze the association between napping duration and the variables of sex, age, schooling, family income and the elderly's levels of frailty. |
Pre-frail 51.9% |
The low GS was indicated by the average time spent to walk the 4.6 m distance with adjustments according to sex and height. |
18% |
There was an association between napping duration and the decrease in GS (p=0.1770). |
19.5/22 |
Han, Lee, Kim, 2014(77. Han ES, Lee Y, Kim J. Association of cognitive impairment with frailty in community-dwelling older adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(1):155-63.)
|
Cross-sectional |
6,094 W 4,294 M |
To examine the association between cognitive function and frailty in communitydwelling elderly. |
Frail 9.3% Pre-frail 42.3% Robust 48.4% |
For the slow gait speed, was considered the lowest quintile for the 2.5 m gait speed with adjustment for the mean height by sex. |
Missing information. |
Missing information. |
17.5/22 |
Johar, Emeny, Bidlingmaier et al., 2014(5151. Johar H, Emeny RT, Bidlingmaier M, Reincke M, Thorand B, Peters A, et al. Blunted diurnal cortisol pattern is associated with frailty: a cross-sectional study of 745 participants aged 65 to 90 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(33):E464-8.)
|
Cross-sectional |
Age 65-90 years, Mean age 75.1 years |
To examine the association of daytime cortisol secretion with frailty in the elderly. |
Frail 3.36% Pre-frail 35.17% Robust 61.48% |
Low gait speed defined for the longest time in the Timed Up and Go test (highest quintile stratified by sex and height). |
Missing information |
Slow GS was associated with increased cortisol levels at night. |
18/22 |
Landi, Onder, Russo et al., 2014(5252. Landi F, Onder G, Russo A, Liperoti R, Tosato M, Martone A, et al. Calf circumference, frailty and physical performance among older adults living in the community. Clin Nutr. 2014;3(3):539-44.)
|
Cross-sectional |
170 W 187 M Mean age 86.0±4.9 years |
To evaluate the relationship between calf circumference and physical performance, muscle strength, functional status and frailty in long-lived elderly. |
Missing information |
Slow GS was identified by the cutoff point of <0.8 m/s to walk a 4 m distance. |
Missing information |
There was no association between calf circumference and gait speed. |
18/22 |
Tavassoli, Guyonnet, Abellan Van Kan et al., 2014(5353. Tavassoli N, Guyonnet S, Abellan Van Kan G, Sourdet S, Krams T, Soto ME, et al. Description of 1,108 older patients referred by their physician to the “Geriatric Frailty Clinic (G.F.C) for Assessment of Frailty and Prevention of Disability” at the gerontopole. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(5):457-64.)
|
Missing information |
686 W 422 M Mean age 82.9±6.1 years |
To describe the Geriatric Frailty Clinic structure, the organization, details of overall assessment and preventive interventions against disabilities. |
Frail 54.5% Pre-frail 39.1% Non-frail 6.4% |
Reduced GS was defined by time > 4 s to walk 4 m. |
51.40% |
The mean gait speed was 0.78 ± 0.27 m/s. |
NA |
Curcio, Henao, Gomez, 2014(5454. Curcio CL, Henao GM, Gomez F. Frailty among rural elderly adults. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14:2.)
|
Cross-sectional |
981 W 897 M Mean age 70.9±7.4 years |
To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with frailty in the elderly population in a rural area, and to analyze their relationship with comorbidity and functional disability. |
Frail 12.2% Pre-frail 53% Non-frail 34.8% |
Slow GS was defined as the lowest quintile in the 6 m gait speed test adjusted for sex and height. |
24,40% |
23.2% of frail elderly patients showed reduced GS. There was a statistically significant difference between men and women and slow GS (p <0.001). |
19/22 |
Schoon, Bongers, Van Kempen et al., 2014(5555. Schoon Y, Bongers K, Van Kempen J, Melis R, Olde RM. Gait speed as a test for monitoring frailty in community-dwelling older people has the highest diagnostic value compared to step length and chair rise time. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;50(6):693-701.)
|
Cross-sectional |
333 W 260 M Mean age 76.8±4.8 years |
To investigate whether a frailty assessment can be replaced by mobility testing as a prerequisite for self-monitoring of frailty. |
Frail 10% Pre-frail 43% Non-frail 47% |
Slow GS was defined as <0.76 m/s. The subjects walked twice at their preferred speed, and the GS was evaluated at a 4 m distance. |
Missing information |
GS has a strong correlation with frailty. |
17.5/22 |
Darvin, Randolph, Ovalles et al., 2014(5656. Darvin K, Randolph A, Ovalles S, Halade D, Breeding L, Richardson A, et al. Plasma protein biomarkers of the geriatric syndrome of frailty. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(2)182-6.)
|
Cohort |
39 W 26 M Mean age 80.6±6.4 years |
To confirm if plasma levels of glycoproteins and interleukin-6 are increased with frailty in the elderly. |
Frail 18.5% Pre-frail 48% Non-frail 33.5% |
Missing information. |
Missing information. |
Mean GS values for the elderly: Non-frail=2.8±0.5; pre-frail=2.8±0.7 and frail=3.9±1.4. |
15/22 |
Alexandre, Corona, Nunes et al., 2014(5757. Alexandre TS, Corona LP, Nunes DP, Santos JLF, Yeda AO, Duarte YAO, et al. Similarities among factors associated with components of frailty in elderly: SABE Study. J Aging Health. 2014;26(3):441-57.)
|
Cross-sectional |
873 W 540 M ≥ 60 years |
To analyze the similarities between associated factors and components of frailty in the elderly. |
Missing information |
The GS was determined by the Short Physical Performance Battery Assessing Lower Extremity Functional test. The 20% slower individuals were classified with reduced GS adjusted for height. |
34.40% |
The mean gait time for men was 4.03 ± 0.1, and for women, 4.5 ± 0.1. Joint disease, sedentary lifestyle, cognitive decline and muscle weakness were associated with slow GS. |
16.5/22 |
Bez, Neri, 2014(5858. Bez JPO, Neri AL. Gait speed, grip strength and self-rated health among the elderly: data from the FIBRA Campinas network, São Paulo, Brazil. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2014;19(8): 3343-53.)
|
Cross-sectional |
470 W 210 M Mean age 72.285±4 years |
To describe conditions of grip strength, GS and health self-assessment, and to investigate relationships among them by considering the variables of sex, age and family income, in communitydwelling elderly members of a population study on frailty. |
Missing information |
GS was indicated by the mean time in seconds taken by each elderly person to walk a 4.6 m distance. The averages were adjusted for the median height for men and women. |
Missing information |
Elderly ≥ 80 years and women had lower GS; slow gait and low income were risk factors for worse health evaluation. The elderly with the highest risk of worse perceived health are those with the greatest limitation in gait speed (risk 1.9 times). |
16.5/22 |
Silveira, Pegorari, Castro, et al., 2015(5959. Silveira T, Pegorari MS, Shamyr SC, Ruas G, Novais-Shimano SG, Patrizzi LJ. Association of falls, fear of falling, handgrip strength and gait speed with frailty levels in the community elderly. Medicina. 2015;48(6):549-556.)
|
Cross-sectional |
32 W 22 M Mean age 72,9 ± 6 years |
To check the association of palmar grip strength, GS, fear of falls and falls with frailty levels. |
Frail 11.1% Pre-frail 46.2% Non-frail 42.5% |
The reduced GS was measured by the time to walk a distance of 4.6 m. Cutoff points were based on the 20th percentile of the sample and adjusted for sex and height. |
Frail 66.6% and prefrail 36% |
There was a significant difference between non-frail and pre-frail (p=0.0001), and non-frail and frail (p=0.0023) in relation to GS. Frailty is associated with decrease of GS. |
17/22 |
Falsarella, Gasparotto, Barcelos et al., 2015(6060. Falsarella GR, Gasparotto LPR, Barcelos CC, Coimbra IB, Moretto MC, Pascoa MA, et al. Body composition as a frailty marker for the elderly community. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2015;10:1661-1667.) |
Cross-sectional |
142 W 93 M Mean age 71.76±5.06 years |
To investigate the association between body composition and frailty and to identify profiles of body composition in non-frail, pre-frail and frail elderly. |
Frail 12.7% Pre-frail 48% Non-frail 39.1% |
The GS was indicated by the mean time in seconds taken by each elderly to walk a 4.6 m distance. |
Missing information |
GS was associated with fat mass and percentage of body fat. The mean was 0.94 m/s with a significant difference between women and men. |
17.5/22 |
Nishiguchi, Yamada, Fukutani et al., 2015(6161. Nishiguchi S, Yamada M, Fukutani N, Adachi D, Tashiro Y, Hotta T, et al. Differential Association of Frailty With Cognitive Decline and Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(2):120-4.)
|
Cross-sectional |
W Mean age 73.0±5.4 years |
To determine if frailty and pre-frailty are associated with cognitive decline and sarcopenia in community elderly. |
Frail 10.6% Pre-frail 56.8% Non-frail 32.6% |
In order to measure slow GS, was calculated the speed to walk 10 m, and slow GS was defined as <1.0 m/s. |
Missing information |
There was a significant difference between GS and the frailty groups (frail, pre-frail and non-frail). |
16.5/22 |
Çakmur, 2015(6262. Çakmur, H. Frailty among elderly adults in a rural area of Turkey. Med Sci Monit. 2015;21:1232-42.)
|
Cross-sectional |
90 W 78 M Mean age 72.70±7.73 years |
To identify frailty and wellbeing problems in elderly people living in Turkey (characterized by low socioeconomic status). |
Frail 7.1% Pre-frail 47.3% Non-frail 45.6% |
Slow GS was measured by the 6 m gait speed test adjusted for sex and height according to the Short Physical Performance Battery (<0.8 m/s) standards. |
83.20% |
41.2% of men and 42% of women presented reduced GS. |
18.5/22 |
Aguilar-Navarro, Amieva, Gutiérrez-Robledo et al., 2015(6363. Aguilar-Navarro SG, Amieva H, Gutiérrez-Robledo LM, Avila-Funes JA. Frailty among Mexican community-dwelling elderly: a story told 11 years later. Salud Publica Mex. 2015; 57:S62-9.)
|
Longitudinal |
3,026 W 2,618 M Mean age 68.7±6.9 years |
To describe the characteristics and prognosis of individuals classified as frail in a sample of community-resident Mexican elderly. |
Frail 37.2% Pre-frail 51.3% Non-frail 11.5% |
The low gait speed was evaluated by two self-reported questions. Participants who answered affirmatively to any of these questions were considered frail. |
50.40% |
41.4% of men and 58.2% of women presented reduced GS. |
17.5/22 |
AT, Bryce, Prina et al., 2015(6464. At J, Bryce R, Prina M, Acosta D, Ferri CP, Guerra M, et al. Frailty and the prediction of dependence and mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a 10/66 population-based cohort study. BMC Med. 2015;10:138.)
|
Cohort |
Missing information |
To test the physical and multidimensional predictive validity of the frailty phenotype in Latin American countries, India and China. |
Prevalence of frailty was 17.5% |
The slow gait speed was evaluated by the time to walk 5 m. Those who took 16 s or more to complete the task were considered as slow speed. |
Missing information |
Association between slow GS and cognitive impairment with incident of dependence. Reduced GS was associated with both mortality and dependence. |
19/22 |
Martínez-Ramírez, Martinikorena, Gómez et al., 2015(6565. Martínez-Ramírez A, Martinikorena I, Gómez M, Lecumberri P, Millor N, Rodríguez-Mañas L. et al. Frailty assessment based on trunk kinematic parameters during walking. J Neur Enginee Rehabil. 2015;12:48.)
|
Longitudinal |
399 W 319 M Mean age 75.4±6.1 years |
To investigate if parameters extracted from the signs of trunk acceleration can provide additional information about the frailty syndrome. |
Frail 9.1% Pre-frail 45.5% Non-frail 45.4% |
For slow GS, the elderly were asked to walk at their usual pace according to a standardized protocol. The slower quintile was considered slow. |
Missing information |
The results indicate there is a close relationship between frailty and gait patterns. Slow gait can provide relevant information for frailty assessment. |
17/22 |
Parentoni, Mendonça, Dos Santos et al., 2015(6666. Parentoni AN, Mendonça VA, Dos Santos KD, Sá LF, Ferreira FO, Gomes PDA, et al. Gait speed as a predictor of respiratory muscle function, strength, and frailty syndrome in community-dwelling elderly people. J Frailty Aging. 2015;4(2):64-8.)
|
Cross-sectional |
W Mean age 73.96±6.91 years |
To evaluate the impact of gait speed on maximal inspiratory pressure, maximum expiratory pressure, hand grip strength and frailty in community-residents elderly. |
Frail 30.2% Pre-frail 39.6% Non-frail 30.2% |
Missing information. |
Missing information |
GS is a predictor of some health outcomes, including respiratory muscle function and frailty. The mean GS was 0.72 m/s. Non-frail= 0.95 m/s and pre-frail + frail=0.62 m/s. |
16.5/22 |
Camicioli, Mizrahi, Spagnoli et al., 2015(6767. Camicioli R, Mizrahi S, Spagnoli J, Büla C, Demonet JF, Vingerhoets F, et al. Handwriting and pre-frailty in the Lausanne cohort 65+ (Lc65+) study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;61(1):8-13.)
|
Cross-sectional |
51 W 21 M |
To determine the handwriting aspects associated with the frailty phenotype and to determine if handwriting was associated with aspects of frailty or cognitive impairment. |
Missing information |
Slow GS was defined by a walking time greater than 20 m based on height and sex cutoff points (Cardiovascular Health Study). |
Missing information |
For both sexes, the low overall writing speed was found in individuals characterized by reduced GS. |
18.5/22 |
Shimada, Makizako, Doi et al., 2015(88. Shimada H, Makizako H, Doi T, Tsutsumimoto K, Suzuki T. Incidence of disability in frail older persons with or without slow walking speed. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(8):690-6.)
|
Cohort |
2,105 W 1,975 M Mean age 71.7+5.3 years |
To identify the differences in disability incidence among frail elderly with and without reduced gait. |
Frail 6.5% Pre-frail 49.3% Non-frail 44.2% |
The GS was measured by the time to walk a 2.4 m distance. The slowness was defined according to the cutoff point < 1.0 m/s. |
Frail 4.7% Pre-frail 9.9 % |
The probability of disability incidence was significantly higher in prefrail elderly without reduced GS, pre-frail with reduced GS, frail without reduced GS and frail with reduced GS compared to non-frail elderly (p <0.001). |
18/22 |
Sergi, Veronese, Fontana, et al., 2015(6868. Sergi G, Veronese N, Fontana L, De Rui M, Bolzetta F, Zambon S, et al. Pre-Frailty and risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly men and women: the Pro.V.A. Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(10):976-83.)
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Cohort |
956 W 611 M Mean age 73.6+6.7 years |
To check if the prefrailty condition prevents the onset of cardiovascular diseases in a cohort of community elderly without cardiac problems. |
Pre-frail 44.7% Non-frail 55.3% |
Reduced GS was defined using the timed walk in a 4-m route at normal pace stratified by sex and BMI cutoff points. |
Missing information |
Reduced GS is a strong predictor of incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Among the physical domains of pre-frailty, low GS is the best predictor of future cardiovascular diseases. |
17/22 |
Chen, Honda, Chen et al., 2015(6969. Chen S, Honda T, Chen T, Narazaki K, Haeuchi Y, Supartini A, et al. Screening for frailty phenotype with objectively-measured physical activity in a west Japanese suburban community: evidence from the Sasaguri Genkimon Study. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:36.)
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Cross-sectional |
934 W 593 M Mean age 73.3+6.0 years |
To define the domain of low physical activity of the frailty phenotype by using the measure based on accelerometer in community elderly. |
Frail 9.3% Pre-frail 43.9% Non-frail 46.8% |
The GS was defined by the time to perform a 5 m course. The 20% slower subjects stratified by sex and height were considered frail for GS. |
17.10% |
16.9% of men and 17.2% of women presented reduced GS. |
19/22 |
Hörder, Skoog, Johansson et al., 2015(7070. Hõrder H, Skoog I, Johansson L, Falk H, Frãndin K. Secular trends in frailty: a comparative study of 75-year olds born in 1911-12 and 1930. Age Ageing. 2015;44(5):817-22.)
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Cohort |
710 W 518 M ≥ 75 years |
To compare trends of frailty by using data from two birth cohorts examined in 1987 and 2005. |
Missing information |
The GS was evaluated by the time spent to walk 20 m. Reduced gait speed was defined as < 1 m/s. |
1987 cohort: 19% and 2005 cohort: 16% |
Among women with better educational level, a smaller proportion presented reduced GS. |
18.5/22 |
Schwenk, Mohler, Wendel et al., 2015(7171. Schwenk M, Mohler J, Wendel C, D'Huyvetter K, Fain M, Taylor-Piliae R, et al. Wearable sensor-based in-home assessment of gait, balance, and physical activity for discrimination of frailty status: baseline results of the Arizona frailty cohort study. Gerontology. 2015;61(3):258-67.)
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Cross-sectional |
100 M 25 H Age ≥ 65 years |
To analyze the ability of evaluation of gait, balance and physical activity based on sensors in order to determine the levels of frailty (non-frail, pre-frail, frail). |
Frail 16.8% Pre-frail 48% Non-frail 35.2% |
Slow GS was quantified by the time to walk a 4.57 m distance stratified by sex and height. |
Missing information |
The stride length and the double support significantly discriminated the frailty state. Elderly patients who used assistive devices had slower GS, and these differences increased with increasing frailty. |
18/22 |
Liu, Lyass, Larson el al., 2016(7272. Liu CK, Lyass A, Larson MG, Massaro JM, Wang N, D'Agostino RB Sr, et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress are associated with frailty: the Framingham Offspring Study. Age (Dordr). 2016;38(1):1.)
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Cross-sectional |
Age ≥ 60 years |
To investigate if inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers linked to cardiovascular disease were associated with frailty and the related outcome of GS. |
Frail 7.4% Pre-frail 45.1% Non-frail 47.5% |
For assessment of slow GS, participants walked 4 m. They were classified as slow according to criteria of Fried et al. |
Frail 89% Pre-frail 41% |
Increased levels of isoprostanes and Lp-PLA2 mass were associated with a greater probability of frailty. Higher mean concentrations of these biomarkers and osteoprotegerin were associated with reduced GS. There is a relationship between oxidative stress and GS. |
17.5/22 |
Jones, Neubauer, O'Connor et al., 2016(7373. Jones GR, Neubauer NA, O'Connor B, Jakobi JM. EMG Functional tasks recordings determines frailty phenotypes in males and females. Exp Gerontol. 2016;77:12-8)
|
Missing information |
W and M Mean age 77±8 years |
To determine if muscle activity recorded during the specific task or groups of tasks could be used to correctly classify the frailty phenotype in the elderly. |
Frail 9.2% Pre-frail 26.3% Non-frail 64.5% |
GS was calculated by the time to walk a 4.6 m distance. Those with gait speed of less than 1 m/s were identified as frail. The cutoff points of 1.5 to 1.0 m/s and greater than 1.5 m/s defined the pre-frail and non-frail, respectively. |
Frail 9.2% Pre-frail 23.7% |
Pre-frail participants had faster gait speed than frail participants (p=0.001). |
NA |
Santos-Orlandi, Ceolim, Pavarini et al., 2016(7474. Santos-Orlandi AA, Ceolim MF, Pavarini SCI, Oliveira-Rossignolo SC, Pergola-Marconato AM, Neri AL. Factors associated with duration of naps among commmunity-dwelling elderly: data from the multicenter study FIBRA. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2016;25(1):e1200014.)
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Cross-sectional |
2,073 W 1,002 M |
To analyze the association between napping duration and variables of gender, age, schooling, family income and levels of frailty of community elderly. |
Frail 5.5% Pre-frail 51.5% Non-frail 38.9% |
Low GS was indicated by the time spent to walk the 4.6 m distance with adjustments according to sex and height. |
20.90% |
Missing information |
17.5/22 |
García-Peña, Ávila-Funes, Dent et al., 2016(7575. García-Peña C, Ávila-Funes JA, Dent E, Gutiérrez-Robledo L, Pérez-Zepeda M. Frailty prevalence and associated factors in the Mexican health and aging study: a comparison of the frailty index and the phenotype. Exp Gerontol. 2016;79:55-60.)
|
Cross-sectional |
606 W 502 M Mean age 69.8±7.6 years |
To determine the prevalence of frailty and associated factors by using the Fried phenotype and the frailty index. |
Frail 24.9% Non-frail 75.1% |
Slow GS was defined by the time to walk 4 m. The 20% subjects with lower values adjusted for sex and height were considered frail. |
25.20% |
22.3% of men and 28.3% of women presented reduced GS. |
18/22 |