Factors associated to the practice of using masks by the population of Paraíba during the COVID-19 pandemic

Pereira-Ávila, Fernanda Maria Vieira; Lam, Simon Ching; Gir, Elucir; Góes, Fernanda Garcia Bezerra; Freire, Maria Eliane Moreira; Silva, Ana Cristina de Oliveira e

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Original Article • Rev. esc. enferm. USP 55 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-220X2020029403735 copy

Factors associated to the practice of using masks by the population of Paraíba during the COVID-19 pandemic

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To evaluate the practice of using masks by the population of the Brazilian state of Paraíba during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method:

Cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study conducted with adults living in the state of Paraíba through an online instrument from April to May 2020, through the Face Mask Use Scale of Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas da Paraíba.

Results:

The participants amounted to 1,307 (100.0%) individuals, who were predominantly female (78.0%), aged 35 to 45 (32.3%), married (53.3%) and post-graduates (46.9%). The mean score for the practice of using masks was 18.7 (SD = 8.0; minimum 6.00; maximum 30). The use of masks for self-protection scored 9.8 (DP = 3.9; minimum 3.0; maximum 15.0), whereas the score for protection of others was 8.9 (SD = 4.5; minimum 3.0; maximum 15.0). In the comparison between the scores of the practice of using masks, there was a significant statistical difference for gender, education, age group, and income (p ≤ 0.01). The practice of using masks was more frequent in health environments, 7.3 (DP = 3.2).

Conclusion:

The practice of using masks was predominant among women, people over 35, married, with an income higher than seven minimum wages, and post-graduation. The use of masks for self-protection was higher than for the protection of others and its use in health environments was higher than in the others.

DESCRIPTORS
Coronavirus Infections; Pandemics; Masks; Communicable Diseases; Security Measures; Public Health

Variables		n (%)
Sex
	Male	292 (22.0)
	Female	1,035 (78.0)
Age group (years)
	18 to 24	232 (17.5)
	25 to 34	371 (28.0)
	35 to 44	428 (32.3)
	45 to 54	178 (13.4)
	55 or more	118 (8.9)
Marital Status
	Single	535 (40.3)
	Married	707 (53.3)
	Divorced/separated	70 (5.3)
	Widow(er)	15 (1.1)
Education level
	Primary school	7 (0.5)
	High school	224 (16.9)
	Graduation	473 (35.6)
	Post-graduation	623 (46.9)
Family income
	< 1 minimum wage	47 (3.5)
	1 to 2 minimum wages	337 (25.4)
	3 to 4 minimum wages	329 (24.8)
	5 to 6 minimum wages	214 (16.1)
	> 7 minimum wages	392 (29.5)
	No income	8 (0.6)
Hand washing
	No	33 (2.5)
	Yes	1,294 (97.5)
Social isolation
	No	189 (14.2)
	Yes	1,138 (85.8)

Items	Never	Rarely	Sometimes	Frequently	Always
Items	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
I wear a face mask in public venues to protect myself against influenza-like illness.	247 (18.6)	79 (6.0)	190 (14.3)	0 (0.0)	811 (61.1)
I wear a face mask in a doctor’s clinic to protect myself against influenza-like illness	271 (20.4)	64 (4.8)	123 (9.3)	0 (0.0)	869 (65.5)
I wear a face mask at home when I have symptoms of influenza-like illness.	706 (53.2)	163 (12.3)	142 (10.7)	0 (0.0)	316 (23.8)
I wear a face mask in public venues when I have symptoms of influenza-like illness.	460 (34.7)	103 (7.8)	134 (10.1)	0 (0.0)	630 (47.5)
I wear a face mask in a doctor’s clinic when I have symptoms of influenza-like illness.	389 (29.3)	81 (6.1)	116 (8.7)	0 (0.0)	741 (55.8)
I wear a face mask at home when family members have influenza-like illness.	747 (56.3)	168 (12.7)	147 (11.1)	0 (0.0)	265 (20.0)

Variables		f	FMUS	E1	E2	E3	E4
Age group ⁽²⁾ 2 With ANOVA test
	18 to 24 years	232	16.8	9.5	7.3	8.7	8.1
	25 to 34 years	371	18	10.2	7.8	9.5	8.5
	35 to 44 years	428	19.7	11	8.7	10.2	9.5
	45 to 54 years	178	19.7	10.9	8.7	10.2	9.5
	55 or older	118	19.8	10.7	9.1	10.5	9.3
	p-value		0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01
Sex ⁽¹⁾ 1 With Student’s t-test
	Male	292	17.6	9.6	8.1	9.4	8.2
	Female	1,035	19.0	10.8	8.3	9.0	9.1
	p-value		0.01^* * p-value ≤ 0.05	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.47	0.07	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01
Education ⁽²⁾ 2 With ANOVA test
	Primary school	7	19.4	10.1	9.3	10.7	8.7
	High school	224	18	10.1	7.9	9.5	8.5
	Graduation	473	17.8	9.8	7.9	9.4	8.4
	Post-graduation	623	19.7	11.2	8.5	10.2	9.5
	p-value		0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.06	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01
Marital status ⁽²⁾ 2 With ANOVA test
	Single	535	17.8	9.9^b	7.8	9.4	8.4
	Married	707	19.3	10.8ᵃ	8.4	10.1	9.2
	Separated/Divorced	70	20	10.9	9.1	10.4	9.6
	Widow(er)	15	18.3	9.8	8.5	9.8	8.5
	p-value		0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.01^* * p-value ≤ 0.05	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.01^* * p-value ≤ 0.05
Family income ⁽²⁾ 2 With ANOVA test
	< 1 MW	47	19.3	10.2	9.1	10.5	8.8
	1 to 2 MW	337	17.7	9.9	7.7	9.2	8.4
	3 to 4 MW	329	18.3	10.3	7.9	9.5	8.8
	5 to 6 MW	214	19.2	10.8	8.4	10	9.1
	7 MW	392	19.6	10.9	8.7	10.2	9.4
	No income	8	21.9	12.7	9.1	11.5	10.4
	p-value		0.01^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.06	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	0.06
Hand washing ⁽¹⁾ 1 With Student’s t-test
	No	33	14.9	8.4	6.6	7.9	7
	Yes	1,294	18.8	10.5	8.3	9.8	8.9
	p-value		0.02^* * p-value ≤ 0.05	0.02^* * p-value ≤ 0.05	0.03^* * p-value ≤ 0.05	0.02^* * p-value ≤ 0.05	0.02^* * p-value ≤ 0.05
Social isolation ⁽¹⁾ 1 With Student’s t-test
	No	189	19.2	11.1	8.1	9.9	9.2
	Yes	1,138	18.7	10.4	8.2	9.8	8.9
	p-value		0.41	0.04^* * p-value ≤ 0.05	0.55	0.48	0.39

Variables		f	E5			E6			E7
Variables		f	Mean	SD	p	Mean	SD	p	Mean	SD	p
Age group ⁽²⁾ 2 With ANOVA test
	18 to 24 years	232	6.6	3.38	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	4.0	2.76	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	6.1	3.25	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01
	25 to 34 years	371	7.3	3.19		4.1	2.78		6.6	3.02
	35 to 44 years	428	7.3	3.06		4.7	3.08		7.3	3.04
	45 to 54 years	178	7.6	3.28		4.8	3.10		7.3	3.20
	55 or older	118	7.3	3.20		4.9	3.20		7.5	2.84
Sex ⁽ ¹1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Situation update worldwide, as of 2 april 2020 [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographic... ⁾
	Male	292	6.7	3.33	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	4.4	3.04	0.83	6.5	3.16	0.01^* * p-value ≤ 0.05
	Female	1,035	7.5	3.15		4.45	2.96		7.0	3.09
Education ⁽ ²2. Croda J, Oliveira WK, Frutuoso RL, Mandetta LH, Baia-da-Silva DC, Brito-Sousa JD, et al. COVID-19 in Brazil: advantages of a socialized unified health system and preparation to contain cases. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020;53:e20200167. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0167-2020 https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0167-2... ⁾
	Primary school	7	6.9	3.24	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	5.1	3.24	0.28	7.4	2.99	0.01^* * p-value ≤ 0.05
	High school	224	7	3.28		4.2	2.91		6.7	3.18
	Graduation	473	6.8	3.38		4.3	2.95		6.6	3.20
	Post-graduation	623	7.9	2.97		4.6	3.01		7.2ᵃ	3.00
Marital status ⁽ ²2. Croda J, Oliveira WK, Frutuoso RL, Mandetta LH, Baia-da-Silva DC, Brito-Sousa JD, et al. COVID-19 in Brazil: advantages of a socialized unified health system and preparation to contain cases. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020;53:e20200167. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0167-2020 https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0167-2... ⁾
	Single	535	7	3.27	0.02^* * p-value ≤ 0.05	4.3	2.89	0.25	6.5	3.16	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01
	Married	707	7.6	3.13		4.5	2.98		7.2	3.08
	Separated/Divorced	70	7.4	3.30		4.9	3.45		7.7	2.71
	Widow(er)	15	6.8	3.69		4.3	3.24		7.2	3.03
Monthly income ⁽ ²2. Croda J, Oliveira WK, Frutuoso RL, Mandetta LH, Baia-da-Silva DC, Brito-Sousa JD, et al. COVID-19 in Brazil: advantages of a socialized unified health system and preparation to contain cases. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020;53:e20200167. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0167-2020 https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0167-2... ⁾
	< 1 MW	47	7	3.03	0.09	5.3	2.84	0.02^* * p-value ≤ 0.05	6.9	2.97	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01
	1 to 2 MW	337	7	3.19		4^b	2.80		6.6	3.10
	3 to 4 MW	329	7.2	3.31		4.4	2.85		6.7	3.20
	5 to 6 MW	214	7.5	3.08		4.5	3.07		7.1	3.02
	7 MW or more	392	7.6	3.24		4.7ᵃ	3.15		7.3	3.06
	No income	8	9	1.51		4.9	2.30		8.0	3.02
Hand washing ⁽ ¹1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Situation update worldwide, as of 2 april 2020 [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographic... ⁾
	No	33	6.2	3.62	0.08	3.8	2.86	0.17	5.0	3.34	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01
	Yes	1,294	7.3	3.20		4.4	2.98		7.0	3.09
Social isolation ⁽ ¹1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Situation update worldwide, as of 2 april 2020 [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographic... ⁾
	No	189	7.9	2.91	0.00^ p-value ≤ 0.01	4.4	2.90	0.81	6.9	3.12	0.75
	Yes	1,138	7.2	3.25		4.4	2.99		6.9	3.11

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[1] Corresponding author: Ana Cristina de Oliveira e Silva, Rua Cassimiro de Abreu, 20, Brisamar CEP 58033-330 – João Pessoa, PB, Brazil anacris.os@gmail.com