An analysis of the competitiveness of developing countries based on the foreign added value of exports: the use of revealed comparative advantage index for the period 1995 to 2018

MELO, TATIANA MASSAROLI DE; CARVALHO, ENEAS GONÇALVES DE

doi:10.1590/0101-31572024-3514

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Brazilian Journal of Political Economy

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Articles • Brazil. J. Polit. Econ. 44 (1) • Jan-Mar 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572024-3514 copy

An analysis of the competitiveness of developing countries based on the foreign added value of exports: the use of revealed comparative advantage index for the period 1995 to 2018

Uma análise da competitividade de países em desenvolvimento a partir do valor adicionado estrangeiro nas exportações industriais: o uso de índices de vantagens comparativas reveladas para o período 1995 a 2018

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The objective of this article is to contribute to the improvement of a more comprehensive approach to international competitiveness, from the attempt to construct a revealed comparative advantages index that considers not only the participation of economies in the world market from the perspective of exports, but also the importance of value-added of exports and, in a broader sense, decentralization of world production, for the construction and maintenance of oligopolistic positions of industries and countries. For this, we used data from the TiVA database, in the period between 1995 and 2018, focusing on two groups of developing countries: BRICS and ASEAN.

KEYWORDS:
International competitiveness; value added; trade; developing countries; TiVA

Country / Region	RCAI - Average per sector
Country / Region	High technology (A)	A/B (%)	Medium-high technology (C )	C/B (%)	Medium-low technology (D)	D/B (%)	Low technology (E)	E/B (%)
Best rated nations (B)	Ireland	100	Germany	100	India	100	Latvia	100
Best rated nations (B)	3.66	100	1.97	100	1.74	100	5.17	100
BRICS - Average	0.60	17	0.73	37	1.41	81	1.33	26
Brazil	0.55	15	0.70	35	0.99	57	1.94	38
Russian Federation	0.27	7	0.47	24	1.67	96	0.95	18
India	0.75	20	0.63	32	1.74	100	1.38	27
China	1.17	32	1.14	58	1.57	90	1.68	32
South Africa	0.28	8	0.72	37	1.06	61	0.70	14
ASEAN - Average	0.59	16	0.42	21	0.74	43	1.76	34
Brunei Darussalam	0.07	2	0.03	2	0.08	5	0.07	1
Cambodia	0.08	2	0.05	2	0.21	12	4.43	86
Indonesia	0.35	10	0.56	29	0.95	55	2.62	51
Lao People’s Democratic Rep.	0.04	1	0.05	2	0.66	38	1.19	23
Myanmar	0.12	3	0.09	5	0.29	17	2.18	42
Malaysia	1.29	35	0.69	35	0.95	55	1.67	32
Philippines	1.20	33	0.60	31	0.71	41	1.29	25
Singapore	1.42	39	0.71	36	0.69	40	0.19	4
Thailand	0.88	24	0.98	50	1.32	76	1.41	27
Vietnam	0.49	14	0.40	20	1.56	90	2.58	50

Country / Region	RCAI - Average per sector
Country / Region	High technology (A)	A/B (%)	Medium-high technology (C )	C/B (%)	Medium-low technology (D)	D/B (%)	Low technology (E)	E/B (%)
Best rated nations (B)	Korea	100	Germany	100	Russian Federation	100	Latvia	100
Best rated nations (B)	2.42	100	2.08	100	2.04	100	5.06	100
BRICS - Average	0.69	29	0.75	36	1.49	73	1.37	27
Brazil	0.62	26	0.73	35	1.04	51	1.96	39
Russian Federation	0.50	21	0.47	23	2.04	100	0.89	18
India	0.55	23	0.64	31	1.67	82	1.49	29
China	1.30	54	1.21	58	1.65	81	1.77	35
South Africa	0.47	19	0.68	33	1.06	52	0.73	14
ASEAN - Average	0.66	27	0.40	19	0.72	35	1.78	35
Brunei Darussalam	0.09	4	0.04	2	0.10	5	0.05	1
Cambodia	0.07	3	0.05	2	0.19	9	4.21	83
Indonesia	0.53	22	0.52	25	0.98	48	2.63	52
Lao People’s Democratic Republic	0.05	2	0.04	2	0.59	29	1.26	25
Myanmar	0.11	4	0.08	4	0.27	13	2.23	44
Malaysia	1.25	52	0.60	29	1.06	52	1.82	36
Philippines	1.22	50	0.63	30	0.69	34	1.39	28
Singapore	1.77	73	0.73	35	0.54	27	0.20	4
Thailand	1.00	41	0.92	44	1.32	65	1.61	32
Vietnam	0.48	20	0.35	17	1.45	71	2.41	48

Country / Region	RCAI - Average per sector
Country / Region	High technology (A)	A/B (%)	Medium-high technology (C )	C/B (%)	Medium-low technology (D)	D/B (%)	Low technology (E)	E/B (%)
Best rated nations (B)	Ireland	100	Germany	100	India	100	Latvia	100
Best rated nations (B)	3.56	100	1.70	100	1.97	100	5.57	100
BRICS - Average	0.72	20	0.78	46	1.30	66	1.18	21
Brazil	0.80	22	0.71	41	1.02	52	1.80	32
Russian Federation	0.52	15	0.66	39	1.12	57	1.48	27
India	0.83	23	0.68	40	1.97	100	0.77	14
China	1.13	32	0.97	57	1.31	66	1.29	23
South Africa	0.34	10	0.87	51	1.07	54	0.58	10
ASEAN - Average	0.57	16	0.42	25	0.74	37	1.71	31
Brunei Darussalam	0.17	5	0.02	1	0.11	6	0.42	8
Cambodia	0.06	2	0.04	2	0.25	13	4.81	86
Indonesia	0.43	12	0.84	49	1.00	51	2.56	46
Lao People’s Democratic Republic	0.04	1	0.06	3	0.82	42	0.99	18
Myanmar	0.24	7	0.14	8	0.37	19	1.76	32
Malaysia	1.25	35	0.68	40	0.75	38	1.46	26
Philippines	1.10	31	0.52	30	0.70	36	1.04	19
Singapore	1.02	29	0.59	35	0.59	30	0.17	3
Thailand	0.87	24	0.94	55	1.17	59	1.05	19
Vietnam	0.48	13	0.41	24	1.62	82	2.88	52

Code	Industry	Technology intensity
1	Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products	High
2	Computer, electronic and optical products	High
3	Other transport equipment	High
4	Chemical and chemical products	Medium-high
5	Electrical equipment	Medium-high
6	Machinery and equipment n.e.c	Medium-high
7	Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers	Medium-high
8	Coke and refined petroleum products	Medium-low
9	Rubber and plastics products	Medium-low
10	Other non-metallic mineral products	Medium-low
11	Basic metals	Medium-low
12	Fabricated metal products	Medium-low
13	Manufacturing n.e.c; repair and installation of machinery and equipment	Medium-low
14	Food products, beverages and tobacco	Low
15	Textiles, wearing apparel, leather and related products	Low
16	Wood and products of wood and cork	Low
17	Paper products and printing	Low

Country / Region	High technology industries				Medium-high technology industries					Medium-low technology industries							Low technology industries
Country / Region	1	2	3	Average index	4	5	6	7	Average index	8	9	10	11	12	13	Average index	14	15	16	17	Average index
BRICS - Average	0.51	0.57	0.73	0.60	0.89	0.89	0.65	0.50	0.73	2.15	0.73	0.96	1.96	0.95	1.70	1.41	1.32	1.61	1.46	0.93	1.33
Brazil	0.30	0.18	1.16	0.55	0.73	0.47	0.63	0.96	0.70	1.01	0.65	1.06	2.01	0.47	0.74	0.99	3.33	0.80	1.60	2.04	1.94
Russian Federation	0.12	0.12	0.57	0.27	1.10	0.31	0.32	0.16	0.47	5.48	0.43	0.41	2.98	0.44	0.30	1.67	0.46	0.12	2.34	0.87	0.95
India	1.49	0.13	0.63	0.75	0.72	0.80	0.62	0.39	0.63	3.23	0.85	0.68	1.35	0.88	3.45	1.74	1.37	2.33	1.53	0.29	1.38
China	0.43	2.35	0.74	1.17	0.86	2.47	1.00	0.21	1.14	0.31	1.42	2.28	0.74	1.86	2.80	1.57	0.67	4.54	1.00	0.50	1.68
South Africa	0.23	0.06	0.55	0.28	1.05	0.39	0.69	0.77	0.72	0.70	0.29	0.38	2.70	1.09	1.20	1.06	0.75	0.27	0.84	0.94	0.70
ASEAN - Average	0.16	1.23	0.39	0.59	0.57	0.64	0.27	0.18	0.42	0.71	0.86	0.67	0.65	0.59	0.97	0.74	1.69	3.19	1.52	0.65	1.76
Brunei Darussalam	0.03	0.00	0.18	0.07	0.13	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.36	0.00	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.05	0.08	0.03	0.23	0.02	0.01	0.07
Cambodia	0.09	0.07	0.07	0.08	0.04	0.06	0.02	0.06	0.05	0.13	0.19	0.02	0.12	0.06	0.75	0.21	0.92	15.30	0.65	0.87	4.43
Indonesia	0.12	0.55	0.39	0.35	0.91	0.82	0.34	0.18	0.56	0.77	1.72	0.71	0.96	0.46	1.10	0.95	2.19	2.47	3.62	2.22	2.62
Lao People’s Democratic Rep.	0.09	0.03	0.00	0.04	0.12	0.05	0.00	0.01	0.05	0.19	0.06	0.62	2.11	0.23	0.76	0.66	1.00	1.45	2.22	0.09	1.19
Myanmar	0.02	0.05	0.29	0.12	0.05	0.17	0.12	0.01	0.09	0.25	0.08	0.05	0.83	0.08	0.45	0.29	3.27	3.71	1.49	0.23	2.18
Malaysia	0.10	3.15	0.61	1.29	1.07	1.22	0.42	0.04	0.69	1.23	2.02	0.59	0.51	0.61	0.74	0.95	2.03	0.42	2.91	1.31	1.67
Philippines	0.08	3.23	0.30	1.20	0.26	1.58	0.20	0.36	0.60	0.70	0.59	0.70	0.88	0.40	1.00	0.71	1.56	1.38	1.70	0.52	1.29
Singapore	0.84	2.55	0.88	1.42	1.79	0.22	0.81	0.02	0.71	2.58	0.22	0.14	0.10	0.36	0.74	0.69	0.32	0.05	0.07	0.30	0.19
Thailand	0.08	2.08	0.47	0.88	1.02	1.50	0.53	0.89	0.98	0.78	2.65	1.08	0.40	0.93	2.06	1.32	2.36	1.79	0.93	0.57	1.41
Vietnam	0.12	0.61	0.75	0.49	0.36	0.75	0.31	0.18	0.40	0.15	1.03	2.73	0.59	2.77	2.08	1.56	3.21	5.08	1.64	0.39	2.58

Country / Region	High technology industries				Medium-high technology industries					Medium-low technology industries							Low technology industries
Country / Region	1	2	3	Average index	4	5	6	7	Average index	8	9	10	11	12	13	Average index	14	15	16	17	Average índex
BRICS - Average	0.81	0.58	0.69	0.69	0.92	0.91	0.64	0.51	0.75	2.50	0.75	0.96	2.07	0.98	1.71	1.49	1.36	1.69	1.49	0.93	1.37
Brazil	0.62	0.19	1.06	0.62	0.74	0.49	0.64	1.06	0.73	1.17	0.66	1.04	2.09	0.49	0.79	1.04	3.34	0.82	1.62	2.07	1.96
Russian Federation	0.86	0.11	0.53	0.50	1.15	0.30	0.30	0.15	0.47	7.51	0.39	0.39	3.26	0.43	0.28	2.04	0.42	0.11	2.23	0.81	0.89
India	0.91	0.14	0.62	0.55	0.70	0.82	0.62	0.40	0.64	2.77	0.90	0.68	1.44	0.91	3.30	1.67	1.53	2.48	1.66	0.29	1.49
China	0.80	2.38	0.73	1.30	0.93	2.61	1.03	0.25	1.21	0.35	1.50	2.37	0.79	1.99	2.92	1.65	0.74	4.80	1.04	0.52	1.77
South Africa	0.84	0.06	0.51	0.47	1.07	0.34	0.62	0.71	0.68	0.68	0.31	0.33	2.76	1.06	1.25	1.06	0.78	0.26	0.89	0.97	0.73
ASEAN - Average	0.49	1.11	0.37	0.66	0.61	0.57	0.23	0.17	0.40	0.70	0.88	0.70	0.59	0.49	0.96	0.72	1.87	3.00	1.62	0.64	1.78
Brunei Darussalam	0.11	0.00	0.16	0.09	0.15	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.04	0.46	0.00	0.02	0.05	0.01	0.03	0.10	0.02	0.15	0.02	0.01	0.05
Cambodia	0.06	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.05	0.06	0.02	0.07	0.05	0.13	0.14	0.02	0.13	0.06	0.63	0.19	0.97	14.27	0.84	0.78	4.21
Indonesia	0.67	0.55	0.38	0.53	0.88	0.76	0.21	0.21	0.52	0.90	1.64	0.72	1.09	0.42	1.08	0.98	2.29	2.37	3.71	2.13	2.63
Lao People’s Democratic Rep.	0.11	0.02	0.00	0.05	0.12	0.04	0.00	0.01	0.04	0.22	0.05	0.62	1.75	0.17	0.71	0.59	1.04	1.48	2.40	0.10	1.26
Myanmar	0.04	0.05	0.22	0.11	0.05	0.16	0.10	0.01	0.08	0.22	0.07	0.05	0.81	0.07	0.43	0.27	3.57	3.62	1.53	0.21	2.23
Malaysia	0.86	2.37	0.52	1.25	1.15	0.86	0.35	0.03	0.60	1.97	2.03	0.63	0.43	0.55	0.78	1.06	2.33	0.41	3.22	1.33	1.82
Philippines	0.23	3.12	0.31	1.22	0.28	1.65	0.20	0.38	0.63	0.59	0.64	0.71	0.76	0.37	1.05	0.69	1.84	1.48	1.76	0.49	1.39
Singapore	1.74	2.62	0.96	1.77	1.96	0.20	0.75	0.02	0.73	1.64	0.27	0.12	0.08	0.34	0.80	0.54	0.33	0.06	0.07	0.36	0.20
Thailand	0.83	1.77	0.41	1.00	1.12	1.31	0.43	0.82	0.92	0.70	2.92	1.21	0.36	0.76	2.00	1.32	2.83	1.99	1.01	0.60	1.61
Vietnam	0.25	0.54	0.65	0.48	0.30	0.71	0.23	0.17	0.35	0.13	1.01	2.87	0.46	2.16	2.06	1.45	3.45	4.20	1.62	0.37	2.41

Country / Region	High technology industries				Medium-high technology industries					Medium-low technology industries							Low technology industries
Country / Region	1	2	3	Average index	4	5	6	7	Average index	8	9	10	11	12	13	Average index	14	15	16	17	Average index
BRICS - Average	0.53	0.59	1.05	0.72	0.93	0.90	0.76	0.53	0.78	1.59	0.75	0.98	1.89	0.91	1.66	1.30	1.07	1.30	1.36	1.01	1.18
Brazil	0.27	0.20	1.93	0.80	0.84	0.47	0.65	0.86	0.71	0.98	0.75	1.15	2.27	0.46	0.48	1.02	3.06	0.75	1.35	2.03	1.80
Russian Federation	0.28	0.21	1.06	0.52	1.23	0.47	0.59	0.35	0.66	1.32	0.89	0.58	2.75	0.65	0.54	1.12	0.88	0.27	3.30	1.47	1.48
India	1.61	0.11	0.76	0.83	0.86	0.83	0.67	0.38	0.68	4.62	0.69	0.69	1.17	0.78	3.88	1.97	0.48	1.63	0.67	0.30	0.77
China	0.23	2.37	0.79	1.13	0.68	2.17	0.92	0.11	0.97	0.23	1.20	1.89	0.62	1.49	2.42	1.31	0.35	3.54	0.82	0.45	1.29
South Africa	0.26	0.07	0.70	0.34	1.03	0.53	0.96	0.95	0.87	0.77	0.25	0.59	2.65	1.19	0.99	1.07	0.59	0.31	0.63	0.80	0.58
ASEAN - Average	0.13	1.12	0.45	0.57	0.49	0.67	0.37	0.15	0.42	0.54	0.79	0.63	0.71	0.74	1.02	0.74	1.20	3.66	1.28	0.72	1.71
Brunei Darussalam	0.04	0.00	0.47	0.17	0.09	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.08	0.01	0.11	0.02	0.21	0.25	0.11	0.17	1.38	0.08	0.05	0.42
Cambodia	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.04	0.05	0.02	0.05	0.04	0.10	0.24	0.01	0.10	0.07	0.96	0.25	0.84	17.15	0.21	1.02	4.81
Indonesia	0.18	0.65	0.46	0.43	1.13	1.14	0.95	0.12	0.84	0.61	2.22	0.61	0.67	0.66	1.23	1.00	1.48	3.04	2.96	2.76	2.56
Lao People’s Democratic Rep.	0.08	0.04	0.00	0.04	0.13	0.09	0.00	0.02	0.06	0.14	0.08	0.66	2.75	0.39	0.92	0.82	0.87	1.38	1.66	0.07	0.99
Myanmar	0.03	0.06	0.64	0.24	0.07	0.25	0.21	0.01	0.14	0.34	0.10	0.07	1.02	0.13	0.56	0.37	1.32	4.22	1.17	0.33	1.76
Malaysia	0.12	3.03	0.61	1.25	0.83	1.38	0.46	0.04	0.68	0.45	1.72	0.56	0.48	0.62	0.66	0.75	1.68	0.41	2.53	1.21	1.46
Philippines	0.07	2.96	0.27	1.10	0.20	1.37	0.18	0.31	0.52	0.71	0.46	0.70	1.01	0.46	0.90	0.70	0.83	1.13	1.59	0.61	1.04
Singapore	0.49	1.88	0.69	1.02	1.33	0.20	0.80	0.02	0.59	2.16	0.13	0.18	0.09	0.34	0.64	0.59	0.33	0.05	0.07	0.22	0.17
Thailand	0.08	2.01	0.51	0.87	0.76	1.55	0.64	0.80	0.94	0.63	1.99	0.85	0.37	1.08	2.09	1.17	1.50	1.40	0.80	0.50	1.05
Vietnam	0.16	0.52	0.75	0.48	0.36	0.69	0.43	0.16	0.41	0.14	0.90	2.60	0.61	3.42	2.05	1.62	2.94	6.44	1.73	0.41	2.88

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