Uma análise da competitividade de países em desenvolvimento a partir do valor adicionado estrangeiro nas exportações industriais: o uso de índices de vantagens comparativas reveladas para o período 1995 a 2018

MELO, TATIANA MASSAROLI DE; CARVALHO, ENEAS GONÇALVES DE

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Brasil

Brazilian Journal of Political Economy

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Brasil

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Articles • Brazil. J. Polit. Econ. 44 (1) • Jan-Mar 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572024-3514 copiar

Uma análise da competitividade de países em desenvolvimento a partir do valor adicionado estrangeiro nas exportações industriais: o uso de índices de vantagens comparativas reveladas para o período 1995 a 2018

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

O objetivo deste artigo é colaborar para o aperfeiçoamento de um enfoque mais abrangente sobre competitividade internacional, a partir da tentativa de construir índices de vantagens comparativas reveladas que consideram não apenas a participação das economias no mercado mundial pela ótica das exportações, mas também a importância do valor adicionado das exportações e, num sentido mais amplo, da descentralização da produção mundial, para a construção e manutenção de posições oligopolistas de indústrias e países. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados da base TiVA, no período entre 1995 e 2018, com enfoque em dois grupos de países em desenvolvimento: BRICS e ASEAN.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Competitividade internacional; valor adicionado; comércio; países em desenvolvimento; TiVA

Country / Region	RCAI - Average per sector
Country / Region	High technology (A)	A/B (%)	Medium-high technology (C )	C/B (%)	Medium-low technology (D)	D/B (%)	Low technology (E)	E/B (%)
Best rated nations (B)	Ireland	100	Germany	100	India	100	Latvia	100
Best rated nations (B)	3.66	100	1.97	100	1.74	100	5.17	100
BRICS - Average	0.60	17	0.73	37	1.41	81	1.33	26
Brazil	0.55	15	0.70	35	0.99	57	1.94	38
Russian Federation	0.27	7	0.47	24	1.67	96	0.95	18
India	0.75	20	0.63	32	1.74	100	1.38	27
China	1.17	32	1.14	58	1.57	90	1.68	32
South Africa	0.28	8	0.72	37	1.06	61	0.70	14
ASEAN - Average	0.59	16	0.42	21	0.74	43	1.76	34
Brunei Darussalam	0.07	2	0.03	2	0.08	5	0.07	1
Cambodia	0.08	2	0.05	2	0.21	12	4.43	86
Indonesia	0.35	10	0.56	29	0.95	55	2.62	51
Lao People’s Democratic Rep.	0.04	1	0.05	2	0.66	38	1.19	23
Myanmar	0.12	3	0.09	5	0.29	17	2.18	42
Malaysia	1.29	35	0.69	35	0.95	55	1.67	32
Philippines	1.20	33	0.60	31	0.71	41	1.29	25
Singapore	1.42	39	0.71	36	0.69	40	0.19	4
Thailand	0.88	24	0.98	50	1.32	76	1.41	27
Vietnam	0.49	14	0.40	20	1.56	90	2.58	50

Country / Region	RCAI - Average per sector
Country / Region	High technology (A)	A/B (%)	Medium-high technology (C )	C/B (%)	Medium-low technology (D)	D/B (%)	Low technology (E)	E/B (%)
Best rated nations (B)	Korea	100	Germany	100	Russian Federation	100	Latvia	100
Best rated nations (B)	2.42	100	2.08	100	2.04	100	5.06	100
BRICS - Average	0.69	29	0.75	36	1.49	73	1.37	27
Brazil	0.62	26	0.73	35	1.04	51	1.96	39
Russian Federation	0.50	21	0.47	23	2.04	100	0.89	18
India	0.55	23	0.64	31	1.67	82	1.49	29
China	1.30	54	1.21	58	1.65	81	1.77	35
South Africa	0.47	19	0.68	33	1.06	52	0.73	14
ASEAN - Average	0.66	27	0.40	19	0.72	35	1.78	35
Brunei Darussalam	0.09	4	0.04	2	0.10	5	0.05	1
Cambodia	0.07	3	0.05	2	0.19	9	4.21	83
Indonesia	0.53	22	0.52	25	0.98	48	2.63	52
Lao People’s Democratic Republic	0.05	2	0.04	2	0.59	29	1.26	25
Myanmar	0.11	4	0.08	4	0.27	13	2.23	44
Malaysia	1.25	52	0.60	29	1.06	52	1.82	36
Philippines	1.22	50	0.63	30	0.69	34	1.39	28
Singapore	1.77	73	0.73	35	0.54	27	0.20	4
Thailand	1.00	41	0.92	44	1.32	65	1.61	32
Vietnam	0.48	20	0.35	17	1.45	71	2.41	48

Country / Region	RCAI - Average per sector
Country / Region	High technology (A)	A/B (%)	Medium-high technology (C )	C/B (%)	Medium-low technology (D)	D/B (%)	Low technology (E)	E/B (%)
Best rated nations (B)	Ireland	100	Germany	100	India	100	Latvia	100
Best rated nations (B)	3.56	100	1.70	100	1.97	100	5.57	100
BRICS - Average	0.72	20	0.78	46	1.30	66	1.18	21
Brazil	0.80	22	0.71	41	1.02	52	1.80	32
Russian Federation	0.52	15	0.66	39	1.12	57	1.48	27
India	0.83	23	0.68	40	1.97	100	0.77	14
China	1.13	32	0.97	57	1.31	66	1.29	23
South Africa	0.34	10	0.87	51	1.07	54	0.58	10
ASEAN - Average	0.57	16	0.42	25	0.74	37	1.71	31
Brunei Darussalam	0.17	5	0.02	1	0.11	6	0.42	8
Cambodia	0.06	2	0.04	2	0.25	13	4.81	86
Indonesia	0.43	12	0.84	49	1.00	51	2.56	46
Lao People’s Democratic Republic	0.04	1	0.06	3	0.82	42	0.99	18
Myanmar	0.24	7	0.14	8	0.37	19	1.76	32
Malaysia	1.25	35	0.68	40	0.75	38	1.46	26
Philippines	1.10	31	0.52	30	0.70	36	1.04	19
Singapore	1.02	29	0.59	35	0.59	30	0.17	3
Thailand	0.87	24	0.94	55	1.17	59	1.05	19
Vietnam	0.48	13	0.41	24	1.62	82	2.88	52

Code	Industry	Technology intensity
1	Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products	High
2	Computer, electronic and optical products	High
3	Other transport equipment	High
4	Chemical and chemical products	Medium-high
5	Electrical equipment	Medium-high
6	Machinery and equipment n.e.c	Medium-high
7	Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers	Medium-high
8	Coke and refined petroleum products	Medium-low
9	Rubber and plastics products	Medium-low
10	Other non-metallic mineral products	Medium-low
11	Basic metals	Medium-low
12	Fabricated metal products	Medium-low
13	Manufacturing n.e.c; repair and installation of machinery and equipment	Medium-low
14	Food products, beverages and tobacco	Low
15	Textiles, wearing apparel, leather and related products	Low
16	Wood and products of wood and cork	Low
17	Paper products and printing	Low

Country / Region	High technology industries				Medium-high technology industries					Medium-low technology industries							Low technology industries
Country / Region	1	2	3	Average index	4	5	6	7	Average index	8	9	10	11	12	13	Average index	14	15	16	17	Average index
BRICS - Average	0.51	0.57	0.73	0.60	0.89	0.89	0.65	0.50	0.73	2.15	0.73	0.96	1.96	0.95	1.70	1.41	1.32	1.61	1.46	0.93	1.33
Brazil	0.30	0.18	1.16	0.55	0.73	0.47	0.63	0.96	0.70	1.01	0.65	1.06	2.01	0.47	0.74	0.99	3.33	0.80	1.60	2.04	1.94
Russian Federation	0.12	0.12	0.57	0.27	1.10	0.31	0.32	0.16	0.47	5.48	0.43	0.41	2.98	0.44	0.30	1.67	0.46	0.12	2.34	0.87	0.95
India	1.49	0.13	0.63	0.75	0.72	0.80	0.62	0.39	0.63	3.23	0.85	0.68	1.35	0.88	3.45	1.74	1.37	2.33	1.53	0.29	1.38
China	0.43	2.35	0.74	1.17	0.86	2.47	1.00	0.21	1.14	0.31	1.42	2.28	0.74	1.86	2.80	1.57	0.67	4.54	1.00	0.50	1.68
South Africa	0.23	0.06	0.55	0.28	1.05	0.39	0.69	0.77	0.72	0.70	0.29	0.38	2.70	1.09	1.20	1.06	0.75	0.27	0.84	0.94	0.70
ASEAN - Average	0.16	1.23	0.39	0.59	0.57	0.64	0.27	0.18	0.42	0.71	0.86	0.67	0.65	0.59	0.97	0.74	1.69	3.19	1.52	0.65	1.76
Brunei Darussalam	0.03	0.00	0.18	0.07	0.13	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.36	0.00	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.05	0.08	0.03	0.23	0.02	0.01	0.07
Cambodia	0.09	0.07	0.07	0.08	0.04	0.06	0.02	0.06	0.05	0.13	0.19	0.02	0.12	0.06	0.75	0.21	0.92	15.30	0.65	0.87	4.43
Indonesia	0.12	0.55	0.39	0.35	0.91	0.82	0.34	0.18	0.56	0.77	1.72	0.71	0.96	0.46	1.10	0.95	2.19	2.47	3.62	2.22	2.62
Lao People’s Democratic Rep.	0.09	0.03	0.00	0.04	0.12	0.05	0.00	0.01	0.05	0.19	0.06	0.62	2.11	0.23	0.76	0.66	1.00	1.45	2.22	0.09	1.19
Myanmar	0.02	0.05	0.29	0.12	0.05	0.17	0.12	0.01	0.09	0.25	0.08	0.05	0.83	0.08	0.45	0.29	3.27	3.71	1.49	0.23	2.18
Malaysia	0.10	3.15	0.61	1.29	1.07	1.22	0.42	0.04	0.69	1.23	2.02	0.59	0.51	0.61	0.74	0.95	2.03	0.42	2.91	1.31	1.67
Philippines	0.08	3.23	0.30	1.20	0.26	1.58	0.20	0.36	0.60	0.70	0.59	0.70	0.88	0.40	1.00	0.71	1.56	1.38	1.70	0.52	1.29
Singapore	0.84	2.55	0.88	1.42	1.79	0.22	0.81	0.02	0.71	2.58	0.22	0.14	0.10	0.36	0.74	0.69	0.32	0.05	0.07	0.30	0.19
Thailand	0.08	2.08	0.47	0.88	1.02	1.50	0.53	0.89	0.98	0.78	2.65	1.08	0.40	0.93	2.06	1.32	2.36	1.79	0.93	0.57	1.41
Vietnam	0.12	0.61	0.75	0.49	0.36	0.75	0.31	0.18	0.40	0.15	1.03	2.73	0.59	2.77	2.08	1.56	3.21	5.08	1.64	0.39	2.58

Country / Region	High technology industries				Medium-high technology industries					Medium-low technology industries							Low technology industries
Country / Region	1	2	3	Average index	4	5	6	7	Average index	8	9	10	11	12	13	Average index	14	15	16	17	Average índex
BRICS - Average	0.81	0.58	0.69	0.69	0.92	0.91	0.64	0.51	0.75	2.50	0.75	0.96	2.07	0.98	1.71	1.49	1.36	1.69	1.49	0.93	1.37
Brazil	0.62	0.19	1.06	0.62	0.74	0.49	0.64	1.06	0.73	1.17	0.66	1.04	2.09	0.49	0.79	1.04	3.34	0.82	1.62	2.07	1.96
Russian Federation	0.86	0.11	0.53	0.50	1.15	0.30	0.30	0.15	0.47	7.51	0.39	0.39	3.26	0.43	0.28	2.04	0.42	0.11	2.23	0.81	0.89
India	0.91	0.14	0.62	0.55	0.70	0.82	0.62	0.40	0.64	2.77	0.90	0.68	1.44	0.91	3.30	1.67	1.53	2.48	1.66	0.29	1.49
China	0.80	2.38	0.73	1.30	0.93	2.61	1.03	0.25	1.21	0.35	1.50	2.37	0.79	1.99	2.92	1.65	0.74	4.80	1.04	0.52	1.77
South Africa	0.84	0.06	0.51	0.47	1.07	0.34	0.62	0.71	0.68	0.68	0.31	0.33	2.76	1.06	1.25	1.06	0.78	0.26	0.89	0.97	0.73
ASEAN - Average	0.49	1.11	0.37	0.66	0.61	0.57	0.23	0.17	0.40	0.70	0.88	0.70	0.59	0.49	0.96	0.72	1.87	3.00	1.62	0.64	1.78
Brunei Darussalam	0.11	0.00	0.16	0.09	0.15	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.04	0.46	0.00	0.02	0.05	0.01	0.03	0.10	0.02	0.15	0.02	0.01	0.05
Cambodia	0.06	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.05	0.06	0.02	0.07	0.05	0.13	0.14	0.02	0.13	0.06	0.63	0.19	0.97	14.27	0.84	0.78	4.21
Indonesia	0.67	0.55	0.38	0.53	0.88	0.76	0.21	0.21	0.52	0.90	1.64	0.72	1.09	0.42	1.08	0.98	2.29	2.37	3.71	2.13	2.63
Lao People’s Democratic Rep.	0.11	0.02	0.00	0.05	0.12	0.04	0.00	0.01	0.04	0.22	0.05	0.62	1.75	0.17	0.71	0.59	1.04	1.48	2.40	0.10	1.26
Myanmar	0.04	0.05	0.22	0.11	0.05	0.16	0.10	0.01	0.08	0.22	0.07	0.05	0.81	0.07	0.43	0.27	3.57	3.62	1.53	0.21	2.23
Malaysia	0.86	2.37	0.52	1.25	1.15	0.86	0.35	0.03	0.60	1.97	2.03	0.63	0.43	0.55	0.78	1.06	2.33	0.41	3.22	1.33	1.82
Philippines	0.23	3.12	0.31	1.22	0.28	1.65	0.20	0.38	0.63	0.59	0.64	0.71	0.76	0.37	1.05	0.69	1.84	1.48	1.76	0.49	1.39
Singapore	1.74	2.62	0.96	1.77	1.96	0.20	0.75	0.02	0.73	1.64	0.27	0.12	0.08	0.34	0.80	0.54	0.33	0.06	0.07	0.36	0.20
Thailand	0.83	1.77	0.41	1.00	1.12	1.31	0.43	0.82	0.92	0.70	2.92	1.21	0.36	0.76	2.00	1.32	2.83	1.99	1.01	0.60	1.61
Vietnam	0.25	0.54	0.65	0.48	0.30	0.71	0.23	0.17	0.35	0.13	1.01	2.87	0.46	2.16	2.06	1.45	3.45	4.20	1.62	0.37	2.41

Country / Region	High technology industries				Medium-high technology industries					Medium-low technology industries							Low technology industries
Country / Region	1	2	3	Average index	4	5	6	7	Average index	8	9	10	11	12	13	Average index	14	15	16	17	Average index
BRICS - Average	0.53	0.59	1.05	0.72	0.93	0.90	0.76	0.53	0.78	1.59	0.75	0.98	1.89	0.91	1.66	1.30	1.07	1.30	1.36	1.01	1.18
Brazil	0.27	0.20	1.93	0.80	0.84	0.47	0.65	0.86	0.71	0.98	0.75	1.15	2.27	0.46	0.48	1.02	3.06	0.75	1.35	2.03	1.80
Russian Federation	0.28	0.21	1.06	0.52	1.23	0.47	0.59	0.35	0.66	1.32	0.89	0.58	2.75	0.65	0.54	1.12	0.88	0.27	3.30	1.47	1.48
India	1.61	0.11	0.76	0.83	0.86	0.83	0.67	0.38	0.68	4.62	0.69	0.69	1.17	0.78	3.88	1.97	0.48	1.63	0.67	0.30	0.77
China	0.23	2.37	0.79	1.13	0.68	2.17	0.92	0.11	0.97	0.23	1.20	1.89	0.62	1.49	2.42	1.31	0.35	3.54	0.82	0.45	1.29
South Africa	0.26	0.07	0.70	0.34	1.03	0.53	0.96	0.95	0.87	0.77	0.25	0.59	2.65	1.19	0.99	1.07	0.59	0.31	0.63	0.80	0.58
ASEAN - Average	0.13	1.12	0.45	0.57	0.49	0.67	0.37	0.15	0.42	0.54	0.79	0.63	0.71	0.74	1.02	0.74	1.20	3.66	1.28	0.72	1.71
Brunei Darussalam	0.04	0.00	0.47	0.17	0.09	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.08	0.01	0.11	0.02	0.21	0.25	0.11	0.17	1.38	0.08	0.05	0.42
Cambodia	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.04	0.05	0.02	0.05	0.04	0.10	0.24	0.01	0.10	0.07	0.96	0.25	0.84	17.15	0.21	1.02	4.81
Indonesia	0.18	0.65	0.46	0.43	1.13	1.14	0.95	0.12	0.84	0.61	2.22	0.61	0.67	0.66	1.23	1.00	1.48	3.04	2.96	2.76	2.56
Lao People’s Democratic Rep.	0.08	0.04	0.00	0.04	0.13	0.09	0.00	0.02	0.06	0.14	0.08	0.66	2.75	0.39	0.92	0.82	0.87	1.38	1.66	0.07	0.99
Myanmar	0.03	0.06	0.64	0.24	0.07	0.25	0.21	0.01	0.14	0.34	0.10	0.07	1.02	0.13	0.56	0.37	1.32	4.22	1.17	0.33	1.76
Malaysia	0.12	3.03	0.61	1.25	0.83	1.38	0.46	0.04	0.68	0.45	1.72	0.56	0.48	0.62	0.66	0.75	1.68	0.41	2.53	1.21	1.46
Philippines	0.07	2.96	0.27	1.10	0.20	1.37	0.18	0.31	0.52	0.71	0.46	0.70	1.01	0.46	0.90	0.70	0.83	1.13	1.59	0.61	1.04
Singapore	0.49	1.88	0.69	1.02	1.33	0.20	0.80	0.02	0.59	2.16	0.13	0.18	0.09	0.34	0.64	0.59	0.33	0.05	0.07	0.22	0.17
Thailand	0.08	2.01	0.51	0.87	0.76	1.55	0.64	0.80	0.94	0.63	1.99	0.85	0.37	1.08	2.09	1.17	1.50	1.40	0.80	0.50	1.05
Vietnam	0.16	0.52	0.75	0.48	0.36	0.69	0.43	0.16	0.41	0.14	0.90	2.60	0.61	3.42	2.05	1.62	2.94	6.44	1.73	0.41	2.88

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