V01 |
Vague label information |
I avoid products whose labels have vague expressions about environmental practices, such as “friends of nature” or “ecologically correct”. |
Laufer (2003)Laufer, W. S. (2003). Social accountability and corporate greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(3), 253-261.
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V02 |
Green media appeal |
I link an ecological picture to the company when the visual communication contains images of landscapes or forests. |
Laufer (2003)Laufer, W. S. (2003). Social accountability and corporate greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(3), 253-261.
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V03 |
Belief in green advertisement |
I believe in companies whose ads contain words such as sustainability, reforestation, recyclable, biodegradable, and reusable. |
Laufer (2003)Laufer, W. S. (2003). Social accountability and corporate greenwashing. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(3), 253-261.; Boff (2017)Boff, L. (2017). Sustentabilidade: o que é-o que não é. Petrópolis: Vozes.
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V04 |
Ecological falsehood |
The use of the word sustainability is hollow when the company hides internal procedures that can jeopardize the environment. |
Boff (2017)Boff, L. (2017). Sustentabilidade: o que é-o que não é. Petrópolis: Vozes.; Ottman (2017)Ottman, J. A. (2017). The new rules of green marketing: strategies, tools, and inspiration for sustainable branding. London: Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351278683. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351278683...
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V05 |
Product’s green certificate |
I consider green products those that use green identification such as “friends of nature” or “ecologically correct”. |
Dahlstrom, (2011)Dahlstrom, R. (2011). Gerenciamento de marketing verde. São Paulo: Cengage Learning.
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V06 |
Camouflaged green actions |
I don’t believe in products that don’t display real green attitudes clearly. |
Rahman et al. (2015)Rahman, I., Park, J., & Chi, C. G. (2015). Consequences of “greenwashing” Consumers’ reactions to hotels’ green initiatives. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(6), 1054-1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2014-0202 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2014-...
; De Vries et al. (2015)De Vries, G., Terwel, B. W., Ellemers, N., & Daamen, D. D. L. (2015). Sustainability or profitability? How communicated motives for environmental policy affect public perceptions of corporate greenwashing. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(3), 142-154.; Dahlstrom (2011)Dahlstrom, R. (2011). Gerenciamento de marketing verde. São Paulo: Cengage Learning.
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V07 |
Frailty in green actions |
During the purchase, I can’t decide when I believe something is wrong concerning how green action arguments are presented. |
De Vries et al. (2015)De Vries, G., Terwel, B. W., Ellemers, N., & Daamen, D. D. L. (2015). Sustainability or profitability? How communicated motives for environmental policy affect public perceptions of corporate greenwashing. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(3), 142-154.; Chen & Chang (2013)Chen, Y. S., & Chang, C. H. (2013). Greenwashing and green trust: the mediation of green consumer confusion and green perceived risk. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(3), 489-500.; Walsh & Mitchell (2010)Walsh, G., & Mitchell, V. (2010). The effect of consumer confusion proneness on word of mouth, trust, and customer satisfaction. European Journal of Marketing, 44(6), 838-859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090561011032739 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090561011032...
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V10 |
Appealing green labels |
I don’t trust the credibility of labels that over-display something concerning environmental actions. |
Diffenderfer & Baker (2010)Diffenderfer, M., & Baker, K. C. (2010). Greenwashing: what your client should know to avoid costly litigation and consumer backlash. Natural Resources & Environment, 25(3), 21-25.
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