Technology transfer during the COVID-19 pandemic: report on the first face-to-face practical training course in Brazil

Study contributions Main results Technology transfer can take place at large events, as long as safety protocols are strictly enforced. It is important to disseminate, at these events, the concepts of the Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). Implications for services Face-to-face training course is fundamental for training public health professionals. Technology transfer between research institutions and health services results in updating and improving health system performance. Perspectives Based on the success of the reported technology transfer, a new module will be incorporated into the next edition of VEME (Panama 2022), entitled Virus Evolution to Public Health Policy Makers.


INTRODUCTION
Pandemics are part of the group of natural disaster events triggered by socio-environmental phenomena and imbalances that affect populations. In this context, on January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 . Having started in Wuhan, China, as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, 1 the disease quickly turned into a major global challenge and in March 2020, it was declared as a pandemic, requiring a rapid health response. 2 Understanding the spread of potentially pan demic viral infec tious diseases is fundamental in order to support public health decisions. An important method of monitoring these diseases is genomic and epidemiological surveillance, which enables the rapid identif ication of these infectious agents. Since the beginning of the 3 pandemic, the spread of the causative agent -Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) -of COVID-19 has been monitored worldwide, with different surveillance strategies, by which the virus evolution can be observed and shared in real time. 4 In Brazil, each Federative Unit (UF), including the Federal District, has a Central Public Health Laboratory (Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública -LACEN), under the General Coordination of Public Health Laboratories (Coordenação-Geral de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública -CGLAB), within Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat of the Ministry of Health. The LACENs have, as their main function, to assist the states in the areas of epidemiological, sanitary and environmental surveillance (Organic Law No. 8080). 5 Consequently, these laboratories are involved in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases of public health concern and are responsible for a significant portion of the diagnosis of emerging and re-emerging diseases, such as arboviruses and COVID-19.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, LACENs played a key role in identifying variants of concern, given that they receive samples from all regions of the country. However, in addition to the basic inf rastructure, updating the bioinformatics tools necessary for data analysis is extremely important. This analysis still represents a major challenge for public health professionals, since it involves specific techniques from the area of scientific research and that are not widely used in practical experience at LACENs.
In an attempt to strengthen the action of national epidemiological surveillance through technology transfer, in September 2021, the first face-to-face training was held in Brazil, where the epidemiological and genomic data generated were analyzed by health professionals from LACENs, during the event entitled Bioinformatics Workshop on Virus Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology (VEME). VEME is a traditional course aimed at training participants in the use of bioinformatics tools

Main results
Technology transfer can take place at large events, as long as safety protocols are strictly enforced. It is important to disseminate, at these events, the concepts of the Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI).

Implications for services
Face-to-face training course is fundamental for training public health professionals. Technology transfer between research institutions and health services results in updating and improving health system performance.

Perspectives
Based on the success of the reported technology transfer, a new module will be incorporated into the next edition of VEME (Panama 2022), entitled Virus Evolution to Public Health Policy Makers applied to epidemiology and virus evolution. It features internationally acclaimed professors who are expert on that field, and its founder and organizer is Professor Anne-Mieke Vandamme from KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Belgium. This is an annual event with more than 26 editions, each of them is held in a different city in the world. 6 The event's basic premise is the dissemination of scientific knowledge, providing quality training and capacity building, as well as technology transfer to students and professionals from all continents.
With the support of the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científ ico e Tecnológico -CNPq) and the Health Surveillance Secretariat/Ministry of Health (SVS/MS), VEME was held in Brazil, in September 2021. 6 This experience report aims to discuss a face-to-face theoretical and practical course, conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, for public health professionals, focusing on genomic research and surveillance. The course included topics such as mobile sequencing technologies, bioinformatics, phylogenetics and epidemiological modeling.

METHODS
Traditionally, the previous 26 editions of VEME took place in a face-to-face format.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, VEME had two versions: (i) COVEME, a webinar format event focused on the application of bioinformatics tools in corona virus research; and (ii) VEME light, a face-to-face event focused on training and technology transfer. The event was conducted in both formats based on the concept of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI), which aims to strengthen the interactions between science and society. 7,8 As a didactic strategy for training and updating health professionals enrolled in the course, the most commonly used bioinformatics tools in high-impact research were selected: Genome Detective for genome assembly; MAFFT for sequence alignment; AliView for editing sequences manually; IQ-TREE, for estimating phylogenetic signal and constructing maximum likelihood trees; TempEst for estimating the temporal signal; BEAST for constructing dated trees; FigTree for visualizing generated phylogenetic trees; and R Studio for epidemiological analyses and data visualization. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] VEME light took place between September 5 and 10, 2021, at Ouro Minas Palace Hotel, Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, according to the activity program described in Box 1. In order to ensure the safety of all participants, the event management team established the sanitary protocols to be followed.

Box 1 -Description of the activities performed during VEME light Sunday, September 5
Registration and Accreditation + sample collection for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis To be continued

EXPERIENCE REPORT
Technology transfer during the COVID-19 pandemic All participants, professors and organizers stayed in single rooms in the hotel where the event took place. The hotel offered a buffet service, with alcohol-based hand sanitizer available in order for all of them to use before putting on gloves (to serve themselves) and settling down in a room specially organized for the participants.
The course activities were carried out in a room named Salão Centenário, which was capable of accommodating 900 people, with tables arranged to maintain the necessary social distancing. Each student received a seat and a specific computer, for in silico practices. It was not allowed to change the equipment during the event. The seats and computers were arranged to ensure a minimum distance of 2 meters between them. The hotel cleaning staff performed daily disinfection of the computers and tables using 70% isopropyl alcohol. Water was served in an area outside the classroom in order to ensure the necessary distancing. Everyone was advised not to leave the hotel during the days of the event.
The training participants, organizing committee, professors and hotel staff were tested for SARS-CoV-2 before the start and at the end of the event. Thus, nasopharyngeal samples were collected and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was performed by employees of Fundação Ezequiel Dias (LACEN/ MG), in an equipped temporary room at the event venue. PCR test was performed using Allplex 2019-nCoV Assay (Seegene), aiming to detect the envelope (E), the viral RNAdependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase and the nucleocapsid (N) gene.

DISCUSSION
In recent years, at the initiative of the Ministry of Health, the LACENs have been implementing different Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) strategies to perform genomic surveillance. This process has enabled each LACEN to generate complete genomes of emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens, circulating and co-circulating in each state. In this scenario, the need arose to train healthcare workers in the use of bioinformatics tools, enabling them to analyze genomic data generated in their laboratories in real time. This would have facilitated the rapid dissemination -among public health authorities -of the number of genotypes and subtypes of the circulating viral strains detected by each of the 27 LACENs, so that control measures could be promptly implemented. Given the demand, this training course has initiated the technology transfer process and capacity building of public health professionals in Brazil for the real-time monitoring and analysis of genomic data.
It is worth highlighting that during VEME light, concepts of Responsible Research and Innovation RRI were addressed. It is a movement that aims to restructure the way science is integrated into society. 7,8 In Brazil, the RRI acronym is not widely adopted and promoted; however, many everyday practices are in line with the spirit of RRI, which seeks a more responsive, reflective, inclusive, and socially responsible science and technology.
The concept of RRI involves f ive key principles: Education; Open Access; Ethics; Social Engagement; Gender Equality. 7,8 These principles were put into practice during the training course, with education remaining the core of VEME.
Education is the basis for technology transfer and capacity building, enabling the dissemination and application of knowledge. 21 During VEME, in addition to the participation of professors who are experts on that field and internationally recognized for their work, the classes were based on a practical learning approach.
The didactic strategy used ensured that the students could apply the tools in real time and that the content covered was more suitable for the practice of each LACEN. Furthermore, in order for each student and public health professional to master the tools presented, they were granted autonomy to apply and disseminate the knowledge acquired at the face-to-face VEME, in their state. VEME provided public health professionals f rom all Brazilian states with access to knowledge and tools used by leading research centers in the world. This training course has enabled faster detection and monitoring of circulating viral variants in the states, given that trained health professionals began performing real-time genomic surveillance and publishing their results in high-impact journals. [17][18][19][20] The fact that the event organizers only advised the participants to stay at the hotel during the days of the event, without obligating them, and that there was no control over their entry and exit, is a limitation of this study. However, the spirit of collaboration of the professors and enrolled students was reflected in everyone staying at the training location, respecting the proposed safety protocols.
The implementation of technology transfer in a face-to-face course, during the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil, was of great relevance for the training of public health professionals involved. The topics covered during the event enabled not only genomic data generation, but also their rapid analysis. This training process was fundamental for monitoring the evolution of the epidemic at the local level. Motivated by the success of this experience, a new module entitled Virus Evolution to Public Health Policy Makers will be incorporated into the next edition of VEME in Panama in 2022. This training course for health professionals in genomic data analysis represents a milestone in epidemiological surveillance, allowing Brazil not only to efficiently monitor endemic strains, but also to predict new outbreaks through active monitoring and real-time data analysis.