Factors associated with COVID-19 hospital deaths in Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2020

Maciel, Ethel Leonor; Jabor, Pablo; Goncalves Júnior, Etereldes; Tristão-Sá, Ricardo; Lima, Rita de Cássia Duarte; Reis-Santos, Barbara; Lira, Pablo; Bussinguer, Elda Coelho Azevedo; Zandonade, Eliana

doi:10.1590/S1679-49742020000400022

person Ethel Leonor Maciel

schoolUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Vitória, ES, Brazil

person Pablo Jabor

schoolSecretaria de Estado de Economia e Planejamento do Espírito Santo, Instituto Jones dos Santos Neves, Vitória, ES, Brazil

0000-0002-3580-8937

person Etereldes Goncalves Júnior

schoolUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Matemática, Vitória, ES, Brazil

0000-0002-7035-1792

person Ricardo Tristão-Sá

schoolUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Medicina Social, Vitória, ES, Brazil

0000-0002-6208-1585

person Rita de Cássia Duarte Lima

schoolUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Vitória, ES, Brazil

0000-0002-5931-398X

person Barbara Reis-Santos

schoolUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Vitória, ES, Brazil

0000-0001-6952-0352

person Pablo Lira

schoolSecretaria de Estado de Economia e Planejamento do Espírito Santo, Instituto Jones dos Santos Neves, Vitória, ES, Brazil

0000-0002-2643-5219

person Elda Coelho Azevedo Bussinguer

schoolFaculdade de Direito de Vitoria, Vitória, ES, Brazil

0000-0003-4303-4211

person Eliana Zandonade

schoolUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Vitória, ES, Brazil

0000-0001-5160-3280

Correspondence: Ethel Leonor Noia Maciel – Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Av. Marechal Campos, No. 1468, Santos Dumont, Vitória, ES, Brazil. Postcode: 29047-105 E-mail: ethel.maciel@gmail.com

Authors’ contributions

Maciel EL and Zandonade E contributed to the study concept and design and data analysis. Maciel EL, Zandonade E, Jabor P, Goncalves Júnior E, Tristão-Sá R, Lima RCD, Reis-Santos B, Lira P and Bussinguer ECA contributed to interpreting the results, as well as to drafting and critically reviewing the content of the manuscript. All the authors have approved the manuscript and are responsible for all aspects thereof, including the guarantee of its accuracy and integrity.

Associate Editor: Doroteia Aparecida Höfelmann - orcid.org/0000-0003-1046-3319

Variable	Total^a		‘Discharge’ group		‘Death’ group		p-value^b

	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sex
Female	180	42.9	82	45.6	98	54.4	0.463
Male	240	57.1	118	49.2	122	50.8
Age group (years)
≤30	40	9.5	33	82.5	7	17.5	0.001
31-40	44	10.5	36	81.8	8	18.2
41-50	58	13.8	38	65.5	20	34.5
51-60	83	19.8	42	50.6	41	49.4
>60	195	46.4	51	26.2	144	73.8
Race/skin color
Black/brown	158	37.6	63	39.9	95	60.1	0.509
Non-black/brown	121	28.8	53	43.8	68	56.2
No information	141	33.5
Municipality of residence
Greater Vitória region	343	81.7	165	48.1	178	51.9	0.674
Interior	77	18.3	35	45.5	42	54.5
Notifying institution
Public	175	41.7	35	20.0	140	80.0	0.001
Private	243	57.9	165	67.9	78	32.1
Lung diseases
Yes	35	8.3	12	34.3	23	65.7	0.094
No	381	90.7	187	49.1	194	50.9
Heart diseases
Yes	188	44.8	66	35.1	122	64.9	0.001
No	227	54.0	134	59.0	93	41.0
Kidney diseases
Yes	19	4.5	3	15.8	16	84.2	0.004
No	396	94.3	196	49.5	200	50.5
Hepatitis
Yes	7	1.7	–	0.0	7	100.0	0.011
No	408	97.1	198	48.5	210	51.5
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	101	24.0	33	32.7	68	67.3	0.001
No	314	74.8	166	52.9	148	47.1
Immune system diseases
Yes	14	3.3	2	14.3	12	85.7	0.010
No	401	95.5	197	49.1	204	50.9
HIV^c
Yes	4	1.0	–	0.0	4	100.0	0.054
No	411	97.9	199	48.4	212	51.6
Neoplasms
Yes	15	3.6	2	13.3	13	86.7	0.006
No	401	95.5	197	49.1	204	50.9
Tobacco use disorder
Yes	28	6.7	8	28.6	20	71.4	0.032
No	386	91.9	191	49.5	195	50.5
Bariatric surgery
Yes	2	0.5	1	50.0	1	50.0	0.945
No	408	97.1	194	47.5	214	52.5
Obesity
Yes	36	8.6	12	33.3	24	66.7	0.073
No	374	89.0	183	48.9	191	51.1
Tuberculosis
Yes	1	0.2	1	100.0	–	–	0.296
No	415	98.8	198	47.7	217	52.3
Chronic neurological diseases
Yes	18	4.3	2	11.1	16	88.9	0.001
No	398	94.8	197	49.5	201	50.5
Number of comorbidities
0	161	38.3	108	67.1	53	32.9	0.001
1	111	26.4	54	48.6	57	51.4
2	93	22.1	27	29.0	66	71.0
3	39	9.3	8	20.5	31	79.5
≥4	16	3.9	3	18.8	13	81.2

Variable	Notifying institution

	Public		Private		p-value^a

	n	%	n	%
Sex
Female	72	41.1	106	43.6	0.613
Male	103	58.9	137	56.4	@
Age group (years)
≤30	13	7.4	27	11.1	0.001
31-40	7	4.0	37	15.2
41-50	20	11.4	37	15.2
51-60	36	20.6	47	19.3
>60	99	56.6	95	39.1
Race/skin color
Black/brown	90	60.4	67	52.3	0.177
Non-black/brown	59	39.6	61	47.7
Municipality of residence
Greater Vitória region	143	81.7	199	81.9	0.963
Interior	32	18.3	44	18.1
Lung diseases	21	12.1	14	5.8	0.024
Heart diseases	96	55.5	90	37.5	0.001
Kidney diseases	13	7.5	6	2.5	0.017
Hepatitis	7	4.0	–	0.0	0.002
Diabetes mellitus	55	31.8	44	18.3	0.002
Immune system diseases	10	5.7	3	1.3	0.010
HIV^b	3	1.7	1	0.4	0.177
Neoplasms	4	2.3	11	4.6	0.220
Tobacco use disorder	21	12.2	7	2.9	0.001
Bariatric surgery	1	0.6	1	0.4	0.833
Obesity	15	8.6	20	8.5	0.979
Tuberculosis	1	0.6	–	0.0	0.240
Chronic neurological diseases	3	1.7	15	6.3	0.026
Number of comorbidities
0	53	30.3	108	44.4	0.001
1	39	22.3	72	29.6
2	47	26.9	46	18.9
3	26	14.9	11	4.5
≥4	10	5.7	6	2.5

Variable	Crude odds ratio		Model A Adjusted odds ratioª		Model B Adjusted odds ratio^b

	OR	95%CI^c	OR	95%CI^c	OR	95%CI^c
Age group (years)
≤30	1.00		1.00		1.00
31-40	1.05	0.34;3.21	1.87	0.53;6.55	1.14	0.36;3.62
41-50	2.48	0.93;6.60	2.43	0.79;7.47	2.20	0.79;6.08
51-60	4.60	1.83;11.57	4.33	1.50;12.46	3.90	1.49;10.18
>60	13.31	5.54;31.96	11.84	4.31;32.54	9.67	3.87;24.16
Notifying institution
Public	8.46	5.35;13.38	8.23	4.84;13.99
Private	1.00		1.00
Heart diseases	2.66	1.79;3.97
Kidney diseases	5.23	1.50;18.22
Diabetes mellitus	2.31	1.44;3.70
Immune system diseases	5.79	1.28;26.22
Neoplasms	6.28	1.40;28.17
Tobacco use disorder	2.45	1.05;5.69
Chronic neurological diseases	7.84	1.78;34.55
Number of comorbidities
0	1.00		1.00
1	2.15	1.31;3.53	1.70	0.92;3.16	1.42	0.82;2.46
2	4.98	2.86;8.68	2.74	1.40;5.34	2.85	1.55;5.22
3	7.90	3.40;18.36	2.90	1.07;7.81	4.87	1.97;12.03
≥4	10.19	2.16;48.17	4.13	0.88;19.39	4.71	1.19;18.63

[TFN1001] a) The total may not be equal to 100% due to missing data

[TFN2001] b) Pearson’s chi-square test p-value.

[TFN3001] c) HIV: human immunodeficiency virus).

Factors associated with COVID-19 hospital deaths in Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2020

Abstract