Food insecurity and sociodemographic factors among children in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil, 2017: a cross-sectional study

Chapanski, Vanessa da Rocha; Costa, Maria Dalla; Fraiz, Gabriela Macedo; Hӧfelmann, Doroteia Aparecida; Fraiz, Fabian Calixto

doi:10.1590/S1679-49742021000400008

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Original Article • Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde 30 (4) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742021000400008 linkcopy

Food insecurity and sociodemographic factors among children in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil, 2017: a cross-sectional study^*

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective To analyze association between food insecurity (FI) and sociodemographic factors among children.

Methods The study was carried out from May to November 2017 with mothers of children (18 - 35 months old) enrolled at public education facilities in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil. FI was determined by the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. Multinomial logistic regression was used with a hierarchical model.

Results 395 mothers/children participated. Overall FI prevalence was 34.7% (95%CI 28.5;41.5), with prevalence of 25.7% (95%CI 19.2;32.3) for mild FI (MFI) and 9.0% (95%CI 8.5;9.4) for moderate/severe FI (MSFI). Families in the lowest income tercile had higher likelihood of MFI (OR=3.06 - 95%CI 1.26;7.41) or MSFI (OR=6.35 - 95%CI 1.89;21.4) when compared to the highest tercile. Higher MFI prevalence was identified in male children (OR=2.34 - 95%CI 1.49;3.68).

Conclusion FI was associated with lower income and MFI with male children. Public policies to increase income must be included in FI reduction strategies.

Keywords:
Food Security; Socioeconomic Factors; Infant; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies

Characteristics	Total		Male		Female		p-value^b
Characteristics	n	%^a	n	%^a	n	%^a	p-value^b
Maternal demographic characteristics
Schooling (years of study)							0.920
≤8	76	19.7	140	80.0	174	80.6
>8	314	80.3	34	20.0	92	19.4
Marital status							0.575
In a fixed relationship	276	71.5	51	29.8	59	27.4
Not in a fixed relationship	110	28.5	123	70.2	153	72.6
Socioeconomic characteristics
Maternal formal employment status							0.345
Yes	197	50.4	93	52.9	104	48.4
No	193	49.6	82	47.1	111	51.6
Per capita family income							0.966
1^st tercile	107	32.4	52	33.6	64	34.3
2^nd tercile	113	33.6	52	34.3	61	33.1
3^rd tercile	116	34.0	49	32.1	58	32.6
Children’s demographic characteristics
Sex
Male	219	55.7	-	-	-	-	-
Female	176	44.3	-	-	-	-	-
Age							0.238
18-23 months	77	19.8	40	23.1	37	17.1
24-35 months	318	80.2	136	76.9	182	82.9

Characteristics	Food insecurity
	FS^a n (%)^f	MFI^b n (%)^f	MSFI^c n (%)^f	Crude model				Adjusted model
	FS^a n (%)^f	MFI^b n (%)^f	MSFI^c n (%)^f	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MFI)^b	p-value^g	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MSFI)^c	p-value^g	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MFI)^b	p-value^g	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MSFI)^c	p-value^g
Maternal demographic characteristics
Schooling (years of study)
≤8	33 (52.1)	22 (35.3)	9 (12.6)	1.90 (0.96;3.75)	0.063	1.86 (0.82;4.21)	0.127	1.90 (0.96;3.75)	0.063ⁱ	1.86 (0.82;4.21)	0.127ⁱ
>8	181 (67.3)	63 (24.0)	22 (8.7)	1.00	0.063	1.00	0.127	1.00	0.063ⁱ	1.00	0.127ⁱ
Marital status
In a fixed relationship	146 (64.1)	60 (27.0)	20 (8.9)	1.00	0.817	1.00	0.601	-	-	-	-
Not in a fixed relationship	63 (63.6)	24(25.0)	11(11.4)	1.07 (0.57;2.01)	0.817	0.70 (0.27;2.17)	0.601	-	-	-	-
Socioeconomic characteristics
Maternal formal employment status
Yes	118 (69.4)	40 (24.7)	10 (5.9)	1.00	0.318	1.00	0.020	1.00	0.904^j	1.00	0.211^j
No	96 (59.1)	45 (27.8)	21 (13.1)	1.32 (0.75;2.32)	0.318	2.58 (1.18;5.65)	0.020	0.97 (0.51;1.83)	0.904^j	1.64 (0.74;3.63)	0.211^j
Per capita family income
1^st tercile	94 (80.7)	17 (15.1)	5 (4.2)	3.37 (1.59;7.15)	0.002^h	7.30 (2.24;23.8)	0.003^h	3.06 (1.26;7.41)	0.017^h,j	6.35 (1.89;21.4)	0.006^h,j
2n^d tercile	69 (61.1)	36 (32.8)	7 (6.1)	2.87 (1.44;5.69)		1.93 (0.37;10.0)		2.77 (1.40;5.48)		1.78 (0.35;9.17)
3^rd tercile	51 (49.7)	32 (31.4)	19 (18.9)	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Children’s demographic characteristics
Sex
Female	107 (70.6)	28 (18.1)	17 (11.3)	1.00	0.004	1.00	0.633	1.00	0.001^k	1.00	0.713^k
Male	107 (59.0)	57 (33.0)	14 (8.0)	2.18 (1.33;3.58)	0.004	0.84 (0.40;1.77)	0.633	2.34 (1.49;3.68)	0.001^k	0.88 (0.41;1.87)	0.713^k
Age
18-23 months	42 (59.3)	21 (30.0)	8 (10.7)	1.00	0.394	1.00	0.460	1.00	0.388^k	1.00	0.605^k
24-35 months	172 (65.7)	64 (25.2)	23 (9.1)	0.76 (0.40;1.48)	0.394	0.77 (0.37;1.60)	0.460	0.73 (0.35;1.53)	0.388^k	0.82 (0.37;1.81)	0.605^k

Characteristics	Food insecurity
	FS^a n (%)^f	MFI^b n (%)^f	MSFI^c n (%)^f	Crude model				Adjusted model
	FS^a n (%)^f	MFI^b n (%)^f	MSFI^c n (%)^f	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MFI)^b	p-value^g	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MSFI)^c	p-value^g	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MFI)^b	p-value^g	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MSFI)^c	p-value^g
Maternal demographic characteristics
Schooling (years of study)
≤8	17 (58.0)	9 (28.1)	5 (13.9)	2.31 (0.99;5.41)	0.053	1.67 (0.39;7.19)	0.472	2.31 (0.99;5.41)	0.053ⁱ	1.67 (0.39;7.19)	0.472ⁱ
>8	90 (73.9)	19 (15.5)	12 (10.6)	1.00	0.053	1.00	0.472	1.00	0.053ⁱ	1.00	0.472ⁱ
Marital status
In a fixed relationship	35 (73.7)	6 (13.0)	6 (13.3)	1.00	0.404	1.00	0.771
Not in a fixed relationship	71 (68.9)	22 (20.6)	11 (10.5)	1.69 (0.47;6.14)	0.404	0.85 (0.26;2.75)	0.771	-	-	-	-
Socioeconomic characteristics
Maternal formal employment status
Yes	59 (72.1)	19 (22.6)	4 (5.3)	1.00	0.258	1.00	0.022	1.00	0.086^j	1.00	0.218^j
No	48 (68.9)	9 (12.7)	13 (18.4)	0.59 (0.23;1.53)	0.258	3.60 (1.23;10.56)	0.022	0.35 (0.11;1.07)	0.086^j	2.46 (0.75;8.07)	0.218^j
Per capita family income
1^st tercile	44 (84.7)	5 (9.4)	3 (5.9)	3.42 (1.17;9.94)	0.012^h	6.78 (1.76;26.2)	0.011^h	4.03 (1.23;13.13)	0.019h,j	4.95 (1.30;18.19)	0.023^h,j
2^nd tercile	37 (72.1)	13 (24.4)	2 (3.5)	3.04 (0.63;14.75)		0.69 (0.11;4.23)		3.51 (0.74;16.66)		0.53 (0.09;3.06)
3^rd tercile	26 (53.9)	10 (20.5)	12 (25.6)	1.00				1.00		1.00
Children’s demographic characteristics
Child’s age
18-23 months	27(73.9)	6(16.3)	4(9.8)	1.00	0.684	1.00	0.761	-	-	-	-
24-35 months	80(69.5)	22(18.7)	13(11.8)	1.21 (0.46;3.24)		1.27 (0.25;6.52)		-	-	-	-

Characteristics	Food insecurity
	FS^a n (%)^f	MFI^b n (%)^f	MSFI^c n (%)^f	Crude model				Adjusted model
	FS^a n (%)^f	MFI^b n (%)^f	MSFI^c n (%)^f	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MFI)^b	p-value^g	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MSFI)^c	p-value^g	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MFI)^b	p-value^g	OR^d (IC95%)^e (MSFI)^c	p-value^g
Maternal demographic characteristics
Schooling (years of study)
≤8	17 (48.1)	13 (40.9)	4 (11.0)	1.64 (0.82;3.27)	0.153	1.98 (0.80;4.91)	0.131	1.64 (0.82;3.27)	0.153ⁱ	1.98 (0.80;4.91)	0.131ⁱ
>8	91 (61.1)	46 (31.8)	10 (7.1)	1.00	0.153	1.00	0.131	1.00	0.153ⁱ	1.00	0.131ⁱ
Marital status
In a fixed relationship	28 (54.3)	18 (35.9)	5 (9.8)	1.00	0.652	1.00	0.530	-	-	-	-
Not in a fixed relationship	76 (59.6)	40 (33.1)	9 (7.3)	0.84 (0.38;1.86)	0.652	0.68 (0.20;2.37)	0.530	-	-	-	-
Socioeconomic characteristics
Maternal formal employment status
Yes	59 (66.8)	21 (26.7)	6 (6.5)	1.00	0.095	1.00	0.324	-	-	-	-
No	48 (52.0)	36 (38.7)	8 (9.3)	1.86 (0.89;3.91)	0.095	1.82 (0.53;6.31)	0.324	-	-	-	-
Per capita family income
1^st tercile	26(46.2)	23 (41.0)	7 (12.8)	3.50 (1.63;7.51)	0.002^h	7.60 (1.09;52.87)	0.050^h	3.35 (1.47;7.66)	0.005^h,j	7.41 (0.97;56.7)	0.075^h,j
2^nd tercile	32 (50.9)	24 (40.8)	5 (8.3)	3.15 (1.41;7.07)		4.46 (0.46;43.44)		3.12 (1.42;6.88)		4.44 (0.48;41.2)
3^rd tercile	50 (77.5)	12 (19.7)	2 (2.8)	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Children’s demographic characteristics
Age
18-23 months	15 (42.2)	16 (46.4)	4 (11.4)	1.00	0.068	1.00	0.245	1.00	0.121^k	1.00	0.299^k
24-35 months	93 (62.6)	43 (30.4)	10 (7.0)	0.44 (0.18;1.07)	0.068	0.42 (0.09;1.92)	0.245	0.46 (0.17;1.25)	0.121^k	0.45 (0.09;2.15)	0.299^k

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[TFN6] a) Corrected for design effect and sampling weights; numbers less than 395 because of missing data; b) Pearson’s chi-square test, corrected for design effect and comparison by sex.

Food insecurity and sociodemographic factors among children in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil, 2017: a cross-sectional study*

Abstract

Food insecurity and sociodemographic factors among children in São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil, 2017: a cross-sectional study^*