Cardiovascular risk factors in people deprived of their liberty: an integrative review

Silva, Gabrielle Pessôa da; Morais, Sheila Coelho Ramalho Vasconcelos; Frazão, Cecília Maria Farias de Queiroz; Lopes, Camila Takáo; Mangueira, Suzana de Oliveira; Linhares, Francisca Márcia Pereira

doi:10.1590/1983-1447.2020.20190357

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Integrative Review • Rev. Gaúcha Enferm. 41 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2020.20190357 linkcopy

Cardiovascular risk factors in people deprived of their liberty: an integrative review

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en personas privadas de libertad: revisión integradora

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the scientific evidence on the most frequent risk factors for cardiovascular disease in persons deprived of their liberty.

Methods: An integrative literature review carried out in the CINAHL, Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, LILACS, CUIDEN, Web of Science and Virtual Health Library portal databases using the following keywords: cardiovascular diseases, risk factors, prisons, prisoners.

Results: The final sample consisted of 17 primary articles published in English and Spanish. Overweight and obesity were the most cited cardiovascular risk factors besides diabetes, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, consumption of alcohol and other drugs, physical inactivity, metabolic syndrome, anxiety, depression and unhealthy heart diet.

Conclusions: The most frequent risk factors for cardiovascular disease in persons deprived of their liberty were those classified as modifiable. In the prison setting, these factors are enhanced due to an environment with little modification of these opportunities.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseases; Risk factors; Prisons; Prisoners

Author/Year/Level of evidence	Methodological characteristics
^{Silverman-Retana O et al., 2015}¹⁵ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study conducted with 15,517 prisoners from two large male prisons in the prison system of Mexico City.
^{Abera SF, Adane K, 2016}¹⁶ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional quantitative study in nine large prison configurations in the cities of the Tigray region, in Ethiopia, with 809 inmates.
^{Voller F et al., 2016}¹⁷⁾ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study, in which a specific clinical record was created using the Python programming language to include the sociodemographic, health and medical diagnoses data of 17,279 prisoners.
^{Silverman-Retana O et al., 2016}¹⁸ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study including 496 prisoners with hypertension or diabetes from two large male prisons in Mexico City.
^{Nowotny KM, Rogers RG, Boardman JD, 2017}¹⁹⁾ Level of evidence = 4	Comparable physical health indicators were examined using two large and representative cross-sectional samples of adults in and out of prisons at the national level, namely: survey of insiders from 2004 state and federal justice statistics institutions and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
^{Pont MM et al., 2014}²⁰ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional epidemiological study with 71 patients, >45 years old, infected with HIV, carried out in 2008 at the outpatient clinic of the Terrassa hospital (Barcelona) and in 2009 at the Brians I Penitentiary Center (PC) in Barcelona.
^{Martínez-Delgado MM, Ramírez-López C, 2016}²¹ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional descriptive study carried out at the Soria Penitentiary Center with 33 prisoners. An intervention was carried out in 4 sessions, the first being an individual interview and the remaining 3, in groups.
^{Baldwin N, Clarke JG, Roberts MB, 2016}²² Level of evidence = 4	A descriptive study conducted from May to August 2014, with 103 men who were in the Rhode Island Correctional Institution for Adults.
^{Gates ML, Bradford RK, 2015}²³ Level of evidence = 4	A retrospective longitudinal study for 2005-2011, conducted with 2,932 individuals from a department of state corrections in the United States. The data were extracted from a state electronic health and infraction management system of the department of state corrections.
^{Lagarrigue A et al., 2017}²⁴ Level of evidence = 4	A descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out with 51 prisoners from the correctional institution for adults in Seysse, France.
^{Hannan-Jones M, Capra S, 2016}²⁵ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of prisoners in an Australian prison facility.
^{Vera-Remartínez EJ et al., 2014}²⁶ Level of evidence = 4	A multi-centre cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in 9 penitentiary centers in Spain with a sample of 1,077 individuals.
Bai JR et al., 2015⁵ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study in which medical records and interview questionnaires of 759 newly admitted inmates in two maximum security prisons were analyzed: the Penitentiary Institute of Bedford Hills for Women and the Sing Sing Correctional Facility for Men, both in New York City.
^{Geitona M, Milioni SO, 2016}²⁷⁾ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional, descriptive research in the department of female detention in Korydallos (Greece).
^{Bautista-Arredondo S et al., 2015}²⁸⁾ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted with 15,517 men and 1,779 women in two male and two female prisons in Mexico City.
^{Drach LL et al., 2016}²⁹⁾ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study conducted in June 2014. Height and weight measurements were taken of 134 inmates of the Coffee Creek Correctional Facility.
^{Martínez-Vicente JR, Baile JI, González-Calderón MJ, 2014}³⁰ Level of evidence = 4	A cross-sectional study in which 122 inmates of a Spanish prison center were selected systematically between November and December 2013.

Cardiovascular risk factors	Number of articles	Studied countries
Overweight and Obesity⁵^,¹⁵^,¹⁷^,¹⁹^-²⁶^,²⁸^-³⁰	14	Mexico, Italy, Spain, USA, France and Australia
Diabetes⁵^,¹⁵^,¹⁷^-²¹^,²³^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁸	11	Mexico, Italy, Spain, Australia and USA
Hypertension¹⁵^,¹⁷^-²¹^,²³^,²⁵^-²⁶^,²⁸	10	Mexico, Italy, Spain, Australia and USA
Smoking⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,²⁰^-²¹^,²⁴^-²⁸	10	Mexico, Greece, Italy, Spain, Australia, USA and Ethiopia
Dyslipidemia¹⁷^,²⁰^-²¹^,²³^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁸	7	Mexico, Italy, Spain, Australia and USA
Consumption of alcohol and other drugs⁵^,²¹^,²⁶^-²⁸	5	Mexico, Greece, Spain and USA
Sedentarism²⁰^,²⁴^,²⁶^,²⁸	4	Mexico, Spain and France
Metabolic syndrome¹⁵^,²⁴^-²⁵	3	Mexico, France and Australia
Anxiety and Depression²⁴^,²⁷^-²⁸	3	Mexico, Greece and France
Unhealthy heart diet¹⁵^,²⁰	2	Mexico and Spain

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Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Escola de Enfermagem Rua São Manoel, 963 -Campus da Saúde , 90.620-110 - Porto Alegre - RS - Brasil, Fone: (55 51) 3308-5242 / Fax: (55 51) 3308-5436 - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
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[TFN1] Source: Research data, 2017.