Nursing diagnosis for Risk of Suicide in elderly: integrative review

A total of 80 full papers were analyzed. It was suggested the inclusion of 23 risk factors in NANDA-I taxonomy: apathy; unrest; low self esteem; carelessness with medication; Inability to ask for help; Inability to express feelings; suicidal plan; rigidity; functional disability; visual problems; sadness; hostility; anxiety; failure; frustration; unhappiness; dishonor; frequent visits to a physician with unclear symptoms; social deprivation; social devaluation; psychological violence; Interfamilial violence; and financial violence.

CONCLUSION

The risks for suicide presented in NANDA-I taxonomy need to be refined and adapted to the elderly reality. Furthermore, a review is also recommended for the risk factors not included in this classification.

Keywords:
Nursing diagnosis; Suicide; Aged; Review

Reasons for excluding articles	n
Not available in full	9
Editorial Letters and Event Annals	20
Suicide prevention	29
Articles written in French, German and Japanese	241
Epidemiology of suicide in the general population	279
Institutionalized elderly	313
Self-reliance, falls and homicides	323
Ideation and suicide attempt	330
Articles repeated in one or more database	920
Total articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria	2.544

Level
I	Evidence from relevant systematic reviews or meta-analyzes of all the randomized controlled clinical trials or from clinical guidelines based on systematic reviews of randomized controlled clinical trials.
II	Evidence derived from at least one well-delineated randomized controlled clinical trial.
III	Evidence obtained from well-delineated clinical trials without randomization.
IV	Evidence from well-delineated cohort and case-control studies.
V	Evidence from a systematic review of descriptive and qualitative studies.
VI	Evidence derived from a single descriptive or qualitative study.
VII	Evidence from the opinion of authorities and/or expert committee reports.

Psychological factors	n	%
Depression¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^-²2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^,⁴4. O'Connell H, Chin A-V, Cunningham C, Lawlor BA. Recent developments: suicide in older people. BMJ. 2004;329(7471):895-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.8... ^,⁶6. Ciulla L, Nogueira EL, Silva Filho IG, Tres GL, Engroff P, Ciulla V, et al. Suicide risk in the elderly: data from Brazilian public health care program. J Affect Disord. 2014;152-154:513-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.... ^-⁷7. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, Apr;932(1):132-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05802.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20... ^,¹¹11. Hill RD, Gallagher D, Thompson LW, Ishida T. Hopelessness as a measure of suicide intent in the depressed elderly. Psychol Aging.1988;3(3):230-2. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.3.3.230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.3.3.... 12. Duberstein PR. Openness to experience and completed suicide across the second half of life. Int Psychogeriatr. 1995;7(2):183-98. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001... 13. Johnston M, Walker M. Suicide in the elderly: recognizing the signs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18(4):257-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)00039-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)0... 14. Forsell Y, Jorm AF, Winblad B. Suicidal thoughts and associated factors in an elderly population. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95(2):108-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb00382.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.19... 15. Conwell Y. Management of suicidal behavior in the elderly. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1997[cited 2016 Sep 13];20(3):667-83. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193953X05703361/pdfft?md5=d40aebc607a2a2da837805c5f5e73a3d&pid=1-s2.0-S0193953X05703361-main.pdf http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... 16. Seidlitz L, Conwell Y, Duberstein P, Cox C. Denning D. Emotion traits in older suicide attempters and non-attempters. J Affect Disord. 2001;66(2-3):123-31. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00300-1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00... 17. Conner KR, Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. II. Life events, social support, and suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(6):452-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00091.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.20... 18. Harwood D, Hawton K, Hope T, Jacoby R. Psychiatric disorder and personality factors associated with suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(2):155-65. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(200102)16:2(155::AID-GPS289)3.0.CO;2-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(2001... 19. Rubio A, Vestner AL, Stewart JM, Forbes NT, Conwell Y, Cox C. Suicide and Alzheimer's pathology in the elderly: a case-control study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):137-45. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00952-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00... 20. Rubenowitz E, Waern M, Wilhelmsson K, Allebeck P. Life events and psychosocial factors in elderly suicides: a case control study. 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Depression and bipolar support alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life. Arch Ger Psychiatry. 2003;60(7):664-72. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.... 28. Lebret S, Vaille EP, Mulliez A, Gerbaud L, Jalenques I. Elderly suicide attempters: characteristics and outcome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(11):1052-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605... 29. Juurlink DN, Herrmann N, Szalai JP, Kopp A, Redelmeier DA. Medical illness and the risk of suicide in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(11):1179-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.11.1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.1... 30. Chou KL. Reciprocal relationship between suicidal ideation and depression in Hong Kong elderly Chinese. 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Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide. Psychol Med. 2008;38(3):407-17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001... 35. Britton PC, Duberstein PR, Conner KR, Heisel MJ, Hirsch JK, Conwell Y. Reasons for living, hopelessness, and suicide ideation among depressed adults 50 years or older. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(9):736-41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31817b609a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181... 36. Chen CS, Yang MS, Yang MJ, Chang SJ, Chueh KH, Su YC, et al. Suicidal thoughts among elderly Taiwanese aboriginal women. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(10):1001-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024... 37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. 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J Affect Disord. 2002;72(3):291-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00454-2. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(01...	55	68.5
Mental disorder¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... 2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^-³3. American Association of Suicidology [Internet]. Elder suicide facts sheet [cited 2016 Sep 13]. Available from: http://www.sciencedaily.com. http://www.sciencedaily.com... ^,⁶6. Ciulla L, Nogueira EL, Silva Filho IG, Tres GL, Engroff P, Ciulla V, et al. Suicide risk in the elderly: data from Brazilian public health care program. J Affect Disord. 2014;152-154:513-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.... ^,¹⁴14. Forsell Y, Jorm AF, Winblad B. Suicidal thoughts and associated factors in an elderly population. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95(2):108-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb00382.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.19... 15. Conwell Y. Management of suicidal behavior in the elderly. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1997[cited 2016 Sep 13];20(3):667-83. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193953X05703361/pdfft?md5=d40aebc607a2a2da837805c5f5e73a3d&pid=1-s2.0-S0193953X05703361-main.pdf http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... 16. Seidlitz L, Conwell Y, Duberstein P, Cox C. Denning D. Emotion traits in older suicide attempters and non-attempters. J Affect Disord. 2001;66(2-3):123-31. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00300-1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00... 17. Conner KR, Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. II. Life events, social support, and suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(6):452-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00091.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.20... 18. Harwood D, Hawton K, Hope T, Jacoby R. Psychiatric disorder and personality factors associated with suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(2):155-65. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(200102)16:2(155::AID-GPS289)3.0.CO;2-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(2001... ^-¹⁹19. Rubio A, Vestner AL, Stewart JM, Forbes NT, Conwell Y, Cox C. Suicide and Alzheimer's pathology in the elderly: a case-control study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):137-45. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00952-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00... ^,²¹21. De Leo D, Padoani W, Scocco P, Lie D, Bille-Brahe U, Aresman E, et al. 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Inability to ask for help¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^-²2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^,¹²12. Duberstein PR. Openness to experience and completed suicide across the second half of life. Int Psychogeriatr. 1995;7(2):183-98. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001... 13. Johnston M, Walker M. Suicide in the elderly: recognizing the signs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18(4):257-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)00039-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)0... ^-¹⁴14. Forsell Y, Jorm AF, Winblad B. Suicidal thoughts and associated factors in an elderly population. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95(2):108-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb00382.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.19... ^,¹⁹19. Rubio A, Vestner AL, Stewart JM, Forbes NT, Conwell Y, Cox C. Suicide and Alzheimer's pathology in the elderly: a case-control study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):137-45. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00952-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00... ^,²²22. Quan H, Arboleda-Florez J, Fick GH, Stuart HL, Love EJ. Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002[cited 2016 Sep 13];37(4):190-7. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001270200014.pdf. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10... ^,³⁵35. Britton PC, Duberstein PR, Conner KR, Heisel MJ, Hirsch JK, Conwell Y. Reasons for living, hopelessness, and suicide ideation among depressed adults 50 years or older. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(9):736-41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31817b609a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181... ^,³⁹39. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Hirsch JK, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Health status and suicide in the second half of life. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(4):371-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁵⁰50. Sun WJ, Xu L, Chan WM, Lam TH, Schooling CM. Depressive symptoms and suicide in 56,000 older Chinese: a Hong Kong cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47(4):505-14. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0362-z. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-036... ^,⁷³73. Liu IC, Chiu CH. Case-control study of suicide attempts in the elderly. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):896-902. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990... 74. Klinger J. Suicide among seniors. Australas J Ageing. 1999;1(3):114-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1999.tb00110.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.19... 75. Kageyama T. Views on suicide among middle-aged and elderly populations in Japan: their association with demographic variables and feeling shame in seeking help. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;66(2):105-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02313.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.20... 76. Køjlseth I, Ekeberg Ø, Steihaug S. Why do they become vulnerable when faced with the challenges of old age? Elderly people who committed suicide, described by those who knew them. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):903-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990... 77. Duberstein PR, Conwell Y, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Suicide at 50 years of age and older: perceived physical illness, family discord and financial strain. Psychol Med. 2004;34(1):137-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703008584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703008... ^-⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	14	17.5
Behavioral rigidity¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^-²2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^,⁷7. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, Apr;932(1):132-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05802.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20... ^,¹²12. Duberstein PR. Openness to experience and completed suicide across the second half of life. Int Psychogeriatr. 1995;7(2):183-98. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001... ^,²²22. Quan H, Arboleda-Florez J, Fick GH, Stuart HL, Love EJ. Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002[cited 2016 Sep 13];37(4):190-7. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001270200014.pdf. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10... 23. Waern M, Runeson B, Allebeck P, Beskow J, Rubenowitz E, Skoog I, et al. Mental disorder in elderly suicides: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(3):450-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3... 24. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193-204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)... ^-²⁵25. Snowdon J, Baume P. A study of suicides of older people in Sydney. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(3):261-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁵⁹59. Hung GC, Kwok CL, Yip PSF, Gunnell D, Chen YY. Predicting suicide in older adults: a community-based cohort study in Taipei City, Taiwan. J Affect Disord. 2015;172:165-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.... ^,⁶²62. De Leo D, Draper BM, Snowdon J, Kolves K. Suicides in older adults: a case-control psychological autopsy study in Australia. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(7):980-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2... ^,⁷⁶76. Køjlseth I, Ekeberg Ø, Steihaug S. Why do they become vulnerable when faced with the challenges of old age? Elderly people who committed suicide, described by those who knew them. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):903-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	12	15.0
Primary psychotic diseases (schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder)¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁴4. O'Connell H, Chin A-V, Cunningham C, Lawlor BA. Recent developments: suicide in older people. BMJ. 2004;329(7471):895-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.8... ^,¹⁶16. Seidlitz L, Conwell Y, Duberstein P, Cox C. Denning D. Emotion traits in older suicide attempters and non-attempters. J Affect Disord. 2001;66(2-3):123-31. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00300-1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00... ^,¹⁹19. Rubio A, Vestner AL, Stewart JM, Forbes NT, Conwell Y, Cox C. Suicide and Alzheimer's pathology in the elderly: a case-control study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):137-45. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00952-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00... ^,²³23. Waern M, Runeson B, Allebeck P, Beskow J, Rubenowitz E, Skoog I, et al. Mental disorder in elderly suicides: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(3):450-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3... ^,²⁵25. Snowdon J, Baume P. A study of suicides of older people in Sydney. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(3):261-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586... ^,²⁸28. Lebret S, Vaille EP, Mulliez A, Gerbaud L, Jalenques I. Elderly suicide attempters: characteristics and outcome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(11):1052-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605... ^,³³33. Karvonen K, Rasanen P, Hakko H, Timonen M, Rochow VBM, Sarkioja T, et al. Suicide after hospitalization in the elderly: a population based study of suicides in Northern Finland between 1988-2003. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(2):135-41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1853... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,³⁹39. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Hirsch JK, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Health status and suicide in the second half of life. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(4):371-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁷47. Richard-Devantoy S, Jollant F, Kefi Z, Turecki G, Olié JP, Annweiler C, et al. Deficit of cognitive inhibition in depressed elderly: a neurocognitive marker of suicidal risk. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(2):193-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004...	11	13.7
Inability to express feelings²2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^,¹²12. Duberstein PR. Openness to experience and completed suicide across the second half of life. Int Psychogeriatr. 1995;7(2):183-98. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001... 13. Johnston M, Walker M. Suicide in the elderly: recognizing the signs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18(4):257-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)00039-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)0... ^-¹⁴14. Forsell Y, Jorm AF, Winblad B. Suicidal thoughts and associated factors in an elderly population. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95(2):108-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb00382.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.19... ^,²²22. Quan H, Arboleda-Florez J, Fick GH, Stuart HL, Love EJ. Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002[cited 2016 Sep 13];37(4):190-7. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001270200014.pdf. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^,⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... ^,⁷⁵75. Kageyama T. Views on suicide among middle-aged and elderly populations in Japan: their association with demographic variables and feeling shame in seeking help. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;66(2):105-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02313.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.20... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	11	13.7
Bipolar disorder¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁶6. Ciulla L, Nogueira EL, Silva Filho IG, Tres GL, Engroff P, Ciulla V, et al. Suicide risk in the elderly: data from Brazilian public health care program. J Affect Disord. 2014;152-154:513-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.... ^,¹⁷17. Conner KR, Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. II. Life events, social support, and suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(6):452-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00091.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.20... ^-¹⁸18. Harwood D, Hawton K, Hope T, Jacoby R. Psychiatric disorder and personality factors associated with suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(2):155-65. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(200102)16:2(155::AID-GPS289)3.0.CO;2-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(2001... ^,²³23. Waern M, Runeson B, Allebeck P, Beskow J, Rubenowitz E, Skoog I, et al. Mental disorder in elderly suicides: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(3):450-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3... ^,²⁸28. Lebret S, Vaille EP, Mulliez A, Gerbaud L, Jalenques I. Elderly suicide attempters: characteristics and outcome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(11):1052-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013....	9	11.2
Suicidal plan¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁴4. O'Connell H, Chin A-V, Cunningham C, Lawlor BA. Recent developments: suicide in older people. BMJ. 2004;329(7471):895-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.8... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^-⁵⁴54. Ojagbemi A, Oladeji B, Abiona T, Gureje O. Suicidal behaviour in old age: results from the Ibadan study of ageing. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-8... ^,⁶⁵65. Demirçin S, Akkoyun M, Yilmaz R, Gökdogan MR. Suicide of elderly persons: towards a framework for prevention. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2011;11(1):107-13. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00660.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.20... ^,⁶⁹69. Chi I, Yip PSF, Yu GKK, Halliday P. A study of elderly suicides in Hong Kong. Crisis. 1998;19(1):35-46. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35... ^-⁷⁰70. Scocco P, De Leo D. One-year prevalence of death thoughts, suicide ideation and behaviours in an elderly population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(9):842-6. doi: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gps.691/epdf. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...	8	10.0
Child abuse⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁵⁵55. Holm AL, Lyberg A, Berggren I, Cutcliffe J, Severinsson, E. Shadows from the past: the situated meaning of being suicidal among depressed older people living in the community. Crisis. 2014;35(4):253-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000... ^,⁶⁷67. Beautrais AL. A case control study of suicide and attempted suicide in older adults. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2002;32(1):1-9. doi: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1521/suli.32.1.1.22184/epdf. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.15... ^,⁷⁶76. Køjlseth I, Ekeberg Ø, Steihaug S. Why do they become vulnerable when faced with the challenges of old age? Elderly people who committed suicide, described by those who knew them. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):903-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁸¹81. Erlangsen A, Vach W, Jeune B. The effect of hospitalization with medical illnesses on the suicide risk in the oldest old: a population-based register study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(5):771-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53256.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.20... ^,⁸⁵85. Shah A, Bhat R. The relationship between elderly suicide rates and mental health funding, service provision and national policy: a cross-national study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008;20(3):605-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610207006552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610207006...	8	10.0
Low self-esteem¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁴4. O'Connell H, Chin A-V, Cunningham C, Lawlor BA. Recent developments: suicide in older people. BMJ. 2004;329(7471):895-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.8... ^,⁷7. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, Apr;932(1):132-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05802.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20... ^,²⁴24. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193-204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^,⁶⁴64. Inoue K, Tanil H, Fukunaga T, Abe S, Nishimura F, Kimura Y, et al. Psychosomatic tendency for suicide among the elderly in Mie Prefecture, Japan. Psychogeriatrics. 2007;7(2):44-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2006.00159.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.20...	7	8.7
Carelessness with medication¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁶²62. De Leo D, Draper BM, Snowdon J, Kolves K. Suicides in older adults: a case-control psychological autopsy study in Australia. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(7):980-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2... ^,⁶⁶66. Conwell Y, Raby WN, Caine ED. Suicide and aging. II: the psychobiological interface. Int Psychogeriatr. 1995;7(2):165-81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001...	5	6.2
Personality disorder⁴4. O'Connell H, Chin A-V, Cunningham C, Lawlor BA. Recent developments: suicide in older people. BMJ. 2004;329(7471):895-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.8... ^,¹⁶16. Seidlitz L, Conwell Y, Duberstein P, Cox C. Denning D. Emotion traits in older suicide attempters and non-attempters. J Affect Disord. 2001;66(2-3):123-31. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00300-1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00... ^,³⁴34. McGirr A, Renaud J, Bureau A, Sequin M, Lesage A, Turecki G. Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide. Psychol Med. 2008;38(3):407-17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001... ^,⁴²42. Voshaar RCO, Kapur N, Bickley H, Williams A, Purandare, N. Suicide in later life: A comparison between cases with early-onset and late-onset depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;132(1-2):185-91. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.02....	4	5.0
Apathy¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013...	4	5.0
Medication storage³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁶²62. De Leo D, Draper BM, Snowdon J, Kolves K. Suicides in older adults: a case-control psychological autopsy study in Australia. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(7):980-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2... ^,⁶⁶66. Conwell Y, Raby WN, Caine ED. Suicide and aging. II: the psychobiological interface. Int Psychogeriatr. 1995;7(2):165-81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001...	4	5.0
Writing a will²2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁵⁴54. Ojagbemi A, Oladeji B, Abiona T, Gureje O. Suicidal behaviour in old age: results from the Ibadan study of ageing. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-8... ^,⁶³63. Zeppegno P, Manzetti E, Valsesia R, Siliquini R, Ammirata G, De Donatis O, et al. Differences in suicide behaviour in the elderly: a study in two provinces of Northern Italy. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20(8):769-75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1354...	4	5.0
Agitation¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^-²2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	3	3.7
Sharp change of attitude¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	2	2.5
Sudden recovery from a deep depression¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010...	1	1.2

Physical risk factors	n	%
Chronic-degenerative diseases¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... 2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^-³3. American Association of Suicidology [Internet]. Elder suicide facts sheet [cited 2016 Sep 13]. Available from: http://www.sciencedaily.com. http://www.sciencedaily.com... ^,⁶6. Ciulla L, Nogueira EL, Silva Filho IG, Tres GL, Engroff P, Ciulla V, et al. Suicide risk in the elderly: data from Brazilian public health care program. J Affect Disord. 2014;152-154:513-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.... ^-⁷7. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, Apr;932(1):132-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05802.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20... ^,¹¹11. Hill RD, Gallagher D, Thompson LW, Ishida T. Hopelessness as a measure of suicide intent in the depressed elderly. Psychol Aging.1988;3(3):230-2. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.3.3.230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.3.3.... 12. Duberstein PR. Openness to experience and completed suicide across the second half of life. Int Psychogeriatr. 1995;7(2):183-98. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001... ^-¹³13. Johnston M, Walker M. Suicide in the elderly: recognizing the signs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18(4):257-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)00039-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)0... ^,¹⁹19. Rubio A, Vestner AL, Stewart JM, Forbes NT, Conwell Y, Cox C. Suicide and Alzheimer's pathology in the elderly: a case-control study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):137-45. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00952-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00... 20. Rubenowitz E, Waern M, Wilhelmsson K, Allebeck P. Life events and psychosocial factors in elderly suicides: a case control study. Psychol Med. 2001;31(7):1193-202. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701004457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701004... ^-²¹21. De Leo D, Padoani W, Scocco P, Lie D, Bille-Brahe U, Aresman E, et al. Attempted and completed suicide in older subjects: results from the WHO/EURO multicentre study of suicidal behaviour. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2001;16(3):300-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.337... ^,²²22. Quan H, Arboleda-Florez J, Fick GH, Stuart HL, Love EJ. Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002[cited 2016 Sep 13];37(4):190-7. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001270200014.pdf. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10... ^,²⁴24. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193-204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)... 25. Snowdon J, Baume P. A study of suicides of older people in Sydney. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(3):261-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586... 26. Turvey C, Conwell Y, Jones MP, Phillips C, Simonsick E, Pearson JL, et al. Risk factors for late-life suicide: a prospective, community-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(4):398-406. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200207000-00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-20020... ^-²⁷27. Charney D, Reynalds CF, Lewis L, Lebowitz BD, Sunderland, T, Alexopoulos GS, et al. 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Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(6):594-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1535... ^-³¹31. Koponen H, Viilo K, Hakko H, Timonen M, Rochow VBM, Sarkioja T, et al. Rates and previous disease history in old age suicide. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(1):38-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1651... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... 46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... 47. Richard-Devantoy S, Jollant F, Kefi Z, Turecki G, Olié JP, Annweiler C, et al. Deficit of cognitive inhibition in depressed elderly: a neurocognitive marker of suicidal risk. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(2):193-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.... ^-⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... 53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^-⁵⁴54. Ojagbemi A, Oladeji B, Abiona T, Gureje O. Suicidal behaviour in old age: results from the Ibadan study of ageing. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-8... ^,⁵⁸58. Erlangsen A, Stenager E, Conwell Y. Physical diseases as predictors of suicide in older adults: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015;50(9):1427-39. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1051-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-105... ^,⁶²62. De Leo D, Draper BM, Snowdon J, Kolves K. Suicides in older adults: a case-control psychological autopsy study in Australia. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(7):980-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2... ^,⁶⁹69. Chi I, Yip PSF, Yu GKK, Halliday P. A study of elderly suicides in Hong Kong. Crisis. 1998;19(1):35-46. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	23	28.7
Chronic pain¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁷7. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, Apr;932(1):132-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05802.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20... ^,¹³13. Johnston M, Walker M. Suicide in the elderly: recognizing the signs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18(4):257-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)00039-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)0... ^,²²22. Quan H, Arboleda-Florez J, Fick GH, Stuart HL, Love EJ. Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002[cited 2016 Sep 13];37(4):190-7. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001270200014.pdf. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10... ^,²⁴24. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193-204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)... ^,²⁸28. Lebret S, Vaille EP, Mulliez A, Gerbaud L, Jalenques I. Elderly suicide attempters: characteristics and outcome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(11):1052-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605... ^,³²32. Tadros G, Salib E. Elderly suicide in primary care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(8):750-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1734... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... 46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... 47. Richard-Devantoy S, Jollant F, Kefi Z, Turecki G, Olié JP, Annweiler C, et al. Deficit of cognitive inhibition in depressed elderly: a neurocognitive marker of suicidal risk. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(2):193-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.... ^-⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁶⁹69. Chi I, Yip PSF, Yu GKK, Halliday P. A study of elderly suicides in Hong Kong. Crisis. 1998;19(1):35-46. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35... ^,⁷⁶76. Køjlseth I, Ekeberg Ø, Steihaug S. Why do they become vulnerable when faced with the challenges of old age? Elderly people who committed suicide, described by those who knew them. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):903-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	18	22.5
Visual problems¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,¹³13. Johnston M, Walker M. Suicide in the elderly: recognizing the signs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18(4):257-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)00039-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)0... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁴⁶46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁸²82. Waern M, Rubenowitz E, Runeson B, Skoog I, Wilhelmson K, Allebeck P. Burden of illness and suicide in elderly people: case-control study. BMJ. 2002;324(7350):1355. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1355. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7350.135...	6	7.5
Demographic risk factors	n	%
Male gender¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^-²2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^,¹³13. Johnston M, Walker M. Suicide in the elderly: recognizing the signs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18(4):257-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)00039-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)0... ^,¹⁹19. Rubio A, Vestner AL, Stewart JM, Forbes NT, Conwell Y, Cox C. Suicide and Alzheimer's pathology in the elderly: a case-control study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):137-45. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00952-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00... 20. Rubenowitz E, Waern M, Wilhelmsson K, Allebeck P. Life events and psychosocial factors in elderly suicides: a case control study. Psychol Med. 2001;31(7):1193-202. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701004457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701004... 21. De Leo D, Padoani W, Scocco P, Lie D, Bille-Brahe U, Aresman E, et al. Attempted and completed suicide in older subjects: results from the WHO/EURO multicentre study of suicidal behaviour. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2001;16(3):300-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.337... ^-²²22. Quan H, Arboleda-Florez J, Fick GH, Stuart HL, Love EJ. Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002[cited 2016 Sep 13];37(4):190-7. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001270200014.pdf. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10... ^,²⁴24. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193-204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)... 25. Snowdon J, Baume P. A study of suicides of older people in Sydney. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(3):261-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586... 26. Turvey C, Conwell Y, Jones MP, Phillips C, Simonsick E, Pearson JL, et al. Risk factors for late-life suicide: a prospective, community-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(4):398-406. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200207000-00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-20020... ^-²⁷27. Charney D, Reynalds CF, Lewis L, Lebowitz BD, Sunderland, T, Alexopoulos GS, et al. Depression and bipolar support alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life. Arch Ger Psychiatry. 2003;60(7):664-72. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.... ^,²⁹29. Juurlink DN, Herrmann N, Szalai JP, Kopp A, Redelmeier DA. Medical illness and the risk of suicide in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(11):1179-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.11.1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.1... ^,³²32. Tadros G, Salib E. Elderly suicide in primary care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(8):750-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1734... 33. Karvonen K, Rasanen P, Hakko H, Timonen M, Rochow VBM, Sarkioja T, et al. Suicide after hospitalization in the elderly: a population based study of suicides in Northern Finland between 1988-2003. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(2):135-41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1853... ^-³⁴34. McGirr A, Renaud J, Bureau A, Sequin M, Lesage A, Turecki G. Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide. Psychol Med. 2008;38(3):407-17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... 38. Li X, Xiao Z, Xiao S. Suicide among the elderly in mainland China. Psychogeriatrics. 2009;9(2):62-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00269.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.20... ^-³⁹39. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Hirsch JK, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Health status and suicide in the second half of life. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(4):371-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348... ^,⁴²42. Voshaar RCO, Kapur N, Bickley H, Williams A, Purandare, N. Suicide in later life: A comparison between cases with early-onset and late-onset depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;132(1-2):185-91. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^,⁴⁹49. Martiello MA, Giacchi MV. Ecological study of isolation and suicide in Tuscany (Italy). Psychiatry Res. 2012;198(1):68-73. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.201... ^,⁵⁴54. Ojagbemi A, Oladeji B, Abiona T, Gureje O. Suicidal behaviour in old age: results from the Ibadan study of ageing. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-8... ^,⁵⁷57. Torresani S, Toffol E, Scocco P, Fanolla A. Suicide in elderly South Tyroleans in various residential settings at the time of death: a psychological autopsy study. Psychogeriatrics. 2014;14(2):101-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12046... ^,⁶⁰60. Oude Voshaar RC, van der Veen DC, Hunt I, Kapur N. Suicide in late-life depression with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(2):146-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304... ^,⁶²62. De Leo D, Draper BM, Snowdon J, Kolves K. Suicides in older adults: a case-control psychological autopsy study in Australia. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(7):980-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2... ^,⁶⁴64. Inoue K, Tanil H, Fukunaga T, Abe S, Nishimura F, Kimura Y, et al. Psychosomatic tendency for suicide among the elderly in Mie Prefecture, Japan. Psychogeriatrics. 2007;7(2):44-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2006.00159.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.20... ^,⁶⁷67. Beautrais AL. A case control study of suicide and attempted suicide in older adults. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2002;32(1):1-9. doi: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1521/suli.32.1.1.22184/epdf. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.15... ^,⁶⁹69. Chi I, Yip PSF, Yu GKK, Halliday P. A study of elderly suicides in Hong Kong. Crisis. 1998;19(1):35-46. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... 79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... 80. De Leo D, Padoani W, Lonnqvist J, Kerkhof AJ, Bille-Brahe U, Michel K, et al. Repetition of suicidal behaviour in elderly Europeans: a prospective longitudinal study. J Affect Disord. 2002;72(3):291-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00454-2. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(01... ^-⁸¹81. Erlangsen A, Vach W, Jeune B. The effect of hospitalization with medical illnesses on the suicide risk in the oldest old: a population-based register study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(5):771-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53256.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.20...	28	35.0
Widowhood¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁴4. O'Connell H, Chin A-V, Cunningham C, Lawlor BA. Recent developments: suicide in older people. BMJ. 2004;329(7471):895-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.8... ^,⁷7. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, Apr;932(1):132-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05802.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20... ^,¹⁹19. Rubio A, Vestner AL, Stewart JM, Forbes NT, Conwell Y, Cox C. Suicide and Alzheimer's pathology in the elderly: a case-control study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):137-45. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00952-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00... ^,²²22. Quan H, Arboleda-Florez J, Fick GH, Stuart HL, Love EJ. Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002[cited 2016 Sep 13];37(4):190-7. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001270200014.pdf. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10... 23. Waern M, Runeson B, Allebeck P, Beskow J, Rubenowitz E, Skoog I, et al. Mental disorder in elderly suicides: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(3):450-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3... 24. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193-204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)... ^-²⁵25. Snowdon J, Baume P. A study of suicides of older people in Sydney. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(3):261-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586... ^,²⁹29. Juurlink DN, Herrmann N, Szalai JP, Kopp A, Redelmeier DA. Medical illness and the risk of suicide in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(11):1179-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.11.1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.1... ^,³⁶36. Chen CS, Yang MS, Yang MJ, Chang SJ, Chueh KH, Su YC, et al. Suicidal thoughts among elderly Taiwanese aboriginal women. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(10):1001-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024... 37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^-³⁸38. Li X, Xiao Z, Xiao S. Suicide among the elderly in mainland China. Psychogeriatrics. 2009;9(2):62-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00269.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.20... ^,³⁹39. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Hirsch JK, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Health status and suicide in the second half of life. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(4):371-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348... ^,⁴²42. Voshaar RCO, Kapur N, Bickley H, Williams A, Purandare, N. Suicide in later life: A comparison between cases with early-onset and late-onset depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;132(1-2):185-91. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.... ^-⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^-⁴⁶46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁴⁹49. Martiello MA, Giacchi MV. Ecological study of isolation and suicide in Tuscany (Italy). Psychiatry Res. 2012;198(1):68-73. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.201... ^,⁵¹51. Jonson M, Skoog I, Marlow T, Fassberg MM, Waern, M. Anxiety symptoms and suicidal feelings in a population sample of 70-year-olds without dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(11):1865-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000... 52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... 53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... 54. Ojagbemi A, Oladeji B, Abiona T, Gureje O. Suicidal behaviour in old age: results from the Ibadan study of ageing. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-8... ^-⁵⁵55. Holm AL, Lyberg A, Berggren I, Cutcliffe J, Severinsson, E. Shadows from the past: the situated meaning of being suicidal among depressed older people living in the community. Crisis. 2014;35(4):253-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000... ^,⁵⁸58. Erlangsen A, Stenager E, Conwell Y. Physical diseases as predictors of suicide in older adults: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015;50(9):1427-39. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1051-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-105... ^,⁶⁰60. Oude Voshaar RC, van der Veen DC, Hunt I, Kapur N. Suicide in late-life depression with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(2):146-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304... ^,⁶²62. De Leo D, Draper BM, Snowdon J, Kolves K. Suicides in older adults: a case-control psychological autopsy study in Australia. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(7):980-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2... ^-⁶³63. Zeppegno P, Manzetti E, Valsesia R, Siliquini R, Ammirata G, De Donatis O, et al. Differences in suicide behaviour in the elderly: a study in two provinces of Northern Italy. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20(8):769-75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1354... ^,⁶⁹69. Chi I, Yip PSF, Yu GKK, Halliday P. A study of elderly suicides in Hong Kong. Crisis. 1998;19(1):35-46. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35... ^,⁷²72. Conner KR, Duberstein PR, Conwell Y. The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. I. Psychiatric diagnoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(3):204-9. doi: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00405.x/abstract. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...	26	32.5
Divorce¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁴4. O'Connell H, Chin A-V, Cunningham C, Lawlor BA. Recent developments: suicide in older people. BMJ. 2004;329(7471):895-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.8... ^,⁶6. Ciulla L, Nogueira EL, Silva Filho IG, Tres GL, Engroff P, Ciulla V, et al. Suicide risk in the elderly: data from Brazilian public health care program. J Affect Disord. 2014;152-154:513-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.... ^,⁷7. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, Apr;932(1):132-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05802.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20... ^,²¹21. De Leo D, Padoani W, Scocco P, Lie D, Bille-Brahe U, Aresman E, et al. Attempted and completed suicide in older subjects: results from the WHO/EURO multicentre study of suicidal behaviour. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2001;16(3):300-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.337... ^,²⁴24. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193-204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)... 25. Snowdon J, Baume P. A study of suicides of older people in Sydney. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(3):261-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586... 26. Turvey C, Conwell Y, Jones MP, Phillips C, Simonsick E, Pearson JL, et al. Risk factors for late-life suicide: a prospective, community-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(4):398-406. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200207000-00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-20020... ^-²⁷27. Charney D, Reynalds CF, Lewis L, Lebowitz BD, Sunderland, T, Alexopoulos GS, et al. Depression and bipolar support alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life. Arch Ger Psychiatry. 2003;60(7):664-72. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,³⁹39. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Hirsch JK, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Health status and suicide in the second half of life. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(4):371-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348... ^,⁴²42. Voshaar RCO, Kapur N, Bickley H, Williams A, Purandare, N. Suicide in later life: A comparison between cases with early-onset and late-onset depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;132(1-2):185-91. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.... ^-⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... 46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁴⁷47. Richard-Devantoy S, Jollant F, Kefi Z, Turecki G, Olié JP, Annweiler C, et al. Deficit of cognitive inhibition in depressed elderly: a neurocognitive marker of suicidal risk. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(2):193-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... 54. Ojagbemi A, Oladeji B, Abiona T, Gureje O. Suicidal behaviour in old age: results from the Ibadan study of ageing. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-8... ^-⁵⁵55. Holm AL, Lyberg A, Berggren I, Cutcliffe J, Severinsson, E. Shadows from the past: the situated meaning of being suicidal among depressed older people living in the community. Crisis. 2014;35(4):253-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000... ^,⁶⁰60. Oude Voshaar RC, van der Veen DC, Hunt I, Kapur N. Suicide in late-life depression with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(2):146-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304... 61. Park JY, Han JW, Jeong H, Jeong HG, Kim TH, Yoon IY, et al. Suicidal behaviors in elderly Koreans: one-month-point prevalence and factors related to suicidality. J Affect Disord. 2013;150(1):77-83. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.... 62. De Leo D, Draper BM, Snowdon J, Kolves K. Suicides in older adults: a case-control psychological autopsy study in Australia. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(7):980-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2... ^-⁶³63. Zeppegno P, Manzetti E, Valsesia R, Siliquini R, Ammirata G, De Donatis O, et al. Differences in suicide behaviour in the elderly: a study in two provinces of Northern Italy. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20(8):769-75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1354... ^,⁶⁵65. Demirçin S, Akkoyun M, Yilmaz R, Gökdogan MR. Suicide of elderly persons: towards a framework for prevention. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2011;11(1):107-13. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00660.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.20... ^,⁶⁸68. Préville M, Hébert R, Boyer R, Bravo G, Seguin M. Physical health and mental disorder in elderly suicide: a case-control study. Aging Ment Health. 2005;9(6):576-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860500192973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860500192... ^-⁶⁹69. Chi I, Yip PSF, Yu GKK, Halliday P. A study of elderly suicides in Hong Kong. Crisis. 1998;19(1):35-46. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35. http://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.19.1.35... ^,⁷¹71. Mills PD, Watts BV, Huh TJ, Boar S, Kemp J. Helping elderly patients to avoid suicide: a review of case reports from a National Veterans Affairs database. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(1):12-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31827ab29c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182... ^,⁷²72. Conner KR, Duberstein PR, Conwell Y. The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. I. Psychiatric diagnoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(3):204-9. doi: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00405.x/abstract. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...	25	31.2

Emotional risk factors	n	%
Loneliness¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^-²2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^,¹¹11. Hill RD, Gallagher D, Thompson LW, Ishida T. Hopelessness as a measure of suicide intent in the depressed elderly. Psychol Aging.1988;3(3):230-2. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.3.3.230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.3.3.... ^,¹³13. Johnston M, Walker M. Suicide in the elderly: recognizing the signs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18(4):257-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)00039-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)0... ^,²⁰20. Rubenowitz E, Waern M, Wilhelmsson K, Allebeck P. Life events and psychosocial factors in elderly suicides: a case control study. Psychol Med. 2001;31(7):1193-202. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701004457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701004... ^,²⁴24. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193-204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)... ^,²⁶26. Turvey C, Conwell Y, Jones MP, Phillips C, Simonsick E, Pearson JL, et al. Risk factors for late-life suicide: a prospective, community-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(4):398-406. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200207000-00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-20020... 27. Charney D, Reynalds CF, Lewis L, Lebowitz BD, Sunderland, T, Alexopoulos GS, et al. Depression and bipolar support alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life. Arch Ger Psychiatry. 2003;60(7):664-72. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.... ^-²⁸28. Lebret S, Vaille EP, Mulliez A, Gerbaud L, Jalenques I. Elderly suicide attempters: characteristics and outcome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(11):1052-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605... ^,²⁹29. Juurlink DN, Herrmann N, Szalai JP, Kopp A, Redelmeier DA. Medical illness and the risk of suicide in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(11):1179-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.11.1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.1... 30. Chou KL. Reciprocal relationship between suicidal ideation and depression in Hong Kong elderly Chinese. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(6):594-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1535... ^-³¹31. Koponen H, Viilo K, Hakko H, Timonen M, Rochow VBM, Sarkioja T, et al. Rates and previous disease history in old age suicide. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(1):38-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1651... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,³⁹39. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Hirsch JK, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Health status and suicide in the second half of life. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(4):371-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. 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Psychiatry Res. 2012;198(1):68-73. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.201... ^,⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... ^,⁵⁵55. Holm AL, Lyberg A, Berggren I, Cutcliffe J, Severinsson, E. Shadows from the past: the situated meaning of being suicidal among depressed older people living in the community. Crisis. 2014;35(4):253-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000... ^,⁶⁷67. Beautrais AL. A case control study of suicide and attempted suicide in older adults. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2002;32(1):1-9. doi: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1521/suli.32.1.1.22184/epdf. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.15... ^,⁷¹71. 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Anxiety¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^-²2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^,¹²12. Duberstein PR. Openness to experience and completed suicide across the second half of life. Int Psychogeriatr. 1995;7(2):183-98. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610295001... ^,¹⁴14. Forsell Y, Jorm AF, Winblad B. Suicidal thoughts and associated factors in an elderly population. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95(2):108-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb00382.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.19... ^,¹⁶16. Seidlitz L, Conwell Y, Duberstein P, Cox C. Denning D. Emotion traits in older suicide attempters and non-attempters. J Affect Disord. 2001;66(2-3):123-31. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00300-1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00... ^,²⁴24. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193-204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)... ^,³²32. Tadros G, Salib E. Elderly suicide in primary care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(8):750-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1734... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁶46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵¹51. Jonson M, Skoog I, Marlow T, Fassberg MM, Waern, M. Anxiety symptoms and suicidal feelings in a population sample of 70-year-olds without dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(11):1865-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000... ^-⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... ^,⁵⁹59. Hung GC, Kwok CL, Yip PSF, Gunnell D, Chen YY. Predicting suicide in older adults: a community-based cohort study in Taipei City, Taiwan. J Affect Disord. 2015;172:165-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.... ^,⁷⁰70. Scocco P, De Leo D. One-year prevalence of death thoughts, suicide ideation and behaviours in an elderly population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(9):842-6. doi: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gps.691/epdf. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10... ^,⁷³73. Liu IC, Chiu CH. Case-control study of suicide attempts in the elderly. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):896-902. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990...	16	20.0
Failure¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... 42. Voshaar RCO, Kapur N, Bickley H, Williams A, Purandare, N. Suicide in later life: A comparison between cases with early-onset and late-onset depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;132(1-2):185-91. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.... ^-⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^,⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... 53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^-⁵⁴54. Ojagbemi A, Oladeji B, Abiona T, Gureje O. Suicidal behaviour in old age: results from the Ibadan study of ageing. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-8... ^,⁵⁹59. Hung GC, Kwok CL, Yip PSF, Gunnell D, Chen YY. Predicting suicide in older adults: a community-based cohort study in Taipei City, Taiwan. J Affect Disord. 2015;172:165-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.... ^,⁶⁴64. Inoue K, Tanil H, Fukunaga T, Abe S, Nishimura F, Kimura Y, et al. Psychosomatic tendency for suicide among the elderly in Mie Prefecture, Japan. Psychogeriatrics. 2007;7(2):44-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2006.00159.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.20... ^,⁷⁶76. Køjlseth I, Ekeberg Ø, Steihaug S. Why do they become vulnerable when faced with the challenges of old age? Elderly people who committed suicide, described by those who knew them. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):903-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... 79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁸⁰80. De Leo D, Padoani W, Lonnqvist J, Kerkhof AJ, Bille-Brahe U, Michel K, et al. Repetition of suicidal behaviour in elderly Europeans: a prospective longitudinal study. J Affect Disord. 2002;72(3):291-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00454-2. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(01... ^,⁸³83. Yur`yev A, Leppik L, Tooding LM, Sisask M, Värnik P, Wu J, et al. Social inclusion affects elderly suicide mortality. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(8):1337-43. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210001614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210001...	16	20.0
Frustration¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,²⁵25. Snowdon J, Baume P. A study of suicides of older people in Sydney. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(3):261-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586... ^,³⁶36. Chen CS, Yang MS, Yang MJ, Chang SJ, Chueh KH, Su YC, et al. Suicidal thoughts among elderly Taiwanese aboriginal women. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(10):1001-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024... 37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^-³⁸38. Li X, Xiao Z, Xiao S. Suicide among the elderly in mainland China. Psychogeriatrics. 2009;9(2):62-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00269.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.20... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁴⁴44. Levy TB, Barak Y, Sigler M, Aizenberg D. Suicide attempts and burden of physical illness among depressed elderly inpatients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;52(1):115-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2010.02.012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2010... ^,⁵¹51. Jonson M, Skoog I, Marlow T, Fassberg MM, Waern, M. Anxiety symptoms and suicidal feelings in a population sample of 70-year-olds without dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(11):1865-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000... ^,⁶³63. Zeppegno P, Manzetti E, Valsesia R, Siliquini R, Ammirata G, De Donatis O, et al. Differences in suicide behaviour in the elderly: a study in two provinces of Northern Italy. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20(8):769-75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1354... ^,⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	8	10.0
Guilty¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,¹⁴14. Forsell Y, Jorm AF, Winblad B. Suicidal thoughts and associated factors in an elderly population. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95(2):108-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb00382.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.19... ^,²⁵25. Snowdon J, Baume P. A study of suicides of older people in Sydney. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(3):261-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁵⁵55. Holm AL, Lyberg A, Berggren I, Cutcliffe J, Severinsson, E. Shadows from the past: the situated meaning of being suicidal among depressed older people living in the community. Crisis. 2014;35(4):253-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	6	6.2
Unhappiness¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,³⁹39. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Hirsch JK, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Health status and suicide in the second half of life. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(4):371-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁶⁰60. Oude Voshaar RC, van der Veen DC, Hunt I, Kapur N. Suicide in late-life depression with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(2):146-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304...	5	7.5
Dishonor²⁵25. Snowdon J, Baume P. A study of suicides of older people in Sydney. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(3):261-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586... ^,⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	4	5.0

Situational risk factors	n	%
Alcohol abuse¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁴4. O'Connell H, Chin A-V, Cunningham C, Lawlor BA. Recent developments: suicide in older people. BMJ. 2004;329(7471):895-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.8... ^,⁷7. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, Apr;932(1):132-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05802.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20... ^,¹³13. Johnston M, Walker M. Suicide in the elderly: recognizing the signs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18(4):257-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)00039-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)0... 14. Forsell Y, Jorm AF, Winblad B. Suicidal thoughts and associated factors in an elderly population. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;95(2):108-11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1997.tb00382.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.19... ^-¹⁵15. Conwell Y. Management of suicidal behavior in the elderly. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1997[cited 2016 Sep 13];20(3):667-83. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193953X05703361/pdfft?md5=d40aebc607a2a2da837805c5f5e73a3d&pid=1-s2.0-S0193953X05703361-main.pdf http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/art... ^,¹⁷17. Conner KR, Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. II. Life events, social support, and suicidal behavior. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(6):452-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00091.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.20... 18. Harwood D, Hawton K, Hope T, Jacoby R. Psychiatric disorder and personality factors associated with suicide in older people: a descriptive and case-control study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(2):155-65. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(200102)16:2(155::AID-GPS289)3.0.CO;2-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1166(2001... ^-¹⁹19. Rubio A, Vestner AL, Stewart JM, Forbes NT, Conwell Y, Cox C. Suicide and Alzheimer's pathology in the elderly: a case-control study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):137-45. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00952-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00... ^,²¹21. De Leo D, Padoani W, Scocco P, Lie D, Bille-Brahe U, Aresman E, et al. Attempted and completed suicide in older subjects: results from the WHO/EURO multicentre study of suicidal behaviour. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2001;16(3):300-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.337... ^,²³23. Waern M, Runeson B, Allebeck P, Beskow J, Rubenowitz E, Skoog I, et al. Mental disorder in elderly suicides: a case-control study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(3):450-5. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3... 24. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193-204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)... 25. Snowdon J, Baume P. A study of suicides of older people in Sydney. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17(3):261-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.586... ^-²⁶26. Turvey C, Conwell Y, Jones MP, Phillips C, Simonsick E, Pearson JL, et al. Risk factors for late-life suicide: a prospective, community-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(4):398-406. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200207000-00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-20020... ^,³¹31. Koponen H, Viilo K, Hakko H, Timonen M, Rochow VBM, Sarkioja T, et al. Rates and previous disease history in old age suicide. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(1):38-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1651... 32. Tadros G, Salib E. Elderly suicide in primary care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(8):750-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1734... ^-³³33. Karvonen K, Rasanen P, Hakko H, Timonen M, Rochow VBM, Sarkioja T, et al. Suicide after hospitalization in the elderly: a population based study of suicides in Northern Finland between 1988-2003. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(2):135-41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1853... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴⁰40. Gibbs LM, Dombrovski AY, Morse J, Siegle GJ, Houck PR, Szanto K. When the solution is part of the problem: problem solving in elderly suicide attempters. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24(12):1396-404. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2276... ^-⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^-⁴⁶46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵¹51. Jonson M, Skoog I, Marlow T, Fassberg MM, Waern, M. Anxiety symptoms and suicidal feelings in a population sample of 70-year-olds without dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(11):1865-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000... ^,⁶⁰60. Oude Voshaar RC, van der Veen DC, Hunt I, Kapur N. Suicide in late-life depression with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(2):146-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304... ^-⁶¹61. Park JY, Han JW, Jeong H, Jeong HG, Kim TH, Yoon IY, et al. Suicidal behaviors in elderly Koreans: one-month-point prevalence and factors related to suicidality. J Affect Disord. 2013;150(1):77-83. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.... ^,⁶⁷67. Beautrais AL. A case control study of suicide and attempted suicide in older adults. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2002;32(1):1-9. doi: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1521/suli.32.1.1.22184/epdf. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.15... ^-⁶⁸68. Préville M, Hébert R, Boyer R, Bravo G, Seguin M. Physical health and mental disorder in elderly suicide: a case-control study. Aging Ment Health. 2005;9(6):576-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860500192973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860500192... ^,⁷³73. Liu IC, Chiu CH. Case-control study of suicide attempts in the elderly. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):896-902. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990... ^,⁷⁵75. Kageyama T. Views on suicide among middle-aged and elderly populations in Japan: their association with demographic variables and feeling shame in seeking help. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;66(2):105-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02313.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.20... ^,⁸¹81. Erlangsen A, Vach W, Jeune B. The effect of hospitalization with medical illnesses on the suicide risk in the oldest old: a population-based register study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(5):771-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53256.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.20...	33	41.2
Family conflict¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... 2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^-³3. American Association of Suicidology [Internet]. Elder suicide facts sheet [cited 2016 Sep 13]. Available from: http://www.sciencedaily.com. http://www.sciencedaily.com... ^,⁷7. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, Apr;932(1):132-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05802.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20... ^,²¹21. De Leo D, Padoani W, Scocco P, Lie D, Bille-Brahe U, Aresman E, et al. Attempted and completed suicide in older subjects: results from the WHO/EURO multicentre study of suicidal behaviour. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2001;16(3):300-10. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.337... ^,²²22. Quan H, Arboleda-Florez J, Fick GH, Stuart HL, Love EJ. Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002[cited 2016 Sep 13];37(4):190-7. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001270200014.pdf. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10... ^,²⁷27. Charney D, Reynalds CF, Lewis L, Lebowitz BD, Sunderland, T, Alexopoulos GS, et al. Depression and bipolar support alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life. Arch Ger Psychiatry. 2003;60(7):664-72. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.... ^,²⁹29. Juurlink DN, Herrmann N, Szalai JP, Kopp A, Redelmeier DA. Medical illness and the risk of suicide in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(11):1179-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.11.1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.1... ^,³⁶36. Chen CS, Yang MS, Yang MJ, Chang SJ, Chueh KH, Su YC, et al. Suicidal thoughts among elderly Taiwanese aboriginal women. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(10):1001-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024... 37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... 38. Li X, Xiao Z, Xiao S. Suicide among the elderly in mainland China. Psychogeriatrics. 2009;9(2):62-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00269.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.20... ^-³⁹39. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Hirsch JK, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Health status and suicide in the second half of life. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(4):371-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2348... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^-⁴⁶46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵¹51. Jonson M, Skoog I, Marlow T, Fassberg MM, Waern, M. Anxiety symptoms and suicidal feelings in a population sample of 70-year-olds without dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(11):1865-71. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁶³63. Zeppegno P, Manzetti E, Valsesia R, Siliquini R, Ammirata G, De Donatis O, et al. Differences in suicide behaviour in the elderly: a study in two provinces of Northern Italy. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20(8):769-75. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1354... ^,⁶⁵65. Demirçin S, Akkoyun M, Yilmaz R, Gökdogan MR. Suicide of elderly persons: towards a framework for prevention. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2011;11(1):107-13. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00660.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.20... ^,⁷¹71. Mills PD, Watts BV, Huh TJ, Boar S, Kemp J. Helping elderly patients to avoid suicide: a review of case reports from a National Veterans Affairs database. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(1):12-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31827ab29c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182... 72. Conner KR, Duberstein PR, Conwell Y. The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. I. Psychiatric diagnoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(3):204-9. doi: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00405.x/abstract. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10... ^-⁷³73. Liu IC, Chiu CH. Case-control study of suicide attempts in the elderly. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):896-902. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990... ^,⁷⁶76. Køjlseth I, Ekeberg Ø, Steihaug S. Why do they become vulnerable when faced with the challenges of old age? Elderly people who committed suicide, described by those who knew them. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):903-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990... ^-⁷⁷77. Duberstein PR, Conwell Y, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Suicide at 50 years of age and older: perceived physical illness, family discord and financial strain. 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Insufficient social support¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... 2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^-³3. American Association of Suicidology [Internet]. Elder suicide facts sheet [cited 2016 Sep 13]. Available from: http://www.sciencedaily.com. http://www.sciencedaily.com... ^,⁷7. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, Apr;932(1):132-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05802.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20... ^,¹³13. Johnston M, Walker M. Suicide in the elderly: recognizing the signs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18(4):257-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)00039-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)0... ^,²²22. Quan H, Arboleda-Florez J, Fick GH, Stuart HL, Love EJ. Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002[cited 2016 Sep 13];37(4):190-7. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001270200014.pdf. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10... ^,²⁶26. Turvey C, Conwell Y, Jones MP, Phillips C, Simonsick E, Pearson JL, et al. Risk factors for late-life suicide: a prospective, community-based study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(4):398-406. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200207000-00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-20020... 27. Charney D, Reynalds CF, Lewis L, Lebowitz BD, Sunderland, T, Alexopoulos GS, et al. Depression and bipolar support alliance consensus statement on the unmet needs in diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders in late life. Arch Ger Psychiatry. 2003;60(7):664-72. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.... ^-²⁸28. Lebret S, Vaille EP, Mulliez A, Gerbaud L, Jalenques I. Elderly suicide attempters: characteristics and outcome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(11):1052-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1605... ^,³⁵35. Britton PC, Duberstein PR, Conner KR, Heisel MJ, Hirsch JK, Conwell Y. Reasons for living, hopelessness, and suicide ideation among depressed adults 50 years or older. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(9):736-41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31817b609a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181... 36. Chen CS, Yang MS, Yang MJ, Chang SJ, Chueh KH, Su YC, et al. Suicidal thoughts among elderly Taiwanese aboriginal women. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(10):1001-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024... ^-³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... 46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁴⁷47. 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Loss of autonomy¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^-²2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^,¹³13. Johnston M, Walker M. Suicide in the elderly: recognizing the signs. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996;18(4):257-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)00039-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(96)0... ^,²⁴24. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):193-204. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)... ^,²⁹29. Juurlink DN, Herrmann N, Szalai JP, Kopp A, Redelmeier DA. Medical illness and the risk of suicide in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(11):1179-84. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.11.1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.1... ^,³⁶36. Chen CS, Yang MS, Yang MJ, Chang SJ, Chueh KH, Su YC, et al. Suicidal thoughts among elderly Taiwanese aboriginal women. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(10):1001-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024... 37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^-³⁸38. Li X, Xiao Z, Xiao S. Suicide among the elderly in mainland China. Psychogeriatrics. 2009;9(2):62-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00269.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.20... ^,⁴³43. Conwell Y, Van Orden K, Caine ED. Suicide in older adults. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011;34(2):451-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^-⁴⁶46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	15	18.7
Retirement ¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁴4. O'Connell H, Chin A-V, Cunningham C, Lawlor BA. Recent developments: suicide in older people. BMJ. 2004;329(7471):895-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7471.8... ^,³⁶36. Chen CS, Yang MS, Yang MJ, Chang SJ, Chueh KH, Su YC, et al. Suicidal thoughts among elderly Taiwanese aboriginal women. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(10):1001-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2024... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^-⁴⁶46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁴⁹49. Martiello MA, Giacchi MV. Ecological study of isolation and suicide in Tuscany (Italy). Psychiatry Res. 2012;198(1):68-73. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.201... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁶⁵65. Demirçin S, Akkoyun M, Yilmaz R, Gökdogan MR. Suicide of elderly persons: towards a framework for prevention. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2011;11(1):107-13. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00660.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.20... ^,⁷⁶76. Køjlseth I, Ekeberg Ø, Steihaug S. Why do they become vulnerable when faced with the challenges of old age? Elderly people who committed suicide, described by those who knew them. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):903-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁸⁴84. Sorock GS, Chen L-H, Gonzalgo SR, Baker SP. Alcohol-drinking history and fatal injury in older adults. Alcohol. 2006;40(3):193-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.01.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2007...	13	16.2
Social deprivation¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,¹⁹19. Rubio A, Vestner AL, Stewart JM, Forbes NT, Conwell Y, Cox C. Suicide and Alzheimer's pathology in the elderly: a case-control study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):137-45. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00952-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^-⁴⁶46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁶⁰60. Oude Voshaar RC, van der Veen DC, Hunt I, Kapur N. Suicide in late-life depression with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(2):146-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304... ^,⁷²72. Conner KR, Duberstein PR, Conwell Y. The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. I. Psychiatric diagnoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(3):204-9. doi: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00405.x/abstract. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	10	12.5
Social devaluation ¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁴¹41. Kjolseth I, Ekeberg O, Steihaug S. Elderly people who committed suicide: their contact with the health service. What did they expect, and what did they get? Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(8):938-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... 46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁴⁷47. Richard-Devantoy S, Jollant F, Kefi Z, Turecki G, Olié JP, Annweiler C, et al. Deficit of cognitive inhibition in depressed elderly: a neurocognitive marker of suicidal risk. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(2):193-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁷⁴74. Klinger J. Suicide among seniors. Australas J Ageing. 1999;1(3):114-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1999.tb00110.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.19... ^,⁷⁶76. Køjlseth I, Ekeberg Ø, Steihaug S. Why do they become vulnerable when faced with the challenges of old age? Elderly people who committed suicide, described by those who knew them. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21(5):903-12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^-⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	10	12.5
Grief¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,⁷7. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR. Suicide in elders. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, Apr;932(1):132-50. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05802.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.20... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^-⁴⁶46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... ^-⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁷²72. Conner KR, Duberstein PR, Conwell Y. The validity of proxy-based data in suicide research: a study of patients 50 years of age and older who attempted suicide. I. Psychiatric diagnoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2001;104(3):204-9. doi: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00405.x/abstract. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10... ^,⁷⁴74. Klinger J. Suicide among seniors. Australas J Ageing. 1999;1(3):114-8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1999.tb00110.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.19... ^,⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	10	12.5
Abandonment¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^,²²22. Quan H, Arboleda-Florez J, Fick GH, Stuart HL, Love EJ. Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002[cited 2016 Sep 13];37(4):190-7. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001270200014.pdf. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10... ^,⁴⁵45. Sousa, GS, Silva RM, Figueiredo AEB, Minayo MCS, Vieira LJES. [Circumstances surrounding the suicide of elderly people]. Interface. 2014;18(49):389-402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.0241. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622013.... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... ^,⁷⁸78. Meneghel SN, Gutierrez DMD, Silva RMS, Grubits S, Hesler LZ, Ceccon RF. Suicide in the elderly from a gender perspective. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1983-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	7	8.7
Access to lethal means¹1. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. Suicide in elderly people: a literature review. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(4):750-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000400020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010... ^-²2. Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: Challenges and priorities for prevention. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(3S2):244-50. doi: http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.040. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.0... ^,²²22. Quan H, Arboleda-Florez J, Fick GH, Stuart HL, Love EJ. Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002[cited 2016 Sep 13];37(4):190-7. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs001270200014.pdf. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10... ^,³⁷37. Conwell Y, Thompson C. Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2008;31(2):333-56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.... ^,⁴⁷47. Richard-Devantoy S, Jollant F, Kefi Z, Turecki G, Olié JP, Annweiler C, et al. Deficit of cognitive inhibition in depressed elderly: a neurocognitive marker of suicidal risk. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(2):193-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.... ^-⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	6	7.5
Psychological violence⁴⁶46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... ^-⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁵⁵55. Holm AL, Lyberg A, Berggren I, Cutcliffe J, Severinsson, E. Shadows from the past: the situated meaning of being suicidal among depressed older people living in the community. Crisis. 2014;35(4):253-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000... ^,⁷⁷77. Duberstein PR, Conwell Y, Conner KR, Eberly S, Caine ED. Suicide at 50 years of age and older: perceived physical illness, family discord and financial strain. Psychol Med. 2004;34(1):137-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703008584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291703008...	6	7.5
Domestic Violence⁴⁶46. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS. Psychological and psychosocial autopsies of elderly people who died as a result of suicide in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):1943-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁵⁵55. Holm AL, Lyberg A, Berggren I, Cutcliffe J, Severinsson, E. Shadows from the past: the situated meaning of being suicidal among depressed older people living in the community. Crisis. 2014;35(4):253-60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000... ^,⁶⁰60. Oude Voshaar RC, van der Veen DC, Hunt I, Kapur N. Suicide in late-life depression with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(2):146-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304... ^,⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	6	7.5
Financial Violence⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵²52. Cavalcante FG, Minayo MCS, Mangas RMN. [Different aspects of depression in suicide among the elderly]. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2013;18(10):2985-94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013001000023. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232013... ^-⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004... ^,⁶⁰60. Oude Voshaar RC, van der Veen DC, Hunt I, Kapur N. Suicide in late-life depression with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(2):146-52. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4304... ^,⁷⁹79. Minayo MCS, Meneghel SN, Cavalcante FG. Suicide of elderly men in Brazil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(10):2665-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012001000016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012...	5	6.2
Self-neglect⁴⁸48. Barrero SAP. Suicide risk factors among the elderly. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2012;17(8):2011-6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012000800012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232012... ^,⁵³53. Minayo MCS, Cavalcante FG. [A comprehensive study on suicide among older women in seven Brazilian cities]. Cad Saúde Pública. 2013;29(12):2405-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X00048013. Portuguese. http://dx.doi.org//10.1590/0102-311X0004...	2	2.5

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[1] Corresponding author:
Girliani Silva de Sousa. girlianis@gmail.com