Factores asociados al exceso de peso, hipertensión y diabetes gestacional en el norte de Brasil en 2021

Almeida, Larissa Rodrigues Braga de; Souza Filho, Zilmar Augusto de; Almeida, Priscilla Dantas; Nemer, Camila Rodrigues Barbosa

doi:10.1590/1983-1447.2024.20230304.en

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Original Article • Rev. Gaúcha Enferm. 45 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2024.20230304.en linkcopiar

Factores asociados al exceso de peso, hipertensión y diabetes gestacional en el norte de Brasil en 2021

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al exceso de peso, la hipertensión y la diabetes en gestantes de la región norte de Brasil.

Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal, retrospectivo, con datos secundarios, realizado con gestantes residentes en la región norte de Brasil que participaron de la Encuesta Telefónica de Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado y Kruskal-Wallis, así como el modelo de Regresión Logística Binomial.

Resultados: 21.652,1 mujeres declararon estar embarazadas. Las tasas de prevalencia fueron: 42,4% exceso de peso, 2,65% hipertensión y 9% diabetes. Las variables asociadas a los resultados fueron: para el sobrepeso, ver la televisión y utilizar el ordenador/tableta/móvil hasta 3 horas al día; para la hipertensión, ver la televisión 3 horas al día o más y utilizar el ordenador/tableta/móvil más de 6 horas al día; para la diabetes, 29 años de edad, 13 años de estudio y consumo de más de 4 vasos/latas de refrescos al día.

Conclusión: Las tasas de prevalencia halladas en este estudio son similares a las de otros países. Los resultados desfavorables se asociaron con la edad, los años de escolarización, los hábitos alimentarios de la madre y el estilo de vida.

Descriptores:
Hipertensión; Diabetes mellitus; Sobrepeso; Obesidad; Embarazo; Encuestas epidemiológicas

Question number	Variable
Q6	How old are you?
Q8	Up to which grade did you study?
Q15	How many days a week do you usually eat beans?
Q16	How many days a week do you usually eat at least one type of vegetable?
Q17	How many days a week do you usually eat lettuce and tomato salad or a salad of any other RAW vegetables?
Q19	How many days a week do you usually eat COOKED vegetables with your meal or in soup?
Q25	How many days a week do you usually drink natural fruit juice?
Q27	How many days a week do you usually eat fruit?
Q31	How many glasses/cans of soda or artificial juice do you usually drink per day?
Q42	In the last three months, have you practiced any kind of physical exercise or sport?
Q44	Do you exercise at least once a week?
Q45	How many days per week do you usually exercise or play sports?
Q46	On the days you exercise or play sports, how long does this activity usually last?
Q55	Who usually does the cleaning in your house?
Q56	The heaviest part of the cleaning stays with:
R149	In a normal week, how many days do you clean your house?
R150	How long does the cleaning usually take?
Q59a	On average, how many hours per day do you usually watch TV?
Q59b	In your FREE TIME, do you usually use a computer, tablet, or cellphone to participate in social media like Facebook, watch movies, or play games?
Q59c	On average, how many hours of your free time (excluding work) is spent using a computer, tablet, or cellphone each day?

Variables	Excess weight (n=9,195)			Hypertension (n=575)		Diabetes (n=1,949)
Variables	Overweight n=5,316 (%)	Obesity n=3,879 (%)	p-value	n= 575 (%)	p-value	n= 1,949 (%)	p-value
Age (years) Median (IQR)	28 (12)	28 (11)	<0.001†	39 (15)	<0.001†	29 (8)	<0.001†
Education (years)
Years of study Median (IQR)	11 (4)	15 (4)	<0.001†	11 (11)	<0.001†	13 (5)	<0.001†
Never Studied	0 (0)	229 (5.9)	< 0.001*	229 (39.8)	< 0.001*	0 (0)	< 0.001*
Elementary School I	0 (0)	0 (0)		0 (0)		0 (0)
Elementary School II	0 (0)	0 (0)		0 (0)		0 (0)
High School	3,887 (73.2)	619 (15.8)		346 (60.2)		855 (43.9)
Higher Education	1,429 (26.8)	3,032 (78.1)		0 (0)		1,094 (56.1)
Postgraduate Studies Lato and Stricto Sensu	0 (0)	0 (0)		0 (0)		0 (0)

Variables	Excess weight (n=9,195)			Hypertension (n=575)		Diabetes (n=1,949)
Variables	Overweight n=5,316 (%)	Obesity n=3,879 (%)	p-value	n= 575 (%)	p-value	n= 1,949 (%)	p-value
Bean Consumption (≥ 5 Times a Week)		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
No	4,355 (81.9)	1,878 (48.4)		575 (100)		901 (46.2)
Yes	961 (18.1)	2,001 (51.6)		0 (0)		1048 (53.8)
Vegetable Consumption (≥ 5 Times a Week)		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
No	4,087 (76.9)	3,879 (100)		575 (100)		1949 (100)
Yes	1,229 (23.1)	0 (0)		0 (0)		0 (0)
Raw Vegetable Consumption (≥ 5 Times a Week)		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
No	4,404 (82.8)	2,387 (61.5)		575 (100)		1410 (72.3)
Yes	912 (17.2)	1,492 (38.5)		0 (0)		539 (27.7)
Fruit Juice Consumption (≥ 5 Times a Week)		<0.001*		0.083*		<0.001*
No	4,072 (76.6)	2,837 (73.1)		229 (39.8)		1094 (56.1)
Yes	1,244 (23.4)	1,042 (26.9)		346 (60.2)		855 (43.9)
Fruit Consumption (≥ 5 Times a Week)		<0.001*		0.006*		<0.001*
No	3,580 (67.3)	1,878 (48.4)		229 (39.8)		0 (0)
Yes	1,736 (32.7)	2,001 (51.6)		346 (60.2)		1,949 (100)
Soda Consumption		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
1 to 3 glasses/cans per day	3,541 (66.6)	1,271 (32.8)		229 (39.8)		509 (26.1)
More than 4 glasses/cans per day	1,775 (33.4)	2,608 (67.2)		346 (60.2)		1,440 (73.9)

Variables	Excess weight (n=9,195)			Hypertension (n=575)		Diabetes (n=1,949)
Variables	Overweight n=5,316 (%)	Obesity n=3,879 (%)	p-value	n= 575 (%)	p-value	n= 1,949 (%)	p-value
Physical activity in the last 3 months		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
No	3,515 (66.1)	3,459 (89.2)		229 (39.8)		1603 (82.2)
Yes	1,801 (33.9)	420 (10.8)		346 (60.2)		346 (17.8)
Weekly exercise practice		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
1 to 2 days	898 (49.9)	0 (0)		0 (0)		0 (0)
3 to 4 days	259 (14.4)	420 (100)		0 (0)		0 (0)
5 to 6 days	644 (35.8)	0 (0)		346 (100)		346 (100)
Exercise Duration		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
30 to 39 minutes	763 (42.4)	0 (0%		0 (0)		0 (0)
40 to 49 minutes	0 (0)	420 (100)		0 (0)		0 (0)
60 minutes or more	1038 (57.6)	0 (0)		346 (100)		346 (100)
Housecleaning		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
Other person	999 (18.8)	339 (8.7)		575 (100)		346 (17.8)
Yes	4,317 (81.2)	3,540 (91.3)		0 (0)		1,603 (82.2)
Cleaning Hours Median (IQR)	8 (2)	1 (4)	<0.001†	0	-	8 (5)	<0.001†
Time usually spent watching television		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
1 to 3 hours	2,606 (49.0)	1,298 (33.5)		229 (39.8)		539 (27.7)
More than 3 hours	2,710 (51.0)	2,581 (66.5)		346 (60.2)		1,410 (72.3)
Does not watch television	0 (0)	0 (0)		0 (0)		0 (0)
Use of computer, tablet or cell phone to social media such as Facebook, to watch movies or to play games		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
No	220 (4.1)	768 (19.8)		229 (39.8)		539 (27.7)
Yes	5,096 (95.9)	3,111 (80.2)		346 (60.2)		1,410 (72.3)
Time spent using a computer, tablet or cell phone to participate in social media such as Facebook, to watch movies or to distract with games		<0.001*		<0.001*		<0.001*
1 to 3 hours	2,538 (47.7)	1,959 (50.5)		0 (0)		555 (28.5)
More than 6 hours	2,558 (48.1)	1,152 (29.7)		346 (60.2)		855 (43.9)
Does not use	220 (4.1)	768 (19.8)		229 (39.8)		539 (27.7)

Variables	Excess weight		Hypertension		Diabetes
Variables	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Age (years)	0.63 (0.61 - 0.64)	<0.001	-	-	1.49 (1.44 - 1.54)	<0.001
Education	-	-	0.92 (0.91 - 0.94)	<0.001	1.37 (1.30 - 1.45)	<0.001
Drinks more than 4 glasses/cans of soda per day	-	-	-	-	2.36 (1.92 - 2.89)	<0.001
Time spent watching television between 1 and 3 hours	1.76 (0.39 - 3.06)	>0.05	7.54 (2.39 - 9.58)	>0.05	-	-
Time spent watching television more than 3 hours	2.24 (1.01 - 3.81)	>0.05	1.29 (1.21 - 4.26)	>0.05	-	-
Use of computer, tablet or cell phone to participate in social media such as Facebook, to watch movies or to distract with games between 1 and 3 hours	4.22 (3.48 - 5.14)	<0.001	-	-	-	-
Use of computer, tablet or cell phone to participate in social media such as Facebook, to watch movies or to distract with games more than 6 hours	0.02 (0.01 - 0.03)	<0.001	1.42 (1.24 - 1.63)	<0.001	-	-

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[TFN1] Source: Prepared by the authors based on the Vigitel 2021 questionnaire.