Measure nicotine dependence by the fagerström test for nicotine dependence

WEBER, Caroline Francieli; HATSCHBACH, Patrícia; PITHAN, Sílvia Ataide; DULLIUS, Angela Isabel dos Santos

doi:10.1590/1981-863720170002000043223

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ORIGINAL • Rev Gaúch. Odontol. 65 (03) • Jul-Sep 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720170002000043223 linkcopy

Measure nicotine dependence by the fagerström test for nicotine dependence

Grau de dependência nicotínica por meio do teste de fagerström para dependência de nicotina

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective To assess the level of nicotine dependence of smokers in a university dental clinic in southern Brazil using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and identify those who would like to quit smoking.

Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out with 93 Dental School patients, who underwent a face-to-face interview with four researchers. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 5%.

Results The mean age of the smokers was 47.90 and most had had up to eight years of schooling, and had a family income of less than 1,000 Brazilian Reais. The degree of nicotine dependence was classified, by the mean, 4.45 ± 2.53 points (±SD). There was a significant correlation between nicotine dependence and the number of cigarettes smoked per day.

Conclusion The 1% sodium hypochlorite solution caused least damage to the denture structure, not leading to decrease of the superficial microhardness.

Indexing terms:
Smoking; Smoking cessation; Tobacco

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[TFN1] Note: *The total for each variable differs due to the existence of incomplete data.

Variables	n (%)	Total*
Schooling Incomplete elementary education (age 15) Completed elementary education (age 15) Completed high school Completed higher education	46 (52.9%) 18 (20.7%) 20 (2.0%) 3 (3.4%)	87
Occupation Services personnel Retired Farmers Blue-collar workers, etc. Technicians Administrative personnel Public administration personnel Students	56 (65.9%) 11 (12.9%) 7 (8.2%) 3 (3.5%) 3 (3.5%) 2 (2.4%) 1 (1.2%) 2 (2.4%)	85
Monthly income (Brazilian Reais) Less than R$ 500 Between R$ 500 and R$ 1,000 Between R$ 1.001 and R$ 2,000 Between R$ 2,001 and R$ 3,000 Over R$ 3,000	4 (4.6%) 51 (58.6%) 23 (26.4%) 6 (6.9%) 3 (3.4%)	87

Variables	n (%)	Total
After waking up, how long is it before you smoke your first cigarette? Less than 5 minutes Between 6 and 30 minutes Between 31 and 60 minutes After 60 minutes	34 (36.6%) 24 (25.8%) 14 (15.1%) 21 (22.6%)	93
Do you find it difficult not to smoke in areas where smoking is prohibited? Yes No	32 (34.4%) 61 (65.6%)	93
Which cigarette would you most hate to give up? The first of the day Others	60 (64.5%) 33 (35.5%)	93
How many cigarettes a day do you smoke? 10 or less 11 to 20 21 to 30 31 or more	34 (36.6%) 42 (45.2%) 13 (14.0%) 4 (4.3%)	93
Do you smoke more in the morning than the rest of the day? Yes No	47 (50.5%) 46 (49.5%)	93
Do you smoke even when you are so ill that you are confined to bed for the majority of the time? Yes No	33 (35.5%) 60 (64.5%)	93
Nicotine dependence points Mean ±SD	4.45 ± 2.53	93

Level of dependence	Females	Males	Total
Very low	15 (65.2%)	8 (34.8%)	23 (24.7%)
Low	13 (52.0%)	12 (48.0%)	25 (26.9%)
Medium	3 (27.3%)	8 (72.7%)	11 (11.8%)
High	10 (45.5%)	12 (54.5%)	22 (23.7%)
Very high	8 (66.7%)	4 (33.3%)	12 (12.9%)
Total	49 (52.7%)	44 (47.3%)	93 (100.0%)

Variables	Dependence ≥ six	Dependence < six	p
Number of cigarettes Up to 20 More than 20	11 (14.5%) 10 (58.8%)	65 (85.5%) 7 (41.2%)	0.0118
Time before smoking first cigarette Up to 30 minutes More than 30 minutes	21 (36.2%) 0 (0%)	37 (63.8%) 35 (100%)	0.2782
Do you smoke more in the morning? Yes No	16 (34.0%) 5 (10.9%)	31 (66.0%) 41 (89.1%)	0.0075

Variables	n (%)	Total^*
Length of time smoking (in years) Mean ± SD Less than 15 years More than 15 years	26.90 ±14.13 24 (22%) 68 (78%)	92
Age when habit began Mean ± SD Minimum Maximum Median	20.43 ± 8.78 10 50 18	86
How many cigarettes a day do you smoke? Less than or equal to 20 More than 20 Mean ± SD	83 (89.4%) 10 (10.6%) 15.49 ± 8.46	93
Have you already tried to stop? Yes No	76 (82.6%) 16 (17.4%)	92
If so, how long did you go without smoking? Mean ± SEM‡ 1 day 2 to 7 days 8 to 30 days 31 to 90 days More than 90 days	163.84 ± 58.87 10 (14.1%) 23 (32.4%) 13 (18.3%) 9 (12.7%) 16 (22.5%)	71
Would you like to stop smoking? Yes No	83 (95.4%) 4 (4.6%)	87
Do you think that some oral health problem may be related to smoking? Yes No	84 (96.6%) 3 (3.4%)	87
Do you believe that giving up smoking can benefit an individual’s oral health? Yes No	85 (97.7%) 2 (2.3%)	87
Do you think that dentists should provide guidance to patients who smoke on the damage caused by cigarettes? Yes No	86 (98.7%) 1 (1.1%)	87
Have you received any guidance from dental surgeons about the harmful effects of tobacco? Yes No	57 (65.5%) 30 (34.5%)	87
Are you aware of support groups in the city of Santa Maria for helping with giving up smoking? Yes No	21 (24.1%) 66 (75.9%)	87
Do you agree with the Law that prohibits smoking in all enclosed environments, including bars and restaurants? Yes No	86 (98.9%) 1 (1.1%)	87