2000 |
Barcellos and Sabroza33
|
Brazil |
Socio-environmental determinants of the leptospirosis outbreak of 1996 in western Rio de Janeiro: a geographical approach. |
International Journal of Environmental Health Research. |
MapInfo and SPSS |
Statistical analysis to verify the correlation and significance by using the Pearson’s coefficient and ANOVA, respectively. Spatial operations of variables distribution were performed with thematic maps entered in MapInfo. |
2001 |
Barcellos and Sabroza17
|
Brazil |
The place behind the case: leptospirosis risks and associated environmental conditions in a flood-related outbreak in Rio de Janeiro. |
Cadernos de Saude Publica. |
MapInfo. |
Significance analysis using Poisson and map of risk. |
2004 |
Tassinari et al.38
|
Brazil |
Distribuição espacial da leptospirose no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ao longo dos anos de 1996-1999. |
Cadernos de Saude Publica. |
TerraView, “R”. |
Kernel ratio. |
2007 |
Littnan et al.39
|
USA (Hawai) |
Survey for selected pathogens and evaluation of disease risk factors for endangered Hawaian Monk Seals in the main Hawaian Islands. |
EcoHealth. |
ArcGIS. |
Kernel density |
2007 |
Ghneim et al.14
|
USA |
Use of a case-control study and geographic information systems to determine environmental and demographic risk factors for canine leptospirosis. |
EDP Sciences, Veterinary Research. |
EGRET, ArcGIS and JMP. |
Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models. |
2008 |
Reis et al.5
|
Brazil |
Impact of environment and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums. |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. |
ArcView, EpiInfo, “R”. |
Chi-square correlation and Wilcoxon tests. Kernel density analysis and Spearman’s correlation coefficient. |
2008 |
Norman et al.40
|
USA |
Risk factors for an outbreak of leptospirosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in California, 2004. |
Journal of Wildlife Diseases. |
ArcGIS, STATA. |
Regression model and thematic maps. |
2008 |
Lerdthusnee et al.41
|
Thailand |
Surveys of rodent-borne disease in Thailand with a focus on scrub typhus assessment. |
Integrative Zoology. |
ArcGIS. |
Kernel density. |
2010 |
Soares et al.6
|
Brazil |
Spatial and seasonal analysis of leptospirosis in the city of São Paulo, SP, 1998 to 2006 |
Revista de Saude Publica. |
ArcGIS, MapInfo |
Global and local Moran indices and the Spearman’s correlation coefficient. |
2011 |
Raghavan et al.15
|
USA |
Evaluations of land cover risk factors for canine leptospirosis: 94 cases (2002-2009). |
Preventive Veterinary Medicine. |
ArcMap, Google Earth, “R” |
Logistic regression model and distribution map. |
2011 |
Melo et al.42
|
Brazil |
Espacialização da leptospirose em Aracaju, Estado de Sergipe, no período de 2001 a 2007. |
Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. |
TerraView. |
Kernel density. |
2012 |
Bier et al.43
|
Brazil |
Spatial distribution of seropositive dogs to Leptospira spp. and evaluation of leptospirosis risk factors using a decision tree. |
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. |
ArcView. |
Matrix and decision tree. |
2012 |
Raghavan et al.44
|
USA |
Evaluations of hydrologic risk factors for canine leptospirosis: 94 cases (2002-2009). |
Preventive Veterinary Medicine. |
ArcGis |
Logistic regression model and map of distribution of cases. |
2012 |
Roug et al.45
|
USA |
Serosurveillance for livestock pathogens in free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). |
PLOS One. |
STATA and ArcMap |
Logistic regression model and thematic map. |
2012 |
Raghavan et al.31
|
USA |
Neighborhood -level socioeconomic and urban land use risk factors of canine leptospirosis: 94 cases (2002-2009). |
Preventive Veterinary Medicine. |
ArcMap, TIGER, SAS and “R”. |
Logistic regression model and spatial autocorrelation by geoR. |
2012 |
Lau et al.43
|
Samoa |
Leptospirosis in American Samoa - estimating and mapping risk using environmental data. |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. |
ArcMap, SaTScan, STATA, “R”. |
Logistic regression model. Kulldorff’s scan statistic and SaTScan were used to identify clusters. Construction of thematic map. |
2012 |
Lau et al.46
|
Samoa |
Emergence of new leptospiral serovars American Samoa - ascertainment or ecological change? |
BMC Infectious Diseases. |
ArcMap, STATA. |
Logistic regression model and thematic map. |
2012 |
Fonzar and Langoni47
|
Brazil |
Geographic analysis on the occurrence of human and canine leptospirosis in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil. |
Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. |
ArcView. |
Risk areas were determined by the construction of thematic maps. |
2012 |
Schneider et al.48
|
Nicaragua |
Leptospirosis outbreak in Nicaragua: identifying critical areas and exploring drivers for evidence-based planning. |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. |
ArcGIS, SAS. |
Logistic regression model and thematic map. |
2012 |
Chen et al.49
|
Taiwan |
Effects of extreme precipitation to the distribution of infectious diseases in Taiwan, 1994-2008. |
PLOS One |
ArcGIS. |
Geospatial Kriging method. |
2013 |
Raghavan et al.50
|
USA |
Spatial scale effects in environmental risk-factor modelling for diseases. |
Geospatial Health. |
ArcSDE , ArcMap, “R”. |
Construction of buffers by NLCD |
2013 |
Himsworth et al.13
|
Canada |
Ecology of Leptospira interrogans in Norway rats (Rattus novergicus) in an Inner-city neighborhood of Vancouver, Canada. |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. |
“R”, ArcGIS and SaTScan. |
Logistic regression model. Identification of clusters by SaTScan. |
2014 |
Himsworth et al.51
|
Canada |
The characteristics of wild rat (Rattus spp.) populations from an Inner-city neighborhood with a focus on factors critical to the understanding of rat-associated zoonoses. |
PLOS One. |
ArcGIS and “R”. |
Logistic regression model and map of distribution. |
2014 |
Felzemburgh et al.52
|
Brazil |
Prospective study of leptospirosis transmission in an urban slum community: role of poor environment in repeated exposures to the Leptospira agent. |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. |
ArcView |
Logistic regression model and thematic map. |
2014 |
Oliveira Filho et al.53
|
Brazil |
Spatial characterization of Leptospira spp. Infection in equids from the Brejo Paraibano micro-region in Brazil. |
Geospatial Health |
TerraView |
Spatial statistical analysis with application of Kernel density. |
2014 |
Gracie et al.54
|
Brazil |
Geographical scale effects on the analysis of leptospirosis determinants. |
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. |
ArcGIS, SPSS and ArcInfo. |
Moran’s index to test autocorrelation between data. |
2014 |
Costa et al.55
|
Brazil |
Influence of household rat infestation on Leptospira transmission in the urban slum environment. |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. |
ArcGIS and Epi-Info. |
Logistic regression model and spatial analysis by ArcGIS. |
2014 |
Vega-Corredor and Opadeyi56
|
Trinidad and Tobago |
Hydrology and public health: linking human leptospirosis and local hydrological dynamics in Trinidad, West Indies. |
Earth Perspectives. |
ArcGIS. |
Kernel density. |
2015 |
Suwanpakdee et al.32
|
Thailand |
Spatio-temporal patterns of leptospirosis in Thailand: is flooding a risk factor? |
Epidemiology & Infection. |
ArcGIS and Stata. |
Logistic regression model and spatial analysis using ArcGIS. |
2015 |
Lau et al.57
|
Australia |
The emergency of Leptospirosa borgpetersenii serovar Arborea in Queensland, Australia, 2001 to 2013. |
BMC Infectious Diseases. |
ArcMap and Stata. |
Logistic regression model and map of incidence of cases. |
2015 |
Dutra et al.58
|
Brazil |
A influência da variabilidade da precipitação no padrão de distribuição dos casos de leptospirose em Minas Gerais, no período de 1998-2012. |
Revista Brasileira de Geografia Medica e da Saude |
ArcGIS. |
Spatialization of cases by ArcGIS. |
2015 |
Sánches-Montes et al.59
|
Mexico |
Leptospirosis in Mexico: epidemiology and potential distribution of human cases. |
PLOS One. |
QGIS, GARP and SPSS. |
Creation of potential distribution model by GARP and map of distribution of cases. |
2015 |
Nia et al.60
|
Iran |
Spatial and statistical analysis of Leptospirosis in Guilan Province, Iran. |
Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. |
ArcGIS, |
Use of Moran technique to identify clusters and spatial autocorrelation. |
2015 |
García-Ramirez et al.61
|
Colombia |
Geographical and occupational aspects of Leptospirosis in the Coffee-Triangle region of Colombia, 2007-2011. |
Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery. |
Kosmo |
Construction of regional and epidemiological map with rate of annual incidence of cases. |
2016 |
Gonçalves et al.34
|
Brazil |
Distribuição espaço-temporal da leptospirose e fatores de risco em Belém, Pará, Brasil |
Ciencia & Saude Coletiva. |
TerraView, EpiInfo and Biostat. |
Moran’s estimation technique to measure spatial autocorrelation. |
2016 |
Hagan et al.62
|
Brazil |
Spatiotemporal determinants of urban leptospirosis transmission: four-year prospective cohort study of slum residents in Brazil. |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. |
ArcGIS. |
Construction of choropleth map of risk distribution. |
2016 |
Lau et al.63
|
Fiji |
Human leptospirosis infection in Fiji: an ecoepidemiological approach to identifying risk factors and environmental drivers for transmission. |
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. |
ArcGIS and STATA |
Production of risk map through analysis of risk factors by regression model. |
2016 |
Zhao et al.64
|
China |
Mapping risk of leptospirosis in China using environmental and socioeconomic data. |
BMC Infectious Diseases. |
ArcGIS and “R”. |
Identification of risk areas by ecological niche model. |
2017 |
Cook et al.65
|
Kenya |
Risk factors for leptospirosis seropositivity in slaughterhouse workers in western Kenya. |
Occupational and Environmental Medicine. |
ArcGIS and “R”. |
Application of Kernel technique by R and Moran. |
2017 |
Chaiblich et al.66
|
Brazil |
Estudo espacial de riscos à leptospirose no município do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). |
Saude em Debate. |
ArcGIS |
Empirical Bayesian estimator and Kernel density. |