The importance of protecting surgical instrument tables from intraoperative contamination in clean surgeries 1

OBJECTIVE
to compare the degree of bacterial contamination of surgical instrument tables used in clean surgical procedures, either protected with plastic fields, sterilized with ethylene oxide, or disinfected with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine solutions. This is a randomized clinical trial in which samples were collected from the surfaces of surgical instrument tables before and after each procedure. Microbiological analysis was performed to identify microorganisms and their respective antimicrobial resistance.


RESULTS
Bacterial growth in the surgeries using sterilized plastic was 5.71% before and 28.6% after surgery and, 2.9% and 45.7% respectively in surgeries using disinfection with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine solutions; no statistical difference was found between the methods.


CONCLUSION
both methods present similar protection, however, 70% alcohol and 1% iodine do not generate solid waste.


Introduction
The control of perioperative contamination has been a mandatory measure to prevent surgical site infection (SSI) (1) .Such control consists of preventive measures usually adopted in critical units, such as: cleaning floors, walls and equipment; controlling the access and traffic of people, movement of doors; controlling the ventilation system with positive pressure; and the use of appropriate attire by the surgical team (2) .
SSIs are infections that occur in surgical incisions, affecting tissues, organs and cavities manipulated during surgery and may be diagnosed up to 30 days after a procedure.In most hospitals, SSIs are the first or second most frequent sites of infection, sometimes surpassed only by urinary tract infections (3) .
Another factor that directly affects SSI rates is the surgery's potential for contamination, that is, the surgery's degree of microbial contamination (4) described as: (1) clean surgeries -those with no infection or inflammatory process in the surgical site and no opening of the respiratory, digestive, or genitourinary tracts; (2)   clean-contaminated surgeries -surgeries in which the respiratory, digestive, or genitourinary tracts are opened under controlled conditions, without gross spillage; There are, however, various factors that can contribute to SSI pathogenesis.Among them are those related to microorganisms such as virulence and microbial load, and the presence of diseases such as obesity, hypertension, immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus, the use of corticoids, and extreme age groups.
In regard to the preoperative and intraoperative periods, the factors include: prolonged preoperative wait, surgical technique, tissue oxygenation, hemodynamic conditions, duration of procedure, length of hospitalization, shaving before surgery, the presence of devitalized tissue, and whether antimicrobial agents were used prior to the surgery (3) .
Another factor to consider in relation to SSI is that studies report that antimicrobial prophylaxis is more efficient when it is initiated in the preoperative period and maintained during the intraoperative period, seeking to keep therapeutic blood levels during the entire procedure.Antimicrobial agents should be administered intravenously in most procedures, from 30 minutes to one hour, in induction of anesthesia before surgery.A single dose is the standard prophylaxis, though it depends on the antimicrobial agent used and the duration of the surgical procedure (5) .
Due to the influence of specialized literature, the use of sterilized plastic fields, placed under tissue fields on surgical instrument tables, has been, for many years, a standard procedure used in various surgeries performed in general hospitals and hospitals of high complexity.
A previous study addressing this subject, though unpublished, reports no statistical difference between the two methods: disinfection with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine and sterilized plastic fields (6) .
Since there are no studies in the medical literature addressing the use of plastic fields to protect surgical instrument tables, examining whether there is a real Rev. Latino-Am.Enfermagem 2013 Jan.-Feb.;21(1):426-32.
-Surgical staff's table: used by the surgical staff during the procedure; -Control table: remained exposed during, surgery but was not used by the surgical staff.
A random drawing determined the method of protection used for both surgical instrument tables (surgical staff's table and control table): -Surgical instruments were placed on a table covered by a plastic field sterilized with ethylene oxide, itself placed under sterilized tissue field, or: -Surgical instruments were placed on a table disinfected by 70% alcohol and 1% iodine and covered with a sterilized tissue field.In this method, one coating of solution was used, wiped on with a uniform rectilinear motion.
The authors themselves collected the material, together with two undergraduate assistant researchers, previously trained and accompanied by the researchers.
The patients participating in the study and their medical files were searched to check for surgical aspects and how their conditions progressed, both in the hospital and in ambulatory postoperative periods up to 30 days after the procedure.Representative colonies observed in the Rodac plates with TSA were identified concerning their morphology and staining characteristics after preparing the smears.
Since only Gran-positive cocci were isolated, tests were used to characterize the microorganisms: oxidationfermentation, catalase and coagulase, through classical techniques (7) .The sample Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was used as the control for the microbiological tests.
The susceptibility of cultures, characterized as the gender Staphylococcus, to antimicrobial classes was assessed "in vitro" using the gel diffusion test (8) .The following antimicrobial discs with registered trademarks were used: Cefoxitin (30 mg), Clindamycin (2 mg), Erythromycin (15 mg), Gentamicin (10 mg) and Rifampin

Results
A total of 70 clean elective surgeries were monitored from November 2010 to November 2011.Plastic fields sterilized with ethylene oxide were used in 35 surgeries while disinfection with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine solutions were used on the remaining tables.A second surgical instrument table was assembled in all the surgeries but was not used by the medical staff.
The analysis concerning the number of positive tests for the surgical instrument tables in which plastic fields sterilized with ethylene oxide was used (5.71% before and 28.6% after surgery) compared to disinfection with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine solutions (2.9% before and 45.7% after surgery) showed no statistically significant differences (Table 1).Amaral AM, Diogo Filho A, Sousa MMA, Barbosa PA, Gontijo Filho PP.
The comparison between the number of colonies on the surgical instrument tables in relation to both protection procedures (70% alcohol and 1% iodine versus plastic fields previously sterilized with ethylene oxide), before and after the surgery, did not show statistical differences (p>0.05)(Table 2).as Staphylococcus aureus (Table 3).Although, many of the samples of coagulase-negative staphylococci were resistant to the following: oxacillin, rifampin, clindamycin and erythromycin (Table 4).

Discussion
The analysis of surgical instrument tables that tested positive for microbiological presence, before and after surgery, with the use of both methods, showed no statistical differences.The presence of positive tests before the surgery, however, was not expected, especially on surfaces covered with sterilized plastic fields, since a company with a warranty certificate sterilizes this material.Hence, microorganisms were already present before surgery was initiated.
When we compared the total number of microorganisms on the surfaces of surgical instrument tables, with data reported in the literature, that is, acceptable levels of Colony Forming Units (CFU) for surgery rooms with conventional air systems (200 CFU/ m 3 ) and for surgery rooms with ultra-clean air (50 CFU/ m 3 ) (9-12) , we realized that acceptable levels of CFUs were found in both methods.Again, no statistical difference was found.
Studies show that the main organisms present in the air of surgical rooms include Micrococcus sp and Staphylococcus spp, reflecting their presence in human microbiota.The Staphylococcus aureus is frequently isolated, especially in surgeries with a lower level of contamination (clean).Currently, the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus is the second most frequent causative agent of SSIs (13)(14) .Analysis of the microorganisms found on the surgical instrument tables, both those protected with plastic previously sterilized with ethylene oxide and those disinfected with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine, showed an absolute prevalence of Gram-Positive cocci, even though all types of microorganisms were surveyed.
The Micrococcus genus predominated and there were cases of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, which is in agreement with the literature.
One study investigating contamination among nursing workers reports a higher incidence of Staphylococcus aureus among nursing technicians and auxiliaries..
We assessed all these factors in this study and the statistical analysis showed no statistical differences, when both methods (plastic fields sterilized with ethylene oxide versus disinfection with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine) were compared, that indicated a higher or lower incidence of SSI in any of the methods.
Additionally, no statistical difference was found in regard to the occurrence of SSI in this study's patients, regardless of the method used.There was one case of SSI among the surgeries using sterilized plastic fields (2.86%) and no cases of SSI among the surgeries using 70% alcohol and 1% iodine.A rate of 1.43% SSI was observed among all 70 of the clean surgeries monitored, which is within the rate (2%) expected for clean surgeries (18) .
In addition to the factors previously discussed, the environmental impact caused by the disposal of plastic fields, which considerably increases the volume of hospital waste, should be taken into account.
Incineration has been used to treat plastic waste, but it is not a recommendable method due to the high cost of warming ovens and the pollution it produces by releasing toxic products (19) .

Conclusion
Since no statistical differences were found between the use of plastic fields previously sterilized with ethylene oxide and disinfection with 70% alcohol and 1% iodine, both methods are considered efficient in the protection of surgical instrument tables during clean surgeries.
Therefore, we encourage the use of 70% alcohol and 1% iodine to disinfect surgical instrument tables in all procedures performed in surgical facilities since this method is expected to cause a lesser environmental impact.
As limitations of this study, we mention the resistance of some professionals in relation to the collection of microbiological material, which limited the number of surgeries monitored and also prolonged the time spent in data collection.
The results of this investigation are relevant for the field of perioperative nursing because they support the choice and management of assembling and organizing a surgical room.The results also provide data concerning the contamination of surgical instrument tables, which can impact SSI indexes and directly affect patient safety and the risks to which patients are exposed due to the complexity of this hospital environment.

( 3 )
contaminated surgeries: include open traumatic wounds, less than six hours old, and surgeries with breaches of aseptic technique; and (4) dirty surgeries: include late (more than six hours old) open traumatic wounds, with devitalized tissue and preexisting clinical infection, or with perforation of hollow viscera.
need to use plastic fields during surgical procedures, stands out as subject worthy of study.Hence, we analyze the effectiveness of the routine use of plastic fields on surgical instrument tables in relation to the final outcome of SSIs, also considering the environmental impact of their disposal.Therefore, this study's general objective was to analyze the use of sterile plastic fields and the use of 70% alcohol and 1% iodine on surgical instrument tables, used during clean surgeries, to impede the intraoperative contamination of the surgical site.The specific objectives were: to identify microorganisms and determine the number of colonies on surgical instrument tables; to determine bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents used in hospitals; and to analyze the rate of SSIs among clean surgeries.Method This randomized experiment was conducted in the surgical center of a university tertiary hospital with 525 beds and an average of 1,524 surgical procedures from November 2010 to November 2011.Plastic fields, sterilized with ethylene oxide, are usually used on surgical instrument tables, placed under tissue fields, sterilized in an autoclave.A statistician established the number of surgeries (n=70 elective surgeries) required to achieve this study's objectives.Two surgical instrument tables were set during clean procedures to collect microbiological material.Surgical instruments were placed on both tables organized as follows: The study project was submitted to and approved by the Institutional Review Board (Process No. 124/2010).The patients included in the study received clarification regarding the study's objectives and data collection was initiated only after they consented and signed free and informed consent forms.Patients younger than 18 years old were not included in the study.Samples from the tables' surfaces were collected using aseptic techniques and sterile gloves at two different points in time: pre-surgery and post-surgery.Five Rodac (Replicated Organisms Detection and Counting) plates containing Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) were used to collect samples from the instrument tables through impression for 10 sec.

( 5
mg).The D-test was performed to detect inducible clindamycin resistance.Data were statistically analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 for Windows.Univariate analysis, with contingency tables (Fisher's Exact test), was used.P-values < 0.05 (level of significance at 5%) were considered statistically significant.

Table 1 -
Number of positive tests for the tables used by the surgical staff and the control tables in relation to methods of protection, either 70% alcohol and 1% iodine or plastic fields previously sterilized with ethylene oxide, before and after surgery.Uberlândia, MG, Brazil, 2010-2011

Table 2 -
Number of colonies on the surgical instrument tables according to protection procedures (70% alcohol and 1% iodine versus plastic fields previously sterilized with ethylene oxide) before and after surgery.Uberlândia, MG,

Table 3 -
Species/genera of bacteria most frequently found among the analyzed surfaces.Uberlândia, MG, Brazil, *Total number of Gram-positive cocciThe frequency of samples belonging to the phenotype Staphylococcus resistant to cefoxitin/oxacillin was 66.7%, while one of the samples, characterized as Staphylococcus aureus (50.0%), behaved as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA).This sample, however, did not behave like a multi-resistant strain, being susceptible to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides.

Table 4 -
Resistance profile of Staphylococcus samples.Uberlândia, MG, Brazil, 2010-2011 * Number of resistant microorganisms; † Total number of microorganismsWe also analyzed SSI risk factors that could interfere in our study.Using the classification provided by the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) in regard to associated comorbidities, we found that age, invasive procedures, duration of surgery, duration of antimicrobial use, and number of people in the surgery room, did not show statistical differences when the two methods were compared (Table5).www.eerp.usp.br/rlaeRev. Latino-Am.Enfermagem 2013 Jan.-Feb.;21(1):426-32.