BACKGROUND AND MANAGERIAL PRACTICE OF NURSES: PATHS FOR TRANSFORMING PRAXIS

Disponible en castellano/Disponível em língua portuguesa SciELO Brasil www.scielo.br/rlae 1 Paper extracted from Doctoral Dissertation; 2 Adjunct Professor, Alfenas Federal University, MG, Brazil, Doctoral student, e-mail: zeliamarildar@bol.com.br; 3 Associate Professor, e-mail: elaus@eerp.usp.br. University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Brazil. Artigo Original Rev Latino-am Enfermagem 2008 janeiro-fevereiro; 16(1):71-7 www.eerp.usp.br/rlae

The emphasis in the 21st century is in the transforming praxis that is characterized by indetermination and unpredictability, which enables men, as a conscious and social being, to face new needs and situations, and to produce something new from a reality or from preexisting elements, but, to that end there must be an intervention in conscious and in human action (2) .
To meet this challenge, Nursing must take a transforming theoretical-pedagogical reference that supports a significant learning, and that is suitable to the imposed social and professional demand.To that end, it is necessary to work with a different Pedagogy, that considers each learner with their potential and difficulties, and that aims at building senses, thus opening ways for transformation rather than the uncritical reproduction of social reality.To form this reference, contributions from all levels of society are searched for, in the work in itself and also in Pedagogy, Philosophy, Economics, and Social Science (3) .
The reference for education is practice, which is ideal for work, not as something far away, but as something created in a team project among partners.
Thus, the importance of students being aware of reality, putting it into context, proposing different intervention plans and developing educational process for intervention meeting the social demands of every day life, is a cross sectional knowledge that is recovered in several moments (4) .
Managing knowledge is the o guide wire for nurses to search for professional development and to face challenges, not based on idealistic constructions made in the theoretical speech, but as a product of questioning, reflections, and studies performed every day, in the reality faced by the actors and partners in their praxis, represented here by the scholars of Nursing, professors and nurses of the member institutions (5) . The

METHODOLOGY
The choice for the investigative path in the approach of the empirical reality to reach the goals proposed in this study is the qualitative research.
The objectivity of the social phenomena regarding the subjectivity of meanings, attitudes, beliefs, and values are considered interdependent that is, the action and meaning interact.The research starts from the point of view of social actors, but it is not limited to them, encompassing relations that entail them and determine them.Likewise, the results of the investigations are unfinished and temporary, since there is no absolute truth, but historicity of social processes (object is historical), and the approximate character of qualitative approach (6) .
To that end, the theoretical reference we have adopted is based on the dialectic perspective, in which knowledge is a construction made as of other knowledge where apprehension, critic, and doubt are practice (6) .
The In the initial process to make individuals sensible, they were formally invited both by telephone, personally, and with an invitation letter.
At the same time, we present the research objectives, the importance of taking part in the study, assuring confidentiality, so as to decrease concern with future exposure.Meetings were scheduled regarding the day, time, and place, following ethical and legal aspects determined by Resolution 196/96, of the National Health Council (7) .
It is important to stress that not all individuals return, and show up at the days and times scheduled, according to the guests' consent, only those who accepted to take part in this scientific investigation, giving their written consent were included.Therefore, the present study had four (4)   intentional samples, that of nursing scholars, that of professors, that of nurses from hospitals, and that of basic health services.
Defining the sample is qualitative research is not based on numerical criteria to ensure its representativeness.It is validated by making social individuals closer to the problem that will be investigated.Thus, with the sample gathered in this study, the object can be designed, and reflected in its several dimensions (8) .
In this investigation, we have opted for the The aim of the focal group is to bring about both the cognitive aspects (opinions, influences, and ideas) and the interaction aspects (conflicts, leadership, and alliances) and the experiences of social individuals of the reference group (6) .
Four meetings were held (4), in 1 of them there were the nurse scholars, in another 2 meetings there were the service nurses, one with hospital nurses and the other with those from collective health, and there was 1 meeting with professors.
Data analysis is based on the dialectic perspective, in agreement with the theoreticalmethodological reference of this investigation, which enables to study empirical data with its peculiarities, keeping in mind the historical and social context in which they are inserted.Content analysis technique is used, which tries to extract clear and latent meaning from the qualitative material collected in the discourse of individuals (6) , supported by two great bases.
Regarding education two analytical categories were identified: building the dimension of management knowledge, including the theory and practice relationship, the strategies for learning and teaching, and the competences of subjects in this process.And, also, the Pedagogical Process of the Subject according to the Curricular Guidelines encompassing the profile of professionals: the demanded profile and that which is possible, and the partnerships of the learning institutions and the services.
In the theme of work, the empirical category entails the organization of the work process in health and in Nursing, and it is divided into the management work of nurses and the institutional management policies.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The flow of information collected gave an idea of the setting of management practices where the In the theme education, the building of dimensions of the management knowledge is assessed concerning the theoretical and practice relation, the teaching-learning strategies, and the individuals who are part of this process; whose knowledge should be geared towards the social commitment of the university, before the problems of the contemporary world (9) .And, in this theme, it is considered in the Pedagogical Project, the profile of professionals that are graduating and the partnerships between education and service.Regarding the theme work, the process of the management work of nurses and the management policies of the institutions involved are presented for analysis.
In the relation theory and practice, the statements of scholars and professors, reveal that teaching is geared to care with few opportunities for management, which are focused on bureaucratic activities, providing a distorted view of the supervising role of scholars.

Additionally, during discussions, statements
given by working nurses show several opportunities to develop care dimension in their governability space which they cannot perform fully, maybe because the model is focused on the work of professionals rather than on the client.To that end, Nursing has to be understood as a mean activity, that is, an instrument supporting care, and not an activity involving bureaucratic issues (5,10)   .
It is characterized in all groups of individuals the education according to expertise, breaking knowledge, which goes against the general education of the National Curriculum Guidelines (11) .And, also, both professors and nurses show the need to introduce strategies encouraging critical and reflexive thinking of students, questioning the practice, to which the role of professors as facilitator or the teaching-learning process is essential, linking theory and practice, where nurses share with both their needs and challenges.
In this empirical reality, in this partnership between teaching institutions and services, the individuals mentioned that, human resources, regarding giving dimension to professors and nurses, respectively, presents a demand with limited transformation.
However, if the proposal is integration between teaching and service, aiming at building partnerships to overcome the division of power, knowledge, and experiences so that those from health services and teaching institutions can be integrated, strategies can be built in the every day life to guide the path, making changes possible so that transformation can occur.
Thus, in this focus of analysis, we can make a parallel with scholars working with trainees, regarding the activities developed for their teachinglearning process that have to be integrated with the demand for services, whose planning need to count on the active participation of all subjects involved.
Building partnerships is a challenge, however, even in the most unfavorable contexts, in the most strict and conservative institutions, there is the possibility of building a dialog with other segments, building common goals, and to some extent, sharing decisions, knowledge and resources, which is enough to enable the possibility of new subjects that can change and are open to transformation (12) .
Even though Public Policies have the discourse of transformation, and subjects have had problems to meet it, both in education and practice, determined by the demands of the resisting Hegemonic Model of Health and Education, which is still present in the institutional policies of IFES, of the Municipal Health Secretariat and of the Hospital, regarding the activities developed in the trainee system, the proposal inserted is the strategy of reflexive practice (13) , where investigation is performed together with action-reflection-action of the every day situations together with the students and nurses of and scientific competences but also ethical political, communicative, to develop citizenship that is essential for the work of nurses facing the paradigms in care and the flexibility of management, considering it as an instrument for care dimension (14) .
Data demonstrated the importance given by individuals to group discussion, involving students, professors, and nurses of basic care services, and those from hospital, which are involved in processes of teaching-learning, care, and management, and then it is possible to continue the action-reflectionaction that is expected for education and practice in a transforming perspective linked between teaching and service, as well as redesigning the Pedagogical Project, according to the profile required by the National Curriculum Guidelines.
The statements of students, professors, and nurses, suggest that, in practices previous to Curricular Training, students should be allocated for a longer period and in smaller groups.And, also, that both professors and students must be aware of the demands of the service, which, in our opinion, is already enough to start encouraging interaction between student-professor-nurse during the development of the practice, and in the end of each stage, as presented by nurses and professors, a feedback is given, making the partnership schoolhealth service institution stronger.It has been confirmed that building management knowledge and the adjustment of management competences occur in a two way movement, going from practice to training programs and being consolidated by the every day life due to the unpredictability of the teaching and service relationship that shape the way for transforming practice.
Human development, and thus, the movement for transformation do not depend only on the will of individuals.It is built in a continuous interaction between individuals and the society creating the need for developing competences of the dimension between knowing how to be and knowing how to live (15) .In turn, the development of citizenship, occurs at the same time as a qualification of the human condition in itself, that is made concrete by the game of civil, political, and social rights that demands effective sharing of goods, social assets and subjectivity that can be achieved through partnerships that form the dimensions of knowledge geared to life as a permanent building process (12) .
Scholars value the participation of nurses in the service to supervise training activities, and they suggest they are following up nurses in the management work of the daily routine.However, this strategy is pointed out by nurses of hospital as limiting due to issue of control of COREN (Regional Nurse Council).
To go further in this discussion it is important to base the legal aspect of service nurses to supervise  (16) .There is the question whether this measure helps or hinders the education of nurses, that should be geared to a greater teaching/service integration, to partnerships, and to the construction of the management knowledge and insertion in the reality, with the everyday activity of professional situations, where education occur together with work.
We aim at meeting the article 7 of the it clear in a single paragraph that "to plan the activities and the process of supervising the students, by professors, the effective participation of service nurses must be ensured, where the mentioned training is developed" (11) .
In the perception of individuals, new paths can be built, both for teaching and service, in a transforming perspective, if the partnerships are strengthen, and the individuals in the intercessory spaces and times link education with work, committing themselves with making the difference, in a real and continuous exercise of citizenship.
Thus, building paths is to try to give a new meaning to "objectivity" and rethink "subjectivity" in actions, knowing that relations are not permeated by domain, but by living together and, in that, transformations occur in interaction and communion among individuals (17) , thus, it is essential for consolidation of SUS, health professionals, in this study, nurses rethink the process of management work to give a new meaning for education and practice.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
In this empirical setting, it is explicit the need Thus, the individuals of the present study were five (5) of the nine (9) nurses of the hospital, seven(7) of the eleven (11) nurses of the ambulatories with agreements, twelve(12) of the seventeen(17)   nurse professors, and eleven (11) nursing scholars of the forty (40) enrolled at the Curricular Training.
technique of focal group to collect the empirical material, because it has the possibility of expressing the subjectivity of the research individuals, demonstrating their experiences in the field studied, through verbal reports and group discussions, conducted from December 2004 to February 2005.
Background and managerial practice... Resck ZMR, Gomes ELR.Rev Latino-am Enfermagem 2008 janeiro-fevereiro; 16(1):71-7 www.eerp.usp.br/rlaelink between background and work, teaching and service, occurs, that is the link between the individuals of this investigation, professors, students and the working nurses.Identifying their demands, trying to overcome the limiting factors of a repetitive education and praxis, learning strategies and building ways for a transforming proposal, making adjustments of what is present and what is determined by the current Health, Education and Teaching Policies especially in this study, the teaching of Management, to conform and consolidate management competences to nurses, who are the object of the present investigation.With the overall objective of assessing the demands and expectations of the management practices with regards to the Pedagogical Project and the strategies involving professors, students, working nurses, that may or may not favor the transforming practice, some limitations, demands and strategies are presented from the education and practice of nurses regarding the construction and consolidation of management competences of the students.
Nursing students and giving them autonomy for this role, ensuring the legal aspects of linking an education institution with the health service as well as meeting the agreement and commitment term between scholars and service institution, the insurance plan, the trainee card enrolled at COREN, the Activity Plan of the student in the training field being clear about the examination system linked with the school, in locus guidelines by professors, presenting reports at the end of each stage to feed the teaching-service relationship, ensuring the commitment of the school for their education.Another essential aspect is to identify the management policy of the health institution, the Philosophy, the mission and its expectation regarding the teaching-service partnership, searching for connection between the parts involved, checked in locus by the Training Commission before the agreement is signed.However, according to the Resolution # 299/ 2005, in article 5, single paragraph, of the Federal Nursing Council "nurses cannot, while working in the institution where Curricular Training takes place, have at the same time the role assigned in the service and the role of supervising the training" for introducing planning among individuals involved in the education and practice, that in this study, are the scholars, professors, and nurses of basic health services and of hospitals linking teaching and service.The teaching/learning strategies must be geared to problems of the situations experienced in the every day work of the individuals involved, and it is possible that professionals being educated and those in the practice conform and consolidate management competences in a continuous process, where education is seen as permanent, built during life in work and social relations, among living in society.To that end, education and work must work simultaneously, rather than having education before work, aiming at following the requirements of the current Health and Education Policies and the Teaching of Nursing in itself where Management consolidates competences to nurses for the practice of management work where they perform the role of articulators, facilitators in the management of services and caregivers of clients.It is learned with individuals that the profile of professionals for the transformation of practice demands competences for symbolic manipulation, for the subjectivity of relations, to overcome excessive technological maneuver, in which the "subject" is prioritized, and, thus, students are the object of teaching-learning process, the client is the object of team work.However, service nurses try to adequate work with coexisting aid and management models however; it cannot reach transforming practice due to the resistance found in the organization of health services to the Hegemonic Neoliberal Model that supports the reiterative practice.In the 21st century, education and practice of nurses must pass through work processes of caring, management, education dimensions of scientific investigation, to take its role of articulator in the system, services and health care, in the view of integrality, teaching/service integration, meeting the demands of the population, building ways for operating at SUS.And, thus, in this study, professors must be tuned to this historical and social context, and they should meet their partners again to redesign the Pedagogical Project of the Course, making it suitable to the recommended pedagogical and assistance models.