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Alignment of ICNP® 2.0 Ontology and a proposed INCP® Brazilian Ontology1 1 Paper extracted from master's thesis "Comparative analysis between ICNP® 2.0 Ontology and CIPESC® Ontology", presented to Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

Abstracts

OBJECTIVE:

to align the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) Version 2.0 ontology and a proposed INCP® Brazilian Ontology.

METHOD:

document-based, exploratory and descriptive study, the empirical basis of which was provided by the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology and the INCP® Brazilian Ontology. The ontology alignment was performed using a computer tool with algorithms to identify correspondences between concepts, which were organized and analyzed according to their presence or absence, their names, and their sibling, parent, and child classes.

RESULTS:

there were 2,682 concepts present in the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology that were missing in the Brazilian Ontology; 717 concepts present in the Brazilian Ontology were missing in the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology; and there were 215 pairs of matching concepts.

CONCLUSION:

it is believed that the correspondences identified in this study might contribute to the interoperability between the representations of nursing practice elements in ICNP®, thus allowing the standardization of nursing records based on this classification system.

Nursing; Vocabulary; Controlled; Artificial Intelligence


OBJETIVO:

alinhar a Ontologia da CIPE®, versão 2.0, e a proposta de uma Ontologia Brasileira da CIPE®.

MÉTODO:

estudo documental, exploratório e descritivo, cujas bases empíricas foram: a Ontologia da CIPE® 2.0 e a Ontologia Brasileira da CIPE®. Para o alinhamento entre ambas foi aplicada uma ferramenta computacional, cujos algoritmos identificam correspondências entre conceitos, os quais foram organizados e analisados segundo: nomes, classes irmãs, pais, filhos e presença ou ausência.

RESULTADOS:

2.682 conceitos presentes na Ontologia CIPE® 2.0 e ausentes na Ontologia Brasileira; 717 conceitos presentes na Ontologia Brasileira e ausentes na Ontologia CIPE® 2.0 e 215 pares de conceitos correspondentes.

CONCLUSÃO:

acredita-se que as correspondências identificadas neste estudo possam contribuir para a interoperabilidade entre as representações dos elementos da prática de enfermagem pela CIPE®, viabilizando a padronização dos registros de enfermagem a partir dessa classificação.

Enfermagem; Vocabulário Controlado; Inteligência Artificial


OBJETIVO:

alinear la ontología de la Clasificación Internacional para la Práctica de Enfermería (CIPE®) Versión 2.0 y la propuesta de una Ontología Brasileña de la CIPE®.

MÉTODO:

estudio documental, exploratorio y descriptivo, cuyas bases empíricas fueron: la Ontología CIPE® 2.0 y la Ontología Brasileña de la CIPE®. Para el alineamiento entre ambas fue aplicada una herramienta computacional cuyos algoritmos identifican correspondencias entre conceptos, los cuales fueron organizados y analizados según: nombres, clases hermanas, padres, hijos y presencia o ausencia.

RESULTADOS:

se encontraron 2.682 conceptos presentes en la Ontología CIPE® 2.0 y ausentes en la Ontología Brasileña; 717 conceptos presentes en la Ontología Brasileña y ausentes en la Ontología CIPE® 2.0; y 215 pares de conceptos correspondientes.

CONCLUSIÓN:

se cree que las correspondencias identificadas en este estudio pueden contribuir para la interoperabilidad entre las representaciones de los elementos de la práctica de enfermería de la CIPE®, permitiendo la estandarización de los registros de enfermería a partir de esta Clasificación.

Enfermería; Vocabulario Controlado; Inteligencia Artificial


Introduction

The International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) consists of a formal terminology formulated by the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and has been included in the World Health Organization Family of International Classifications( 11. World Health Organization. Classifications -International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) [Internet]. 2012 [acesso 12 dez 2012]; Disponível em: http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/adaptations/icnp/en/index.html
http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/a...
). The structure of the terms and definitions of ICNP® seeks to provide a formal nursing terminology for the construction of nursing diagnoses, interventions, and results, thus contributing to the systematic documentation of health care( 22. Conselho Internacional de Enfermeiros. Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem - CIPE®. Versão 2.0. São Paulo: Algol; 2011. ). Eight versions of ICNP® were developed from 1996 to 2013; the latest one is known as Version 2013* * Available at: http://www.icn.ch/pillarsprograms/international-classification-for-nursing-practice-icnpr/ .

In 2005, to facilitate the management of the ICNP® concepts, the ICN began formulating the terminology versions using an ontology( 33. Conselho Internacional de Enfermeiros. Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem - CIPE®. Versão 1.0. São Paulo: Algol; 2007. ). In computer and information science, an ontology is a formal representation of knowledge( 44. Gruber TR. A translation approach to portable ontology specifications. Knowledge Acquisition. [Internet]. 1993 [acesso 13 dez 2012]; 5(2):199-220. Disponível em: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1042814383710083/1-s2.0-S1042814383710083-main.pdf?_tid=5838380c-234c-11e2-8a7f-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1351682337_d968a75211adca0edf138c2889263351
http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1042814383710083/...
) based on a formal specification of the worldview accepted by a given community( 55. Borst WN. Construction of engineering ontologies for knowledge sharing and reuse [Internet]. Enschede. Tese [Doutorado em Sistemas de Informação e do Conhecimento] - University of Twente; 1997. [acesso 13 dez 2012]; Disponível em: http://doc.utwente.nl/17864/1/t0000004.pdf
http://doc.utwente.nl/17864/1/t0000004.p...
). "Formal" means that the ontology should be machine readable( 66. Studer R, Benjamins VR, Fensel D. Knowledge engineering: principles and methods. Data & Knowledge Engineering.[Internet]. 1998 [acesso 13 dez 2013]; 161-97. Disponível em: http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~palwencha/ES/Knowledge%20engineering%20-%20Principles%20and%20methods.pdf
http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~palwencha/ES/K...
).

To contribute to the advancement of ICNP® and concomitantly represent the dimension, diversity, and broadness of nursing practices within the Brazilian Unified Health System, from 1996 to 2000, the Brazilian Nursing Association (Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem - ABEn) conducted and elaborated the International Classification of Nursing Practices in Collective Health (Classificação Internacional das Práticas de Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva - CIPESC) project, which resulted in the CIPESC® vocabulary inventory based on the ICNP® Beta version, released in 1999( 77. Garcia TR, Nóbrega MML. Inventário vocabular resultante do Projeto CIPESC CIE-ABEn. In: Garcia TR, Egry EY, organizadores. Integralidade da atenção no SUS e Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2010. p. 192-317. ).

To contribute to the adaptation of the abovementioned inventory to computer-based resources for knowledge representation, in 2007, researchers from the discussion group "Classification Systems for Nursing Practices and Ontologies" ("Sistemas Classificatórios para as Práticas de Enfermagem e Ontologias&") of the Graduate Program in Health Technology (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia em Saúde - PPGTS), Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - PUCPR), began constructing an ontology in Web Ontology Language (OWL)( 88. World Wide Web Consortium. OWL Web Ontology Language Reference [Internet]. 2004.[acesso 12 jan 2013]; Disponível em: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/...
). Initially designated the CIPESC® Ontology, it was based on attempts to adjust the CIPESC® inventory to the various versions of ICNP®( 99. Silva RR, Malucelli A, Cubas MR. Em direção à Ontologia CIPESC®. J Health Informatics. [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 14 jan 2013]; 1(1):22-6. Disponível em: http://www.jhi-sbis.saude.ws/ojs-jhi/index.php/jhi-sbis/article/view/89/74
http://www.jhi-sbis.saude.ws/ojs-jhi/ind...
) ** ** This study further consulted three studies from unpublished master dissertations, which complement the article cited as reference #9. . At the end of the study that resulted in the proposal of the partial development of the Ontology, the group in charge of it concluded that it described a context different from the context of the ABEn inventory, as it did not correspond to Nursing actions in Collective Health and included results of studies conducted at ICNP® Center - Brazil, Federal University of Paraíba (Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB). Therefore, although it was initially based on the inventory, the product was named the INCP® Brazilian Ontology.

ICN took notice of the present study and made ICNP® 2.0 in OWL available to the discussion group in 2011, which was renamed "ICNP® 2.0 Ontology" within the context of this study. In that version, the concepts are hierarchically organized into superclasses, classes, and subclasses.

As a function of the urgent need to establish a unified nursing language for the standardization of records, interoperability between the various representations of nursing practice elements is essential. Interoperability here denotes communication ability, i.e., the exchange of information on entities (concepts and their relations) between different terminologies( 1010. Bittner T, Donnelly M, Winter S. Ontology and semantic interoperability. [Internet]. In: Prosperi D, Zlatanova S, editor. Large-scale 3D data integration: challenges and opportunities. CRC Press (Tailor & Francis); 2005 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; p. 139-60. Disponível em: http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~md63/BittnerGeosemOnt.pdf
http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~md63/Bittne...
). Interoperability requires identifying correspondences between the entities in the targeted terminologies( 1111. Roos N, Wiesman F. Handling interoperability by learning ontology mappings [Internet]. Universiteit Maastricht; 2006 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; MICC technical report 06-01. Disponível em: http://www.personeel.unimaas.nl/roos/publications/Learning%20Ontology%20report.pdf
http://www.personeel.unimaas.nl/roos/pub...
).

As a function of the various representations of nursing practice elements in the different ICNP® versions and in the proposal for the representation of nursing terms elaborated in Brazil by means of an ontology, the identification of correspondences among all those representations is of paramount importance to enable information sharing and thus to contribute to the unification of the nursing language.

Ontology alignment is one of the techniques that allow the identification of equivalences between concepts and is the process of determining correspondences between entities in different ontologies by means of computer algorithms( 1212. Euzenat J. Semantic precision and recall for ontology alignment evaluation [Internet]. In: 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence; 2007 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; Hyderabad. p. 348-53. Disponível em: http://www.sciweavers.org/publications/semantic-precision-and-recall-ontology-alignment-evaluation ).

Given the above, the aim of this study was to align the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology with the proposed INCP® Brazilian Ontology.

Methods

This work was a document-based, exploratory, and descriptive study, the empirical basis of which was represented by the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology in English and the proposed INCP® Brazilian Ontology in the Brazilian Portuguese language. As human beings were not directly or indirectly involved as research subjects, the study was not submitted to review by a research ethics committee.

To perform the alignment, the investigated ontologies should be in the same language. Therefore, the INCP® Brazilian Ontology was translated from Brazilian Portuguese into English, as it included a small number of concepts than the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology.

As the two ontologies are meant to share the same conceptualization, albeit represented in different languages( 1313. Guarino N. Formal ontology and information systems [Internet]. In: First International Conference; 1998 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; Trento. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 1998. p. 3-15. Disponível em: http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/Papers/FOIS98.pdf
http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/Papers/FOIS98...
), only the concepts in INCP® Brazilian ontology that were also present in ICNP® Version 2.0 were considered for translation.

The process of translation of the INCP® Brazilian Ontology comprised the following steps: a) location of the Brazilian Ontology concepts in the ICNP® Version 2.0 browser in the Brazilian Portuguese language; b) identification of the concepts located in the ICNP® Version 2.0 browser in English based on their codes; and c) replacement of concepts in the Brazilian Ontology located in ICNP® Version 2.0 by concepts in English that were identical to the ones in the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology.

The ICNP® 2.0 Ontology and the INCP® Brazilian Ontology were aligned in an automated manner using the computer tool Protégé *** *** Free-access software available at: <http://protege.stanford.edu/download/registered.html> , the algorithms of which identify correspondences between concepts in ontologies according to their names (expressed in natural language), siblings (classes at the same hierarchical level), parents (superclasses), and children (subclasses), in addition to the concepts present in one ontology but absent from the other( 1414. Redmond T, Noy N. Computing the changes between ontologies [Internet]. In: Workshop on Knowledge Evolution and Ontology Dynamics; 2011 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; Bonn. Disponível em: http://bmir.stanford.edu/file_asset/index.php/1763/BMIR-2011-1474.pdf
http://bmir.stanford.edu/file_asset/inde...
).

Results

During the translation of the concepts in the INCP® Brazilian Ontology into English, a total of 212 pairs of concepts identical to the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology were found, of which 207 were translated and five did not require translation, as the words were the same in Portuguese and English, to wit, "Normal", "Total", "Regime", "Material", and "Spray".

The results of the ontology alignment were as follows: 2,682 concepts present in the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology were missing in the Brazilian Ontology; 717 concepts present in the Brazilian Ontology were missing in the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology; and 215 pairs of matching concepts, of which 212 exhibited matching names, two exhibited matching siblings (Wound Pain / Wound-related Pain and Potential / Potential for Increase), and one exhibited matching parents and similar names (Non Normal / Abnormal).

Discussion

The greater number of concepts present in the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology but missing in the Brazilian Ontology of INCP® compared to the number of concepts present in the latter and missing in the former is because the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology represents all the terms in ICNP® Version 2.0( 22. Conselho Internacional de Enfermeiros. Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem - CIPE®. Versão 2.0. São Paulo: Algol; 2011. ), while the ICNP® Brazilian Ontology corresponds to a proposed ontology that is still under construction( 99. Silva RR, Malucelli A, Cubas MR. Em direção à Ontologia CIPESC®. J Health Informatics. [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 14 jan 2013]; 1(1):22-6. Disponível em: http://www.jhi-sbis.saude.ws/ojs-jhi/index.php/jhi-sbis/article/view/89/74
http://www.jhi-sbis.saude.ws/ojs-jhi/ind...
).

The 212 pairs of concepts that exhibited matching names were the 212 pairs of identical concepts in the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology and the INCP® Brazilian Ontology found during the translation phase.

However, the fact that concepts exhibit identical names does not necessarily imply that their meanings are also the same( 1414. Redmond T, Noy N. Computing the changes between ontologies [Internet]. In: Workshop on Knowledge Evolution and Ontology Dynamics; 2011 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; Bonn. Disponível em: http://bmir.stanford.edu/file_asset/index.php/1763/BMIR-2011-1474.pdf
http://bmir.stanford.edu/file_asset/inde...
). Indeed, the analysis of the definitions of the 212 pairs of aligned concepts showed that they differed in 130 cases.

Most of the definitions of concepts in the proposed INCP® Brazilian Ontology are compatible with the corresponding definitions in ICNP® Version 1.0( 99. Silva RR, Malucelli A, Cubas MR. Em direção à Ontologia CIPESC®. J Health Informatics. [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 14 jan 2013]; 1(1):22-6. Disponível em: http://www.jhi-sbis.saude.ws/ojs-jhi/index.php/jhi-sbis/article/view/89/74
http://www.jhi-sbis.saude.ws/ojs-jhi/ind...
). Therefore, the large number of concepts with different definitions between the two studied ontologies might be accounted for by the inclusion of novel definitions in ICNP® Version 2.0( 22. Conselho Internacional de Enfermeiros. Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem - CIPE®. Versão 2.0. São Paulo: Algol; 2011. ).

In regard to the concepts that exhibited matching siblings, the concept "Wound Pain" in ICNP® 2.0 Ontology is the single subclass of the concept "Cutaneous Pain", while the concept "Wound-related Pain" in INCP® Brazilian Ontology is the single subclass of the concept "Cutaneous Pain". Given that each and every concept in ICNP® 2.0 Ontology is expressed by a preferential term, i.e., the one commonly known by users( 22. Conselho Internacional de Enfermeiros. Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem - CIPE®. Versão 2.0. São Paulo: Algol; 2011. ), the concepts "Wound Pain" and "Cutaneous Pain" were found to represent the terms "Wound Pain" and "Cutaneous Pain", respectively, in ICNP® Version 2.0. Therefore, one might infer that the concepts "Wound Pain" in ICNP® 2.0 Ontology and "Wound-related Pain" in INCP® Brazilian Ontology represent the same element, as they correspond to the same hierarchical level, i.e., the single subclass of the concept "Cutaneous Pain".

In regard to the concept "Potential", its preferential expression, i.e., the name commonly known by users( 33. Conselho Internacional de Enfermeiros. Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem - CIPE®. Versão 1.0. São Paulo: Algol; 2007. ), is the term "Risk" in the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology. However, the concept "Risk" is also included in the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology under the preferential term "Potential for Risk". Thus, to avoid possible confusion between concepts, the concept "Potential" was retained in English in this study because it is considered to be the term known by users.

The analysis of the class structure of the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology showed that the concept "Potential" is a subclass of "Potentiality" and has a sibling named "Actual", whereas the analysis of the class structure of INCP® Brazilian Ontology showed that although the concept "Potential for Increase", which had been identified as corresponding to concept "Potential", is also a subclass of "Potentiality", it has two siblings, namely, "Actual" and "Risk". Therefore, no correspondence was found between the siblings of the concepts "Potential" and "Potential for Increase".

It is worth noting that an algorithm that aligns concepts according to the correspondence between siblings must align all the siblings of the concepts of interest; however, two-thirds of such alignments might provide false positive correspondences( 1414. Redmond T, Noy N. Computing the changes between ontologies [Internet]. In: Workshop on Knowledge Evolution and Ontology Dynamics; 2011 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; Bonn. Disponível em: http://bmir.stanford.edu/file_asset/index.php/1763/BMIR-2011-1474.pdf
http://bmir.stanford.edu/file_asset/inde...
). Therefore, one might reasonably consider that the correspondence between the concept "Potential" in the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology and the concept "Potential for Increase" in the INCP® Brazilian Ontology to be such a false-positive instance, as these concepts do not exhibit all matching siblings and thus do not satisfy the results expected from the application of the algorithm.

Therefore, to confirm that there is correspondence between the concepts in the ontologies that represent nursing practice elements, the hierarchical structure to which the concepts belong should be considered independently of the application of computer algorithms.

In regard to the single pair of concepts that exhibit matching parents and similar names, the concept "Non Normal" in the ICNP® 2.0 Ontology is a subclass of "Normality State", which is also the case for the INCP® Brazilian Ontology concept "Abnormal". Therefore, those concepts were aligned because they exhibit matching parents in addition to similar names. It is worth noting that the concept "Non Normal", based on its preferential term, represents the term "Abnormal" in ICNP® Version 2.0 and the concept "Abnormal" in the INCP® Brazilian Ontology.

Conclusion

As the unification of the nursing language is a gradual process requiring countless studies, it is believed that the present study might contribute to the interoperability between the representations of nursing practice elements in ICNP®, thus allowing the standardization of nursing records based on this classification system.

To further contribute to the unification of the nursing language in Brazil, a future study will attempt to include the results of research on the elaboration of the ICNP® terminology subsets conducted at the ICNP® Center of Research and Development, Graduate Nursing Program, Federal University of Paraíba, accredited by ICN, in the INCP® Brazilian Ontology.

Finally, it is worth noting that the identification of correspondences between ontologies that represent nursing practice should not be restricted to the application of computer algorithms but must also consider the definitions of concepts within the specific context of nursing.

References

  • 1
    World Health Organization. Classifications -International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) [Internet]. 2012 [acesso 12 dez 2012]; Disponível em: http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/adaptations/icnp/en/index.html
    » http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/adaptations/icnp/en/index.html
  • 2
    Conselho Internacional de Enfermeiros. Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem - CIPE®. Versão 2.0. São Paulo: Algol; 2011.
  • 3
    Conselho Internacional de Enfermeiros. Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem - CIPE®. Versão 1.0. São Paulo: Algol; 2007.
  • 4
    Gruber TR. A translation approach to portable ontology specifications. Knowledge Acquisition. [Internet]. 1993 [acesso 13 dez 2012]; 5(2):199-220. Disponível em: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1042814383710083/1-s2.0-S1042814383710083-main.pdf?_tid=5838380c-234c-11e2-8a7f-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1351682337_d968a75211adca0edf138c2889263351
    » http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1042814383710083/1-s2.0-S1042814383710083-main.pdf?_tid=5838380c-234c-11e2-8a7f-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1351682337_d968a75211adca0edf138c2889263351
  • 5
    Borst WN. Construction of engineering ontologies for knowledge sharing and reuse [Internet]. Enschede. Tese [Doutorado em Sistemas de Informação e do Conhecimento] - University of Twente; 1997. [acesso 13 dez 2012]; Disponível em: http://doc.utwente.nl/17864/1/t0000004.pdf
    » http://doc.utwente.nl/17864/1/t0000004.pdf
  • 6
    Studer R, Benjamins VR, Fensel D. Knowledge engineering: principles and methods. Data & Knowledge Engineering.[Internet]. 1998 [acesso 13 dez 2013]; 161-97. Disponível em: http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~palwencha/ES/Knowledge%20engineering%20-%20Principles%20and%20methods.pdf
    » http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~palwencha/ES/Knowledge%20engineering%20-%20Principles%20and%20methods.pdf
  • 7
    Garcia TR, Nóbrega MML. Inventário vocabular resultante do Projeto CIPESC CIE-ABEn. In: Garcia TR, Egry EY, organizadores. Integralidade da atenção no SUS e Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2010. p. 192-317.
  • 8
    World Wide Web Consortium. OWL Web Ontology Language Reference [Internet]. 2004.[acesso 12 jan 2013]; Disponível em: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/
    » http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/
  • 9
    Silva RR, Malucelli A, Cubas MR. Em direção à Ontologia CIPESC®. J Health Informatics. [Internet]. 2009 [acesso 14 jan 2013]; 1(1):22-6. Disponível em: http://www.jhi-sbis.saude.ws/ojs-jhi/index.php/jhi-sbis/article/view/89/74
    » http://www.jhi-sbis.saude.ws/ojs-jhi/index.php/jhi-sbis/article/view/89/74
  • 10
    Bittner T, Donnelly M, Winter S. Ontology and semantic interoperability. [Internet]. In: Prosperi D, Zlatanova S, editor. Large-scale 3D data integration: challenges and opportunities. CRC Press (Tailor & Francis); 2005 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; p. 139-60. Disponível em: http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~md63/BittnerGeosemOnt.pdf
    » http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~md63/BittnerGeosemOnt.pdf
  • 11
    Roos N, Wiesman F. Handling interoperability by learning ontology mappings [Internet]. Universiteit Maastricht; 2006 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; MICC technical report 06-01. Disponível em: http://www.personeel.unimaas.nl/roos/publications/Learning%20Ontology%20report.pdf
    » http://www.personeel.unimaas.nl/roos/publications/Learning%20Ontology%20report.pdf
  • 12
    Euzenat J. Semantic precision and recall for ontology alignment evaluation [Internet]. In: 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence; 2007 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; Hyderabad. p. 348-53. Disponível em: http://www.sciweavers.org/publications/semantic-precision-and-recall-ontology-alignment-evaluation
  • 13
    Guarino N. Formal ontology and information systems [Internet]. In: First International Conference; 1998 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; Trento. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 1998. p. 3-15. Disponível em: http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/Papers/FOIS98.pdf
    » http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/Papers/FOIS98.pdf
  • 14
    Redmond T, Noy N. Computing the changes between ontologies [Internet]. In: Workshop on Knowledge Evolution and Ontology Dynamics; 2011 [acesso 13 jan 2013]; Bonn. Disponível em: http://bmir.stanford.edu/file_asset/index.php/1763/BMIR-2011-1474.pdf
    » http://bmir.stanford.edu/file_asset/index.php/1763/BMIR-2011-1474.pdf
  • 1
    Paper extracted from master's thesis "Comparative analysis between ICNP® 2.0 Ontology and CIPESC® Ontology", presented to Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
  • *
    Available at: http://www.icn.ch/pillarsprograms/international-classification-for-nursing-practice-icnpr/
  • **
    This study further consulted three studies from unpublished master dissertations, which complement the article cited as reference #9.
  • ***
    Free-access software available at: <http://protege.stanford.edu/download/registered.html>

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    May-Jun 2014

History

  • Received
    15 Aug 2013
  • Accepted
    11 Mar 2014
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