Pervious concrete with waste foundry sand: mechanical and hydraulic properties

Candian Filho, Edison Luis; Ferreira, Gisleiva Cristina dos Santos; Nogarotto, Danilo Covaes; Pozza, Simone Andréa

doi:10.1590/S1517-707620220001.1354

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Artigos • Matéria (Rio J.) 27 (1) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-707620220001.1354 copy

Pervious concrete with waste foundry sand: mechanical and hydraulic properties

Concreto permeável com areia descartada de fundição: propriedades mecânicas e hidráulicas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

One of the main challenges of the metallurgical industry is the management of the principal waste generated in the production of castings, which is the waste foundry sand (WFS). Potential solutions include the use of WFS in civil construction due to its mineral origin and the high volume available to meet possible demand. This study analyzed the influence of WFS on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of pervious concrete paving blocks. The experimental stage involved mixtures with 0% (reference) and 100% replacement of quartz sand (QS) by WFS, in concrete with consumption of 350 kg/m³ and 450 kg/m³ of Portland cement. Cylindrical specimens, pavers, and pervious concrete slabs were submitted to water absorption, compressive strength, and determination of the permeability coefficient (k) tests. Analysis for physicochemical characterization of leachate samples of the studied concretes was also carried out. After the statistical analysis of the results, it was possible to conclude that the WFS did not change the mechanical (Rc; Rt) and hydraulic (k; absorption) properties of pervious concrete mixes (WFS1; WFS2) when compared to the reference mixes (QS1; QS2). The changes in the results of the physicochemical parameters are related to the higher consumption of Portland cement from mix 2, increasing hardness, total solids, and alkalinity.

Keywords
Pervious pavement; Industrial waste; Compressive strength; Porosity; Sustainable material

PARAMETER	UNIT	LQ^a a LQ = Limit of Quantification;	RESULTS	WHO^b b Limits established by World Health Organization [24];	MAV^c c Maximum allowed value [23]
pH WFS	-	2 - 13	7.6	6.5 – 9.2	2 – 12.5
Solubilized aluminum	[mg/L]	0.01	11.6	0.2	0.2
Solubilized iron	[mg/L]	0.01	4.22	0.3	0.3
Solubilized sodium	[mg/L]	0.5	97.9	200	200
Solubilized sulfate	[mg/L]	10	179	200	250
Final pH of the solubilized	-	0 - 14	7.1	-	-
Final pH of the leachate	-	-	5.2	-	-

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS	WFS	QS	GRAVEL
Unit mass (g/cm³) [²⁹29 ASOCIACIÓN MERCOSUR DE NORMALIZACIÓN - AMN, “NBR NM 45 - Agregados - Determinação da massa unitária e do volume de vazios,” p. 8, 2006.]	1.43	1.50	1.56
Specific mass (g/cm³) [³⁰30 ASOCIACIÓN MERCOSUR DE NORMALIZACIÓN - AMN, “NBR NM 52 - Agregado miúdo - determinação de massa específica e massa específica aparente,” p. 12, 2002.]	2.50	2.62	3.00
Fineness modulus (FM)	1.51	2.04	5.78
Maximum dimension (mm)	1.2	2.4	9.5
Classification	Very fine sand	Fine sand	Gravel 0

REFERENCE	MgO	Al₂O₃	SiO₂	Cr₂O₃	SO₃	K₂O	CaO	Fe₂O₃	LOI^* * LOI: Loss on ignition
This study	0.33	2.71	90.00	1.25	0.18	0.45	0.23	2.37	1.93
SIDDIQUE et al. [⁴4 SIDDIQUE, R., SINGH, G., Utilization of waste foundry sand (WFS) in concrete manufacturing, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, v. 55, n. 11, pp. 885–892, 2011.]	1.95	6.32	78.81	-	0.05	-	1.88	4.83	2.15
BASAR and DEVECI AKSOY [³¹31 BASAR, H.M., DEVECI AKSOY, N., The effect of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial replacement of sand on the mechanical, leaching and micro-structural characteristics of ready-mixed concrete, Construction and Building Materials, v. 35, pp. 508–515, 2012.]	1.97	10.41	81.85	0.02	0.84	0.49	1.21	1.81	6.93
MASTELLA et al. [⁷7 MASTELLA, M.A., GISLON, E.S., PELISSER, F., et al., Mechanical and toxicological evaluation of concrete artifacts containing waste foundry sand, Waste Management, v. 34, n. 8, pp. 1495–1500, 2014.]	0.06	0.45	96.12	-	-	-	0.08	0.37	0.47
FERREIRA et al. [³²32 FERREIRA, G.C.S., SARRO, W.S., ROCHA, H.L., et al., “Comportamento elástico de argamassas com areia descartada de fundição,” in XVI ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIA DO AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO, 2016, pp. 193–203.]	-	18.38	71.46	0.73	2.35	0.20	1.02	2.25	-
GÜRKAN et al. [³³33 GÜRKAN, E.H., ÇORUH, S., ELEVLI, S. Adsorption of lead and copper using waste foundry sand: statistical evaluation, International Journal of Global Warming (IJGW), v. 14, n. 2, 2018.]	2.30	5.30	79.60	-	-	0.60	1.40	3.10	-
BILAL et al. [³⁴34 BILAL, H., YAQUB, M., UR REHMAN, S.K., et al., Performance of foundry sand concrete under ambient and elevated temperatures, Materials, v. 12, n. 16, 2019.]	0.21	4.63	88.50	-	0.03	0.01	0.90	0.83	4.37

	UNIT	KIA et al. [³⁵35 KIA, A., WONG, H.S., CHEESEMAN, C.R., Clogging in permeable concrete: A review, Journal of Environmental Management, v. 193, pp. 221–233, 2017.]	MIX 1		MIX 2
	UNIT		QS	WFS	QS	WFS
Coarse aggregate	kg/m³	1100 to 2800	2135.9	2132.6	1937.9	1932.2
Fine aggregate (sand)	kg/m³	0 to 100	85.4	85.3	77.5	77.4
Cement	kg/m³	150 to 700	356.0	355.4	452.2	451.5
Water/cement ratio	-	0.2 to 0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aggregate/cement ratio	-	2 to 12	6.24	6.24	4.45	4.45
Fine/coarse aggregate ratio	-	0 to 0.07	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.04
Materials proportion			(PC:S:CA:W/C) (1:0.24 : 6 : 0.4)		(PC:S:CA:W/C) (1: 0.17: 4.28: 0.4)

PROPERTIES	MIX 1		MIX 2
PROPERTIES	QS	WFS	QS	WFS
Water absorption by medium immersion (%)	6.60	5.85	6.47	6.57
Average void index (%)	15.43	15.35	14.92	14.87
Average specific mass of the dry sample (g/cm³)	2.34	2.36	2.30	2.26
Average specific mass of the saturated sample (g/cm³)	2.49	2.49	2.45	2.41
Actual specific mass (g/cm³)	2.77	2.73	2.71	2.66

		f_C(MPa)	f_{C min.}(MPa)	f_{C max.}(MPa)	SD (MPa)	CV (%)	f_ck (MPa)
Mix 1	QS (7 days)	14.85	13.8	16.0	0.73	4.95	14.2
	WFS (7 days)	17.03	14.4	19.7	1.94	11.39	15.2
	QS (28 days)	15.53	13.8	17.6	1.40	9.01	14.2
	WFS (28 days)	19.95	14.7	21.9	2.65	13.31	17.5
Mix 2	QS (7 days)	29.96	28.2	31.3	1.01	3.38	29.0
	WFS (7 days)	31.58	26.6	34.8	2.93	9.26	28.9
	QS (28 days)	33.08	29.8	39.2	3.69	11.17	29.7
	WFS (28 days)	31.77	22.9	35.7	4.51	14.18	27.6

VARIABLES	p-value
Mix	<2e-16	^* : p-value <0.001; : p-value<0.01; : p-value<0.05.
Sand	0.0299	^* *: p-value <0.001; : p-value<0.01; *: p-value<0.05.
Age	0.0299	^* *: p-value <0.001; : p-value<0.01; *: p-value<0.05.
Mix:Sand	0.0462	^* *: p-value <0.001; : p-value<0.01; *: p-value<0.05.
Mix:Age	0.9143
Sand:Age	0.8129

REFERENCE	f_c[MPa]
This study	14.85 – 33.08
NBR 16416 [¹⁸18 ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS – ABNT, “NBR 16416: Pavimentos permeáveis de concreto – Requisitos e procedimentos,” 2015.]	≥ 20.00
KARANTH et al. [⁴²42 KARANTH, S.S., KUMAR, U.L., DANIGOND, N. Porous concrete with optimum fine aggregate and fibre for improved strength, Advances in concrete construction, v. 8, n. 4, pp. 305–309, 2019.]	13.50 – 28.50
LIMANTARA et al. [⁴³43 LIMANTARA, A.D., WINARTO, S., GARDJITO, E., et al., Optimization of standard mix design of porous paving coconut fiber and shell for the parking area, AIP Conference Proceedings, v. 2020, n. October 2018, 2018.]	20.70 – 24.50
LU et al. [⁴⁴44 LU, J.X., YAN, X., HE, P., et al., Sustainable design of pervious concrete using waste glass and recycled concrete aggregate, Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 234, pp. 1102–1112, 2019.]	17.00 – 33.00

PARAMETERS	UNIT	REFERENCE (WATER)	QS 1	WFS 1	QS 2	WFS 2
pH	-	6.92	11.53	11.75	11.88	11.92
Total Alkalinity	[mgCaCO₃/L]	6	422	615	1055	1145
Total Solids	[mg/L]	49	602	722	1166	1256
Total Hardness	[mgCaCO₃/L]	0	508	596	1156	1196
Electrical Conductivity	[µS/cm]	9.5	2964	3385	6063	6415

PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT (k)	MIX 1		MIX 2
PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT (k)	QS	WFS	QS	WFS	INTERVAL k [cm/s]
ACI 522R-10 [¹⁷17 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE - ACI, “522R-10 - Report on pervious concrete,” 2010.]					0.93-1.67
Average [cm/s]	1.30	1.27	0.93	1.13
Maximum [cm/s]	1.41	1.31	1.02	1.18
Minimum [cm/s]	1.20	1.25	0.81	1.07
SD [cm/s]	0.08	0.02	0.08	0.04
CV [%]	0.06	0.02	0.09	0.09
NBR 16416:2015 [¹⁸18 ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS – ABNT, “NBR 16416: Pavimentos permeáveis de concreto – Requisitos e procedimentos,” 2015.]					>0.1
Average [cm/s]	1.67	1.59	1.48	1.35
IBRAHIM [¹⁴14 IBRAHIM, A., MAHMOUD, E., YAMIN, M., et al., Experimental study on Portland cement pervious concrete mechanical and hydrological properties, Construction and Building Materials, v. 50, pp. 524–529, 2014.]					0.15 – 0.28
BATEZINI and BALBO [⁴¹41 BATEZINI, R., BALBO, J.T. Estudo da condutividade hidráulica com carga constante e variável em concretos permeáveis, Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, v. 8, n. 3, pp. 248-259, 2015.]					0.13 – 0.15
LINTZ et al. [⁴⁷47 LINTZ, R.C.C., CANTERAS, F.B., GACHET-BARBOSA, L.A., et al. Study of permeable concrete, 7th International Congress on Ceramics & 62° Congresso Brasileiro de Cerâmica, v. 1, pp.777-788, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil, 2018.]					0.47 – 3.80

VARIABLES	p-value
Mix	0.00066	^* : p-value <0.001; : p-value<0.01; : p-value<0.05.
Sand	0.08905
Mix:Sand	0.04137	^* *: p-value <0.001; : p-value<0.01; *: p-value<0.05.

Laboratório de Hidrogênio, Coppe - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, em cooperação com a Associação Brasileira do Hidrogênio, ABH2 Av. Moniz Aragão, 207, 21941-594, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Tel: +55 (21) 3938-8791 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: revmateria@gmail.com

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[1] Autor Responsável: Edison Luis Candian Filho