Optimization and multi-objective analysis of tensile, flexural and impact strength in nano-hybrid bio-composites reinforced with <i>Helicteres isora, Holoptelea integrifolia</i> fibers, and nanographene

Krishnasamy, Boopathy; Thirugapillai, Priya; Rajakannu, Amuthakkannan; Selvaraju, Mayakannan

doi:10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2024-0864

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Articles • Matéria (Rio J.) 30 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2024-0864 linkcopy

Optimization and multi-objective analysis of tensile, flexural and impact strength in nano-hybrid bio-composites reinforced with Helicteres isora, Holoptelea integrifolia fibers, and nanographene

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Industries worldwide seek sustainable, high-strength bio-composites to reduce carbon footprint and replace synthetic materials. This research enhances natural fiber-based composites, ensuring lightweight, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternatives. It supports green manufacturing and sustainable engineering, promoting a shift away from fossil-based materials. This study aims to optimize the mechanical properties of nano-hybrid bio-composites reinforced with Holoptelea integrifolia fibers, Helicteres isora fibers, and graphene nanosheets within a polypropylene matrix. Using the Box-Behnken design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the effects of fiber and graphene composition on tensile, flexural and impact strength were analyzed. The Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) approach was employed to maximize strength while minimizing composite weight. The optimized composition (15.6721 wt% Holoptelea integrifolia, 15.7198 wt% Helicteres isora, and 0.9307 wt% graphene) achieved a tensile strength of 45.407, flexural strength of 62.0344 MPa and impact strength of 147.119 J/m, demonstrating a significant enhancement. FESEM analysis revealed improved fiber-matrix adhesion, reduced voids, crack path deviation, and fiber bridging mechanisms, which enhanced fracture resistance. These findings support the development of lightweight, high-performance bio-composites, making them ideal for automotive, aerospace, and structural applications where improved strength-to-weight ratios are crucial.

Keywords:
Holoptelea integrifolia fibers; Helicteres isora fibers; flexural strength; Impact strength; Response surface methodology (RSM)

PROPERTY	HELICTERES ISORA FIBERS	HOLOPTELEA INTEGRIFOLIA FIBERS	GRAPHENE
Color	Brown to light brown	Light brown to gray	Black
Diameter	100 μm	200 μm	0.34 nm
Density	1.2 g/cm³	1.3 g/cm³	2.2 g/cm³
Tensile strength	100 Mpa	140 Mpa	130 GPa
Elongation at break	3%	4%	1.6%

CODE	POLYPROPYLENE (%wt)	HOLOPTELEA INTEGRIFOLIA FIBERS (%wt)	HELICTERES ISORA FIBERS (%wt)	GRAPHENE (wt%)
1	99.2	0	0	0.8
2	83.2	16	0	0.8
3	83.2	0	16	0.8
4	67.2	16	16	0.8
5	92	0	8	0
6	76	16	8	0
7	90.4	0	8	1.6
8	74.4	16	8	1.6
9	92	8	0	0
10	76	8	16	0
11	90.4	8	0	1.6
12	74.4	8	16	1.6
13	83.2	8	8	0.8
14	83.2	8	8	0.8
15	83.2	8	8	0.8

SPECIMEN CODE	TENSILE STRENGTH (MPa)	FLEXURAL STRENGTH (MPa)	IMPACT STRENGTH (J/m)
1	25.8 ± 0.78	50 ± 0.62	102.30 ± 0
2	35.6 ± 0.83	55 ± 0.80	122.81 ± 1
3	38.2 ± 0.66	57 ± 0.64	112.01 ± 1
4	45.1 ± 0.69	62 ± 0.70	145.58 ±0
5	28.4 ± 0.85	49 ± 0.99	94.13 ± 0
6	33.7 ± 0.62	54 ± 0.84	112.74 ± 1
7	30.5 ± 0.65	52 ± 0.23	75.47 ± 0
8	40.9 ± 0.71	57 ± 0.37	125.21 ± 0
9	27.3 ± 0.73	46 ± 0.04	90.01 ± 1
10	36.9 ± 0.68	56 ± 0.05	103.11 ± 0
11	29.6 ± 0.72	51 ± 0.56	90.30 ± 0
12	41.8 ± 0.64	57 ± 0.64	123.03 ±1
13	39.2 ± 0.83	56 ± 0.06	122.39 ± 0
14	38.9 ± 0.81	56 ± 0.87	132.31 ± 0
15	39.0 ± 0.80	57 ± 0.68	120.16 ± 0

SOURCE	SUM OF SQUARES	DF	MEAN SQUARE	F-VALUE	P-VALUE
Model	481.67	9	53.52	369.52	< 0.0001	significant
A-Holoptelea integrifolia fibers	131.22	1	131.22	906.01	< 0.0001
B-Helicteres isora fibers	238.71	1	238.71	1648.18	< 0.0001
C-Graphene	34.03	1	34.03	234.97	< 0.0001
AB	2.10	1	2.10	14.52	0.0125
AC	6.50	1	6.50	44.90	0.0011
BC	1.69	1	1.69	11.67	0.0189
A²	10.57	1	10.57	72.96	0.0004
B²	5.03	1	5.03	34.70	0.0020
C²	58.10	1	58.10	401.13	< 0.0001
Residual	0.7242	5	0.1448
Lack of Fit	0.6775	3	0.2258	9.68	0.0951	not significant
Pure Error	0.0467	2	0.0233
Cor Total	482.39	14
Std. Dev.	0.3806		R²	0.9985
Mean	35.39		Adj. R²	0.9958
C.V. %	1.08		Pred. R²	0.9773

SOURCE	SUM OF SQUARES	DF	MEAN SQUARE	F-VALUE	P-VALUE
Model	228.17	9	25.35	108.65	< 0.0001	Significant
A-Holoptelea integrifolia fibers	50.00	1	50.00	214.29	< 0.0001
B-Helicteres isora fibers	112.50	1	112.50	482.14	< 0.0001
C-Graphene	18.00	1	18.00	77.14	0.0003
AB	0.0000	1	0.0000	0.0000	1.0000
AC	0.0000	1	0.0000	0.0000	1.0000
BC	4.00	1	4.00	17.14	0.0090
A²	0.0256	1	0.0256	0.1099	0.7537
B²	0.6410	1	0.6410	2.75	0.1583
C²	43.10	1	43.10	184.73	< 0.0001
Residual	1.17	5	0.2
Lack of Fit	0.5000	3	0.1667	0.5000	0.7194	not significant
Pure Error	0.6667	2	0.3333
Cor Total	229.33	14
Std. Dev.	0.4830		R²	0.9949
Mean	54.33		Adj. R²	0.9858
C.V. %	0.8890		Pred. R²	0.9586

SOURCE	SUM OF SQUARES	DF	MEAN SQUARE	F-VALUE	P-VALUE
Model	3724.29	9	413.81	17.97	0.0027	significant
A-Holoptelea integrifolia fibers	1311.49	1	1311.49	56.94	0.0006
B-Helicteres isora fibers	766.56	1	766.56	33.28	0.0022
C-Graphene	144.67	1	144.67	6.28	0.0541
AB	42.64	1	42.64	1.85	0.2318
AC	30.97	1	30.97	1.34	0.2986
BC	96.33	1	96.33	4.18	0.0962
A²	0.9169	1	0.9169	0.0398	0.8497
B²	84.25	1	84.25	3.66	0.1140
C²	1272.47	1	1272.47	55.24	0.0007
Residual	115.17	5	23.03
Lack of Fit	31.50	3	10.50	0.2510	0.8569	Not significant
Pure Error	83.67	2	41.83
Cor Total	3839.46	14
Std. Dev.	4.80		R²	0.9700
Mean	112.77		Adj. R²	0.9160
C.V. %	4.26		Pred. R²	0.8197

MAXIMUM LIMIT	MINIMUM LIMIT	GOAL	UNIT	PARAMETERS	OPTIMUM LEVEL
16	0	In Range	wt%	Helicteres isora fiber	15.6721
16	0	In Range	wt%	Holoptelea integrifolia fiber	15.7198
1.6	0	In Range	wt%	Graphene	0.9307
25.8	45.1	Maximum	MPa	Tensile strength	45.4087
62	46	Maximize	MPa	Flexural strength	62.0344
145.58	90.01	Maximize	MPa	Impact strength	147.119

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