[20AL-TAMIMI, A.K., SONEBI, M., “Assessment of self-compacting concrete immersed in acidic solutions”, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:4(354). Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, v. 15, n. 4, pp. 354–357, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(...
] |
Continuous immersion. |
Cylinders (45x90) mm |
28 days. Cured in water. |
1% H2SO4
|
Weekly |
[33BASSUONI, M.T., NEHDI, M.L., “Resistance of self-consolidating concrete to sulfuric acid attack with consecutive pH reduction”, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.04.014. Cem. Concr. Res., v. 37, pp. 1070–1084, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007...
] |
Continuous immersion. Samples were rinsed to remove loose particles, blotted with a paper towel, and left to dry for 30 min under room temperature before evaluation. |
Cylinders (75x150) mm |
56 days. Cured at 20 °C and 95% RH. |
5% H2SO4 (first week = pH 2.5; consecutive weeks = pH 1.0)* |
Weekly |
[22GOYAL, S., KUMAR, M., SIDHU, D.S., et al. “Resistance of mineral admixture concrete to acid attack”, DOI: 10.3151/jact.7.273. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 273–283, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.7.273...
] |
Continuous immersion. |
Cubes (150x150x150) mm |
90 days. Cured in water tank (27±2 °C) for 7 days followed by water curing in lab environment (27±5 °C, 50±10% RH) until 90 days. |
1% H2SO4
|
Monthly |
[26SIAD, H., MESBAH, H.A., KHELAFI, H., et al. “Effect of mineral admixture on resistance to sulphuric and hydrochloric acid attacks in selfcompacting concrete”, DOI: 10.1139/L09-157. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 37, n. 3, pp. 441–449, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1139/L09-157...
] [27SIAD, H., MESBAH, H.A., BERNARD, S.K., et al. “Influence Of Natural Pozzolan On The Behavior Of Self-Compacting Concrete Under Sulphuric And Hydrochloric Acid Attacks, Comparative Study”, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, v. 35, n. 1, pp. 183–195, 2010.] |
Continuous immersion. Samples were rinsed with tap water to remove loose particles and left to dry for 30 min under room temperature before evaluation. |
Cubes (100x100x100) mm |
28 days. Cured at 20 °C and 95% RH. |
5% H2SO4
|
Weekly |
[47MUHAMMAD, B., ISMAIL, M., “Performance of natural rubber latex modified concrete in acidic and sulfated environments”, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.099. Construction and Building Materials, v. 31, pp. 129–134, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20...
] |
Continuous immersion. |
Cubes (100x100x100) mm |
Samples were placed into the aggressive curing environment immediately after removal from molds. |
5% H2SO4
|
- |
[34O’CONNELL, M., MCNALLY, C., RICHARDSON, M.G., “Performance of concrete incorporating GGBS in aggressive wastewater environments”, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.036. Construction and Building Materials, v. 27, n. 1, pp. 368–374, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20...
] |
Continuous immersion. Samples were brushed under running water every 7 days and then returned to the solution (brushing was ceased when the runoff color reverted to clear water). |
Cubes (100x100x100) mm |
28 days. Cured at 20 °C in a water tank. |
1% H2SO4, pH 1.5
|
28 days |
[25SAPUTRA, A.H., SHOHIBI, M., KUBOUCHI, M., “Effect of Fly Ash Fortification in the Manufacture Process of Making Concrete towards Characteristics of Concrete in Sulfuric Acid Solution”, DOI: 10.7454/mst.v19i3.3045. Makara Journal of Technology, v. 19, n. 3, pp. 133–140, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v19i3.3045...
] |
Continuous immersion. |
Cubes (50x50x50) mm |
10 days.
|
H2SO4 in three different concentrations: 5%, 10%, and 15% |
- |
[30HENDI, A., RAHMANI, H., MOSTOFINEJAD, D., et al. “Simultaneous effects of microsilica and nanosilica on self-consolidating concrete in a sulfuric acid medium”, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.165. Construction and Building Materials, v. 152, pp. 192–205, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.20...
] |
Continuous immersion. Half the samples were brushed to remove loose particles and left to meet Saturated Surface Dried (SSD) conditions before mass loss evaluation. |
Cubes (100x100x100) mm |
- |
1% H2SO4, pH 1.0 |
- |
[23BARBHUIYA, S., KUMALA, D., “Behaviour of a Sustainable Concrete in Acidic Environment”, DOI: 10.3390/su9091556. Sustainability, v. 1556, n. 9, p. 13, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091556...
] |
Continuous immersion. Samples were brushed carefully to remove the loose particles from the surface. They were then left for drying under room temperature for 1 h before evaluation. |
Cubes (100x100x100) mm |
3 days. Cured in water (20±1 °C) and then sealed in polythene sheets and kept in a storage laboratory until the day of testing (20±1 °C, 65±1% RH). |
3% H2SO4, pH 3.0
|
Weekly or when the pH level went up |
[16AMIN, M., BASSUONI, M.T., “Response of concrete with blended binders and nanoparticles to sulfuric acid attack”, DOI: 10.1680/jmacr.17.00081. Magazine of Concrete Research., v. 70, n. 12, pp. 617–632, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00081...
] |
Continuous immersion. Samples were rinsed with tap water, brushed carefully to remove loose particles and left to meet Saturated Surface Dried (SSD) conditions before evaluation. |
Prisms (50x50x285) mm Cylinders (75x150) mm |
28 days. Cured at 22±2 °C and 98% RH. |
5% H2SO4 (initial pH = 2.0) |
45 days |
[24NARDE, A.R., GAJBHIYE, A.R., “Durability studies on concrete with fly ash, rice husk ash and quarry sand”, International Journal of Civil Engineering, v. 9, n. 2, pp. 587–595, 2018.] |
Continuous immersion. Samples were rinsed with tap water to remove loose particles and left to dry for 30 min under room temperature before evaluation. |
Cubes (150x150x150) mm |
28 days.
|
2% H2SO4, pH 6.0
|
- |
[31AJAYI, E.O., BABAFEMI, A.J., “Effects of Pulverized Burnt Clay Waste Fineness on the Compressive Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete”, DOI: 10.4186/ej.2018.22.2.83. Engineering Journal, v. 22, n. 2, pp. 83–99, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2018.22.2.83...
] |
Continuous immersion. |
Cubes (100x100x100) mm |
28 days. Cured in water. |
5% H2SO4
|
- |
[32MAKUL, N., SOKRAI, P., “Influences of fine waste foundry sand from the automobile engine-part casting process and water-cementitious ratio on the properties of concrete: A new approach to use of a partial cement replacement material”, DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2018.09.004. Journal of Building Engineering, v. 20, n. March, pp. 544–558, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.09.0...
] |
Continuous immersion. |
Cubes (100x100x100) mm |
Samples were cured in water until testing (25 °C). |
1% H2SO4, pH 1.0 |
- |
[21KUMAR, V.V.P., PRASAD, D.R., “Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on strength and durability characteristics of concrete”, DOI: 10.12989/acc.2019.7.2.075. Advances in Concrete Construction, v. 7, n. 2, pp. 75–85, 2019. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.7.2.07...
] |
Continuous immersion. |
Cubes (150x150x150) mm |
- |
5% H2SO4 |
- |
[29WU, L., HU, C., LIU, W.V., “Effects of pozzolans on acid resistance of shotcrete for sewer tunnel rehabilitation”, DOI: 10.1080/21650373.2018.1519645. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, v. 8, n. 1, pp. 55–77, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2018.15...
] |
Continuous immersion. Samples were air-dried for 2 h under room temperature before evaluation. |
Cylinders (55x100) mm |
28 days. Cured in a standard moisture room (25±2 °C, 100% RH). |
H2SO4 in three different pH: 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.5 |
Weekly |
[28VAN NGUYEN, C., LAMBERT, P., TRAN, Q.H., “Effect of Vietnamese Fly Ash on Selected Physical Properties, Durability and Probability of Corrosion of Steel in Concrete”, DOI: 10.3390/ma12040593. Materials (Basel), v. 12, n. 4, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12040593...
] |
Continuous immersion. Samples were cleaned to remove loose particles before evaluation. |
Cubes (100x100x100) mm |
28 days. Cured in water. |
10% H2SO4
|
Monthly |