ABSTRACT
The forming limit diagram (FLD) –broadly used to characterize sheet-metal formability– is made by means of strain measurement over the surface of stretched samples and the subsequent determination of limit-strain values associated with the onset of necking. Currently, researchers can make strain measurements with digital image-correlation analysis (DIC). Data measured by DIC easily adapt to the traditional position-dependent method for evaluating limit strains, but this method is not applicable to materials that exhibit inhomogeneous deformation, like multiple necking. DIC analysis allows for the application of time-dependent methods, which are based on analysis of the temporal evolution of strains to define the onset of necking. This article compares three recently proposed time-dependent techniques for determining limit strains: a thickness-control method, the strain-control method and an acceleration-correlation method. For experimental purposes, duplex 2205 stainless-steel sheet, 0.92mm thick, was tested in uniaxial tension. The standard position-dependent method (ISO 12004-2) provides a reference for comparing results. We attribute differences in limit-strain values to the difficulty in objectively setting each method’s parameters. These differences show that there are still aspects of the temporal analyses that must be improved on before a precise and generalized methodology is available.
Keywords
Formability; DIC analysis; time-dependent methods; duplex stainless steel 2205
