1992 |
Gallini and LutzGallini, N. T., & Lutz, N. E. (1992). Dual distribution and royalty fees in franchising. Economics & Organization, 8(3), 471-501.
|
Theoretical model |
Franchises |
The plural form allows the capture and signaling of private information regarding the demand for new products. The share of own stores decline as the private information became common. |
1995 |
Dutta, Bergen, Heide, & JohnDutta, S., Bergen, M., Heide, J. B., & John, G. (1995). Understanding dual distribution: The case of reps and house accounts. The Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, 11(1), 189-204.
|
United States |
Electric and mechanic |
Risk of dependence and difficulty of assessing the performance of sales representatives induce industries to vertically integrate part of the sales force. |
1996 |
WolakWolak, F. A. (1996). Why do firms simultaneously purchase in spot and contract markets? Evidence from the United States steam coal market. In D. Martimort (Ed.), Agricultural markets (contributions to economic analysis, Vol. 234) (pp. 109–168). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
|
United States |
Thermoelectric power |
Transactions in the spot coal market mitigate the risks of opportunistic behavior for both parties involved in the supply of coal to the thermoelectric plants. |
1997 |
AzevedoAzevedo, P. F. (1997). Integração Vertical no Sistema Agroindustrial Citrícola: Instrumento de barganha ou de eficiência. Revista de Economia Aplicada, São Paulo, 1(3), 373-391.
|
Brazil |
Frozen and concentrated orange juice |
The vertical integration of part of the orange demanded by the processing industry reduces the bargaining power of citrus growers. The locational and temporal specificity of orchards influences the distribution of the quasi-rent. |
1997 |
BradachBradach, J. L. (1997). Using the plural form in the management of restaurant chains. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 276-303.
|
United States |
Fast-food (franchises) |
Plural forms provide a benchmark between proprietary and franchised stores, and facilitate the adaptation of the entire system - mutual learning improves the innovation process. |
1999 |
Lewin-SolomonsLewin-Solomons, S. B. (1999). Innovation and authority in franchise systems: An empirical explanation of the plural form. Working paper 0015. Cambridge University, Department of Applied Economics.
|
United States |
Fast-food (franchises) |
The adoption of plural forms facilitates the acceptance of innovations proposed by the franchisor and avoids the imposition of inefficient innovations. Own stores reduce the information asymmetry between franchisor and franchisee. |
2011 |
MeisebergMeiseberg, B. (2011). The prevalence and performance impact of synergies in dual distribution networks. In Paper presented at the Emnet Conference.
|
Germany |
Retail and services (franchises) |
Synergies provided by franchised stores are important determinants in the choice of governance mix, facilitating the uniformity of products and services, and the adaptability of the franchise system. |
2013 |
Puranam, Gulaty, and BhattacharyaPuranam, P., Gulati, R., & Bhattacharya, S. (2013). How much to make and how much to buy? An analysis of optimal plural sourcing strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 34(10), 1145-1161.
|
Theoretical model |
|
The supply through plural forms is optimal when the complementarity effects and/or firm constraints are strong face the risks involved in the transactions. |
2013 |
Feltre and PaulilloFeltre, C., & Paulillo, L. F. O. (2013). A pluralidade nas transações de cana-de-açúcar no Oeste Paulista. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 17(6), .
|
State of São Paulo, Brazil |
Sugarcane |
Different compositions of governance structures have been found in the same industry and region. Benefits of plural forms: reduction of the vulnerability of the plant and opening of information channel. |