Meal habits and anthropometric indicators in adolescents from public and private schools of the metropolitan region of <i>Rio de Janeiro</i>

CNOP, Mara Lima DE; MONTEIRO, Luana Silva; RODRIGUES, Paulo Rogério Melo; ESTIMA, Camilla Chermont Prochnik; VEIGA, Gloria Valeria da; PEREIRA, Rosangela Alves

doi:10.1590/1678-98652018000100004

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Rev Nutr 31 (1) • Jan-Feb 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652018000100004 copy

Meal habits and anthropometric indicators in adolescents from public and private schools of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro

Consumo de refeições e indicadores antropométricos em adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

To describe meal consumption habits and assess their associations with anthropometric indicators.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was performed on 1,749 elementary and high school students from public and private schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (mean age=15.3 years), who were selected for the baseline of the Longitudinal Study for Nutritional Assessment of Adolescents. Meal habits and meals consumed in the company of parents were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. The consumption of the main meals was categorized as regular (daily) or irregular (≤6 times a week). The meal consumption profile was considered either satisfactory (breakfast, lunch, and dinner consumed on a daily basis) or unsatisfactory. Body Mass Index, waist-to-height ratio, and body fat percentage were calculated. The association between meal consumption habits and anthropometric indicators was estimated using multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for age and sex and stratified according to the type of school.

Results

Regular lunch consumption was more frequent among private schools students, who also had higher frequency of eating dinner irregularly. Among students from private schools, the unsatisfactory meal consumption profile and irregular meal habits were associated with being overweight, having a high waist-to-height ratio, and increased body fat percentage. Among students from public schools, it was observed association between being overweight with irregular breakfast habits.

Conclusion

In adolescents, the association between meal habits and weight status may be modulated by socioeconomic condition.

Keywords
Adolescents; Anthropometry; Body composition; Cross-Sectional Studies; Nutritional status

			Public schools (n=790)	Private schools (n=959)	p-value^* * Chi-square test;
	n	%	Public schools (n=790)	Private schools (n=959)	p-value^* * Chi-square test;
Sex (%)
Male	873	49.9	47.2	52.1	0.04
Female	876	50.1	52.8	47.9
Education level (%)
High school	973	53.3	63.7	49.0	<0.01
Elementary School	776	44.7	36.3	51.0
Age
<15 years old	969	52.8	39.0	65.2	<0.01
≥15 years old	867	47.2	61.0	34.8
WHR ^a a WHR = waist-to-height ratio; ^, ^b b Elevated WHR: waist-to-height ratio >0.50 (HARA et al. [26]);
Adequate	1529	87.4	89.9	85.4	0.01
Elevated	220	12.6	10.1	14.6
Percent total body fat^c c Elevated body fat: Percent total body fat >25% in boys and 30% in girls [29];
Adequate	1255	71.8	77.0	67.5	<0.01
Elevated	494	28.2	23.0	32.1
Weight status ^d d Overweight: Body Mass Index (BMI: weight / height2) >1 Z-score [23].
Underweight	32	1.9	2.4	1.3	<0.01
Normal Weight	1091	62.4	69.7	56.3
Overweight	367	21.0	17.3	24.0
Obesity	259	14.8	10.5	18.4

Variables	Public schools			Private schools
Variables		OR (95%CI)	p-value	OR (95%CI)	p-value
Meal consumption profile	Excess body weight according to BMI^a a BMI>+1 Z-score;
Satisfactory		1.0		1.0
Unsatisfactory		1.26 (0.89; 1.76)	0.19	1.58 (1.19; 2.11)	<0.01
Breakfast consumption
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.48 (1.07; 2.06)	0.02	1.57 (1.19; 2.07)	<0.01
Lunch consumption
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.00 (0.70; 1.42)	0.98	1.18 (0.83; 1.69)	0.35
Dinner consumption
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.03 (0.74; 1.43)	0.87	1.22 (0.93; 1.60)	0.15
Breakfast with parents^d d Adjusted for sex, age and breakfast consumption;
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.38 (0.95; 2.01)	0.09	1.42 (1.03; 1.95)	0.03
Dinner with parents ^e e Adjusted for sex, age and dinner consumption.
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.14 (0.82; 1.59)	0.43	1.16 (0.88; 1.53)	0.30
Elevated WHR^e b Elevated WHR: waist-to-height ratio >0.50 [26];
Meal consumption profile
Satisfactory		1.0		1.0
Unsatisfactory		1.13 (0.69; 1.85)	0.63	1.65 (1.10; 2.48)	0.02
Breakfast consumption
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.50 (0.92; 2.41)	0.10	1.50 (1.03; 2.19)	0.04
Lunch consumption
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.91 (0.53; 1.55)	0.72	1.66 (1.04; 2.67)	0.04
Dinner consumption
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.12 (0.69; 1.82)	0.65	1.52 (1.05; 2.22)	0.03
Breakfast with parents^d d Adjusted for sex, age and breakfast consumption;
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.39 (0.79; 2.42)	0.25	1.34 (0.86; 2.11)	0.20
Dinner with parents ^e e Adjusted for sex, age and dinner consumption.
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.26 (0.78; 2.05)	0.35	1.09 (0.74; 1.60)	0.66
	Elevated body fat^c c Elevated body fat: Percent total body fat >25% in boys and 30% in girls [29];
Meal consumption profile
Satisfactory		1.0		1.0
Unsatisfactory		1.17 (0.81; 1.68)	0.40	1.65 (1.22; 2.21)	<0.01
Breakfast consumption
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.41 (1.00; 1.98)	0.05	1.47 (1.12; 1.95)	0.01
Lunch consumption
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.28 (0.89; 1.85)	0.18	1.30 (0.91; 1.86)	0.15
Dinner consumption
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.24 (0.87; 1.75)	0.23	1.35 (1.03; 1.78)	0.03
Breakfast with parents^d d Adjusted for sex, age and breakfast consumption;
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.50 (0.99; 2.27)	0.06	1.25 (0.90; 1.74)	0.19
Dinner with parents^e e Adjusted for sex, age and dinner consumption.
Regular		1.0		1.0
Irregular		1.07 (0.75; 1.51)	0.73	1.77 (0.88; 1.56)	0.27

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[1] Note:

[TFN01] ^*
Chi-square test;

[TFN02] ^a
WHR = waist-to-height ratio;

[TFN03] ^b
Elevated WHR: waist-to-height ratio >0.50 (HARA et al. [²⁶26 Hara M, Saitou E, Iwata F, Okada T, Harada K. Waist-to-height ratio is the best predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Japanese schoolchildren. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2002;9(3):127-32.]);

[TFN04] ^c
Elevated body fat: Percent total body fat >25% in boys and 30% in girls [²⁹29 Williams DP, Going SB, Lohman TG, Harsha DW, Srinivasan SR, Webber LS, et al. Body fatness and risk for elevated blood-pressure, total cholesterol, and serum-lipoprotein ratios in children and adolescents. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(3):358-63.];

[TFN05] ^d
Overweight: Body Mass Index (BMI: weight / height²) >1 Z-score [²³23 Onis M, Onyango A, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishidaa C, Siekmanna J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85(10):812-9.].