Stephen & Janssen, 2009 [1212 Stephen WC, Janssen I. Sarcopenic-obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(5):460-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-009-0084-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-009-0084-...
] Prospective Cohort USA |
n=3.366 (M/W) Age ≥65 y. |
BIA (AMM/EST2); HS (SC=HS EST-adjust-ed); Anthropometry (OB=WC). |
CAD; CHF; CVA. |
Grip strength dynamometer. HS adjusted by the EST. |
Coronary event rate in sarcopenic obese patients increased 23% (BIA) and 33% (HS). The risk of CHF in individuals with SO, considering the BIA was 42% higher. |
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Lim et al., 2010 [1616 Lim S, Kim JH, Yoon JW, Kang SM, Choi SH, Park YJ, et al. Sarcopenic obesity: Prevalence and association with metabolic syndrome in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA). Diabetes Care. 2010;33(7):1652-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0107 https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0107...
] Prospective Cohort Korea |
n=565 (M/W) Age ≥65 y. |
DXA (SC=AFFM/EST2 and AFFM/BM in kgx100); CT (OB=VF >100cm2). |
MS; HOMA-IR. |
NA |
SO (AFFM/EST2) was associ-ated with higher (HOMA-IR) and higher TGL levels. The SO group had a risk of MS 8.2 times higher than normal individuals. |
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Kohara et al., 2011 [77 Kohara K, Ochi M, Tabara Y, Nagai T, Igase M, Miki T. Leptin in sarcopenic visceral obesity: Possible link between adipocytes and myocytes. Plos One. 2011;6(9):e24633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024633 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002...
] Cross-sectional Japan |
n=782 (M/W) Elderly individuals. |
CT (SC=cross-sec-tional area of the quadriceps muscle adjusted by the BM; (OB=VF>100cm2). |
Leptin; lipid profile; BP; serum insulin level; HbA1Cg; HOMA-IR. |
NA |
Individuals with OS have higher levels of leptin, fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, HbA1C, HOMA-IR, and total lym-phocyte count. |
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Hwang et al., 2012 [1717 Hwang B, Lim JY, Lee J, Choi NK, Ahn YO, Park BJ. Prevalence rate and associated factors of sarcopenic obesity in Korean elderly population. J Korean Med Sci. 2012;27(7):748-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2012.27.7.748 https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2012.27.7.7...
] Cross-sectional Korea |
n=2.221 (M/W) Age ≥60y. |
DXA (SC=AFFM/BM in kgx100); Anthro-pometry (OB=WC ?90cm for M and ?85cm for W). |
HbA1C; fasting blood glucose and insulin; lipid profile; PTH; vitamin D levels. |
NA |
Serum insulin and vitamin D levels were associated with SO in both sexes. Serum glucose and TGL levels have been associated with SO in women and PTH levels increased the risk of SO in men. |
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Levine & Crimmins, 2012 [2727 Levine ME, Crimmins EM. Sarcopenic obesity and cognitive functioning: The mediating roles of insulin resistance and inflammation. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2012;2012:iD826398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/826398 https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/826398...
] Cross-sectional USA |
n=2.287 (M/W) Age ≥60y. |
DXA (SC=AFFM/BM in kg x100); Anthro-pometry (OB=WC >102cm for M and >88cm for W). |
HOMA-IR; CRP. |
NA |
Individuals with SO have a high level of insulin resistance. |
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Levine & Crimmins, 2012 [2727 Levine ME, Crimmins EM. Sarcopenic obesity and cognitive functioning: The mediating roles of insulin resistance and inflammation. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2012;2012:iD826398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/826398 https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/826398...
] Cross-sectional USA |
n=1.127 (M/W) Age ≥60y. |
DXA (SC=skeletal muscle mass; Anthro-pometry (OB=WC >102cm for M and >88cm for W). |
HOMA-IR; CRP. |
NA |
The group of individuals with SO have high levels of CRP. |
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Chung et al., 2013 [2323 Chung JY, Kang HT, Lee DC, Lee HR, Lee YJ. Body composition and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly: A focus on sarcopenic obesity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;56(1):270-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2012.09.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2012.0...
] Cross-sectional Korea |
n=2.943 (M/W) Age≥60y. |
DXA (SC=AFFM ad-justed by the BM); Anthropometry (OB= BMI>25kg/m2). |
BP; HOMA-IR; lipid pro-file; inflammatory mar-kers; vitamin D levels; liver function; renal function; ferritin; leukocytes; MS. |
NA |
Patients with SO have a higher vitamin D deficiency and chance of MS. HOMA-IR, TGL, ferritin and leukocytes levels were higher in the group with SO. |
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Lu et al., 2013 [2424 Lu CW, Yang KC, Chang HH, Lee LT, Chen CY, Huang KC. Sarcopenic obesity is closely associated with metabolic syndrome. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2013;7(4):e301-e307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2012.02.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2012.02.0...
] Cross-sectional Taiwan |
n=600 (M/W) Age: 63.6y. |
BIA (SC=AMM (kg)/ Weight (kg)×100); Anthropometry (OB=BMI ≥25 kg/m2). |
MS |
NA |
The group of individuals with SO showed higher probability of having MS. |
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Atkins et al., 2014 [88 Atkins JL, Whincup PH, Morris RW, Lennon LT, Papacosta O, Wannamethee SG. Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: A population-based cohort study of older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(2):253-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12652 https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12652...
] Cross-sectional Great Britain |
n=4.252 (H) Age:≥60y. |
Anthropometry (SC=average arm cir-cumference; OB=WC >102cm). |
All-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease-related mortality; Car-diovascular events; CAD Events. |
NA |
There was no association between body composition and other factors evalu-ated. Individuals with SO had higher CRP levels. |
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Batsis et al., 2014 [55 Batsis JA, Mackenzie TA, Barre LK, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ. Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and mortality in older adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(9):1001-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.117 https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.117...
] Cross-sectional USA |
n=4652 (M/W) Age: ≥60y. |
BIA (SC=AFFM/EST2; OB=BF%). |
Comorbidities (hyper-tension, diabetes, CHF, CAD, smoking and physical activity). |
NA |
In the study subjects 39.0% of deaths were from car-diovascular diseases. No association was found between SO and the risk of mortality in men. Women with SO had a higher risk of mortality. |
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Ohara et al., 2014 [2929 Ohara M, Kohara K, Tabara Y, Ochi M, Nagai T, Igase M, et al. Sarcopenic obesity and arterial stiffness, pressure wave reflection and central pulse pressure: The J-SHIPP Study. Int J Cardiol. 2014;174(1):214-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.194 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03...
] Cross-sectional Japan |
n=1.470 (M/W) Age: 64.4y. |
CT (SC=Thigh Cross-sectional Area; OB=VF >100cm2). |
Arterial stiffness: pulse wave velocity of brachial wrist to ankle arteries. |
NA |
SO was significantly asso-ciated with arterial stiffness. |
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Santos et al., 2014 [2626 Santos EP, Gadelha AB, Safons MP, Nóbrega OT, Oliveira RJ, Lima RM. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity classifications and cardiometabolic risks in older women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;59(1):56-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.03.012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.0...
] Cross-sectional Brazil |
n=149 (M) Age: ≥60y. |
DXA (SC=AFFM/EST2; OB=FM OS=residual value of the equation that provides for the AFFM based on height and FM). |
BP; lipid profile; HOMA-IR; CRP. |
NA |
There was no significant difference in blood pressure, blood glucose, HOMA-IR, lipid profile and inflam-matory pattern between the SO group and other groups. |
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Yang et al., 2015 [2828 Yang CW, Li CI, Li TC, Liu CS, Lin CH, Lin WY, et al. Association of sarcopenic obesity with higher serum high-sensitivity c-reactive protein levels in Chinese older males: A community-based study (Taichung Community Health Study Elderly, TCHS-E). Plos One. 2015;10(7):e0132908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132908 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013...
] Cross-sectional USA |
n=844 (M/W) Age: ≥65 y. |
DXA (SC=AFFM/EST2; OB=%G). |
Inflammatory process: CRP, IL-6 and TNF-?. |
NA |
SO is associated with in-creased CRP levels in men. |
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Wittmann et al., 2016 [2323 Chung JY, Kang HT, Lee DC, Lee HR, Lee YJ. Body composition and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly: A focus on sarcopenic obesity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;56(1):270-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2012.09.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2012.0...
] Randomized controlled trial Germany |
n=75(W) Age:≥70y. |
DXA (SC=MM/EST2; OB=%G). |
MS |
NA |
The group of elderly women with SO showed a higher chance for having MS com-pared to the CG. |
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Sanada et al., 2017 [2222 Sanada K, Chen R, Willcox B, Ohara T, Wen A, Takenaka C, Masaki, K. Association of sarcopenic obesity predicted by anthropometric measurements and 24-y all-cause mortality in elderly men: The Kuakini Honolulu Heart Program. Nutrition. 2018;46:97-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2017.09.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2017.09.00...
] Prospective Cohort Japan |
n=2309 (M) Age:≥71y. |
DXA (SC=AFFM/ EST2; OB=BMI, BF% and WC). |
Comorbidities (hyper-tension and diabetes). |
NA |
All-cause mortality was in-creased in men with their WC-defined SO, but not their BMI and BF%. |
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Kang et al., 2017 [99 Kang SY, Lim GE, Kim YK, Kim HW, Lee K, Park TJ, et al. Association between sarcopenic obesity and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional study based on the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys from 2008 to 2011. J Bone Metab. 2017;24(1):9-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2017.24.1.9 https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2017.24.1.9...
] Prospective Cohort Korea |
n=4.183 (W). Age: >61y. |
DXA (SC=AFFM/BM; OB=BMI?25Kg/m2). |
MS |
NA |
Women with SO had a greater chance of devel-oping MS. |
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Takayama et al., 2017 [1010 Takayama M, Azuma K, Hayashi K, Shimizu-Hirota R, Makino K, Bessho R, et al. Relationship between sarcopenic obesity and metabolic syndrome among Japanese elderly who underwent a comprehensive health checkup. Health Evaluation and Promotion. 2017;44(4):587-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7143/jhep.44.587 https://doi.org/10.7143/jhep.44.587...
] Cross-sectional Japan |
n=235 (M/W) Age: ≥65y. |
DXA (SC=MLG/EST2; OB=BF%). |
MS |
NA |
SO was more associated with risk for having MS than just obesity, regardless of the BMI and other confounding factors. |