Association between bone mineral content and dietary patterns among Brazilian adults from <i>Viçosa, Minas Gerais</i>: a population-based study

SEGHETO, Kátia Josiany; SILVA, Danielle Cristina Guimarães da; FERREIRA, Fabrícia Geralda; JORGE, Emanuele Louise Gomes de Magalhães; PEREIRA, Dayana Ladeira Macedo; LONGO, Giana Zarbato

doi:10.1590/1678-9865202235e210154

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ORIGINAL • Rev Nutr 35 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9865202235e210154 copy

Association between bone mineral content and dietary patterns among Brazilian adults from Viçosa, Minas Gerais: a population-based study

Associação entre conteúdo mineral ósseo e padrões alimentares em adultos de Viçosa, Minas Gerais: um estudo de base populacional

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

The aim of the study was to investigate if there is an association between dietary patterns and bone mineral content among Brazilian adults.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional, population-based study. Bone health was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The dietary pattern was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis obtained the dietary patterns. Linear regression was used for the multivariate analysis. The research was conducted with adult individuals (20-59 years old) of both sexes residing in the city of Viçosa, MG, Brazil (n=572).

Results

Two distinct dietary patterns were identified: a “meats and alcoholic drinks” pattern, composed of condiments, alcoholic drinks, dough-based foods, and savory snacks; and a “local traditional” pattern, composed of eggs, beans, trooper’s beans, margarine, butter, olive oil, coffee and tea, cereals, and tubers (factor loadings ≥0.20). Having verified the associations considering the confounding factors, we identified that the bone mineral content for males was positively associated with the “local traditional” dietary pattern (β=0.058; 95% CI: 0.003–0.112; p=0.036), and for females an inverse association with the “meats and alcoholic drinks” pattern was found (β=-0.057; 95% CI: -0.110 -0.003; p=0.037).

Conclusion

We identified a positive association between the local traditional dietary pattern and bone health.

Keywords
Adult; Bone density; Dietary intake; Nutritional epidemiology

Variables		General		Male		Female
Variables		Proportion (%)	95% CI	Proportion (%)	95% CI	Proportion (%)	95% CI
Age group (years)
	20-29	24.01	16.68-33.27	28.35	18.43-40.93	19.69	13.48-27.84
	30-39	26.00	21.60-30.93	26.85	20.51-34.30	25.14	20.40-30.56
	40-49	24.33	19.36-30.10	21.98	15.23-30.65	26.67	21.05-33.16
	50-59	25.64	20.30-31.83	22.80	16.22-31.07	28.47	22.28-35.60
Education (years)
	0-3	13.67	7.61-23.34	11.75	04.21-28.76	15.59	08.94-25.78
	4-7	16.85	12.36-22.56	15.37	09.86-23.16	18.33	12.32-26.39
	≥8	69.46	58.23-78.77	72.87	56.82-84.57	66.07	55.64-75.14
Menopause
	Yes	35.67	29.79-42.02	–	–	35.67	29.79-42.02
	No	64.32	57.97-70.20	–	–	64.32	57.97-70.20
Smoking
	Smoker	12.59	9.63-16.30	14.88	09.31-22.94	10.32	07.46-14.11
	Ex-smoker	22.29	16.15-29.92	23.30	13.60-36.95	21.08	15.58-28.36
	Non-smoker	65.10	57.85-71.72	61.81	50.09-72.30	68.39	60.76-75.14
Nutritional state
	Eutrophic	58.60	51.15-65.68	59.76	50.56-68.31	57.46	47.25-67.07
	Overweight	41.39	34.31-48.84	40.23	31.68-49.43	42.53	32.92-52.74
Vitamin D
	Sufficient	37.68	32.84-42.78	35.32	28.63-42.63	40.03	34.89-45.39
	Insufficient	48.58	32.84-42.78	55.41	46.91-63.61	41.78	34.34-49.61
	Deficient	13.73	10.69-17.45	9.25	06.51-12.99	18.18	13.30-24.34

Food groups	Food items from the food frequency questionnaire
Soups	Vegetable soup, broth
Olives, corn	Olives, corn
Popcorn	Popcorn
Sandwiches	Ham and cheese sandwiches, hamburgers
Red meat	Beef or pork, meatballs, patties
White meat	Chicken, fish
Eggs	Eggs (boiled, scrambled, fried)
Beans, trooper’s beans, feijoada	Beans, trooper’s beans, feijoada
Margarine, butter, mayonnaise, olive oil	Margarine, butter, mayonnaise, olive oil
Condiments	Garlic paste, garlic, onion, seasoning, stock, ketchup, mustard
Fruits	Pineapples, melons, watermelons, oranges, tangerines, guavas, peaches, mangoes, bananas, apples, pears, papayas, grapes, strawberries, plums, fruit salads, fruit juices in general
Milk, cheese, yoghurt	Whole milk, semi-skimmed milk, skimmed milk, cheese, yoghurt
Cured meat	Mortadella, ham, salami, sausage
Greens	Lettuce, chicory, cabbage, cress, rocket, zucchini, chayote, okra, broccoli, cauliflower, beetroot, carrot, pumpkin, tomato, vinaigrette
Alcoholic drinks	Beer, wine, liquor, cachaça, whisky, brandy
Coffee and tea	Coffee and tea
Soft drinks and artificial juices	Soft drinks and artificial juices
Dough-based food	Pasta (macaroni, noodles, lasagna), pizza
Cereals	Porridge, white rice, mash, farofa, English or sweet potato, boiled cassava, oats, granola, cereal bars
Savory snacks	Fried and roasted savory snacks
Cookies	Sponge and cookies
Bread	Bread, cheesy bread, toasted bread
Sweets and chocolate	Sweets in general, candy, chocolates

Food Groups	Dietary Patterns		Commonality
Food Groups	Meats and alcoholic drinks	Local traditional	Commonality
Soups	-0.141	0.203	0.3609
Olives and corn	0.218	-0.244	0.5414
Popcorn	0.054	0.113	0.5834
Sandwiches	0.580	-0.142	0.5178
Red meat	0.529	0.319	0.6186
White meat	0.057	0.093	0.4738
Eggs	0.209	0.256	0.5247
Beans, trooper’s beans	0.071	0.751	0.4782
Margarine, butter, oil	0.204	0.303	0. 4974
Condiments	0.223	0.201	0.5228
Fruits	-0.057	-0.017	0.6797
Milk, cheese, yoghurt	0.012	-0.039	0.5911
Cured meat	0.664	0.174	0.5629
Greens	0.037	0.075	0.6198
Alcoholic drinks	0.585	0.072	0.4959
Coffee and tea	-0.084	0.345	0.3334
Soft drinks and artificial juices	0.065	0.155	0.6035
Dough-based food	0.471	-0.228	0.6131
Cereals and tubers	0.061	0.789	0.4911
Savory snacks	0.529	0.117	0.6614
Cookies	0.043	0.170	0.5117
Bread	0.109	0.027	0.6419
Sweets and chocolate	0.163	-0.034	0.5890
Eigenvalues	2.180	1.914
% explained variance	9.48	8.33
% cumulative explained variance	9.48	17.810

Dietary patterns	Bone mineral content (g)
Dietary patterns	β	95% CI	p-value	β Aj^* * Models adjusted for age, education, smoking, menopause, body mass index, and vitamin D level in the blood.	95% CI	p-value^ p-value: linear regression adopting significance for p<0.05. β: values adjusted by covariables; CI: Confidence Interval.	β	95% CI	p-value	β Aj^* * Models adjusted for age, education, smoking, menopause, body mass index, and vitamin D level in the blood.	95% CI	p-value^ p-value: linear regression adopting significance for p<0.05. β: values adjusted by covariables; CI: Confidence Interval.
Meats and alcoholic drinks	0.087	0.018;0.156	0.013	0.013	-0.048;0.075	0.668	0.034	-0.026;0.094	0.264	-0.057	-0.110;-0.003	0.037
Local traditional	0.014	-0.054; 0.083	0.679	0.058	0.003;0.112	0.036	-0.033	-0.078; 0.0011	0.144	-0.010	-0.051;0.030	0.624

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[1] Correspondence to: KJ SEGHETO. E-mail: kaseghetto@gmail.com.