Sharpe, Joanne Mary

Joanne Mary Sharpe ²2Author for correspondence: joannesharpe@juno.com

Sharplex Services, Edgecomb, Maine, USA

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-1901

2Author for correspondence: joannesharpe@juno.com

Area Editor: Dra. Lana Sylvestre

Figuras (4)
Tablas (3)

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Figure 1
Annual temperature and rainfall in El Verde Research Area, Luquillo Experimental Forest for the years of the study (1992-2009) - a. mean maximum forest understory temperatures two m above the ground (Ramirez 2022Ramirez A (2022) Maximum temperature at El Verde Field Station, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico since October 1992 ver 538560. Environmental Data Initiative. Available at <https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/7e769e3710a9b9c6962b3c1a8d651eed>. Access on 15 September 2023.
https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/7e769e3710... ); b. total annual rainfall (Ramirez 2023Ramirez A (2023) Rainfall at El Verde Field Station, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico since 1975 ver 470050. Environmental Data Initiative. Available at <https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-luq&identifier=14&revision=470051>. Access on 15 September 2023.
https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/map... ).

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Figure 2
Morphology and leaf types of study species: a. Danaea geniculata crown of sterile leaves; b. D. geniculata fertile leaf above sterile leaves; c. D. polymorpha sterile leaf and trunk; d. D. nodosa sterile leaves on several plants.

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Figure 3
Annual variation in two leaf traits of three species of Danaea in the El Verde Research Area. The vertical dashed line separates the observation timespans before and after Hurricane Georges (HG) in 1998. See for summaries and Appendix S1 (available on supplementary material <https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24431293.v1>) for yearly means±standard deviations and statistical results.

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Figure 4
Annual variation in four plant traits of three species of Danaea in the El Verde Research Area. The vertical dashed line separates the observation timespans before and after Hurricane Georges (HG) in 1998. See for summaries and Appendix S1 (available on supplementary material <https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24431293.v1>) for yearly means±standard deviations and statistical results.

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Table 1
Leaf trait comparisons among three dimorphic understory species of Danaea [(N) = number of plants] within the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico. Both leaf traits represent observations of whole unbroken leaves. Means and standard deviation for N years, differences among years [Repeated measures ANOVA (F,P)], differences between leaf types through 2000 [Paired T-test, (T, P)] and Fertile (spore-bearing)/Sterile (vegetative) leaf ratio. Significant differences (p-values < 0.0500) among years and between leaf types (see ) are marked with ^*** in contrast to non-significant differences (NS).

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Table 2
Plant trait comparisons among three dimorphic understory species of Danaea [(N) = number of plants] within the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico. Means and standard deviation for N years, differences among years [Repeated measures ANOVA (F, P)], except when no usable cases (ANOVA, NS^a), differences between leaf types through 2000 [Paired T-test, (T, P)] and Fertile (spore-bearing)/Sterile (vegetative) leaf ratio. Significant differences (p-values < 0.0500) among years and between leaf types (see ) are marked with ^*** in contrast to non-significant differences (NS).

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Table 3
Comparison of traits of Danaea geniculata in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico ( and , this study) and in Pernambuco Brazil (Farias et al. 2018Farias RP, Costa LEN, Barros ICL & Mehltreter K (2018) Leaf phenology of Danaea geniculata (Marattiaceae) in a submontane tropical forest, Brazil. American Fern Journal 108: 35-46., with monthly leaf production rates converted to yearly). F = Fertile; S = Sterile. Brazil/PR Ratio between Brazil and Puerto Rico studies.

			Interannual		Leaf Type		F/S
	N	Mean±SD	F	P	T	P	Ratio
a. Danaea geniculata (9)
1. Leaf lifespan (mo)
Fertile	6	5.4±0.68	0.70	0.6242 NS	-12.7	0.0001 ^***	0.10
Sterile	11	54.4±9.26	2.23	0.0212 ^***
2. Leaf length (cm)
Fertile	7	52.0±3.65	0.96	0.4649 NS	-3.16	0.0196 ^***	1.14
Sterile	16	45.8±2.99	1.87	0.0340 ^***
b. Danaea polymorpha (5)
1. Leaf lifespan (mo)
Fertile	6	6.3±3.21	1.44	0.5567 NS	-89.03	0.0072 ^***	0.14
Sterile	4	52.7±2.11	0.29	0.8352 NS
2. Leaf length (cm)
Fertile	7	53.9±5.48	0.69	0.6821 NS	2.84	0.3630 NS	1.06
Sterile	9	48.2±3.29	1.65	0.1495 NS
c. Danaea nodosa (45)
1. Leaf lifespan (mo)
Fertile	5	4.5±0.34	0.38	0.8188 NS	-12.85	0.0002 ^***	0.14
Sterile	11	33.5±4.75	8.44	0.0000 ^***
2. Leaf length (cm)
Fertile	6	144.68±5.73	0.54	0.0320 ^***	4.66	0.0055 ^***	1.08
Sterile	15	134.01±8.68	8.36	0.0000 ^***

			Interannual		Leaf Type		F/S
	N	Mean±SD	F	P	T	P	Ratio
a. Danaea geniculata (9)
1. Leaf production Rate (-yr)
Fertile	7	1.19±0.325	1.39	0.2375 NS	-4.22	0.0056 ^***	0.52
Sterile	16	2.29±0.906	6.69	0.0000 ^***
2. Plant leaf count
Fertile	7	0.89±0.272	0.95	0.4694 NS	-24.46	0.0000 ^***	0.07
Sterile	16	12.86±1.003	1.37	0.1752 NS
3. Plant height (cm)
Fertile	7	51.70±2.245	1.38	0.2814 NS^a	-2.29	0.0620 NS	0.91
Sterile	16	56.73±1.154	0.65	0.8304 NS
4. Percent plants fertile (-yr)
	7	76.2%±14.95	N/A		N/A		N/A
b. Danaea polymorpha (5)
1. Leaf production rate (-yr)
Fertile	9	0.53±0.600	3.19	0.0089 ^***	-6.16	0.0003 ^***	0.22
Sterile	9	2.38±0.689	3.36	0.0066 ^***
2. Plant leaf count
Fertile	9	0.60±0.469	1.55	0.1804 NS	-27.30	0.0000 ^***	0.06
Sterile	9	9.38±1.294	9.47	0.0000 NS
3. Plant height (cm)
Fertile	8	52.59±6.070	0.79	0.6776 NS^a	-1.74	0.1422 NS	0.93
Sterile	9	54.67±3.012	2.93	0.0142 ^***
4. Percent plants fertile (-yr)
	9	48.9%±28.48	N/A		N/A		N/A
c. Danaea nodosa (45)
1. Leaf production Rate (-yr)
Fertile	6	0.35±0.160	4.12	0.0013 ^***	-4.25	0.0081 ^***	0.28
Sterile	15	1.26±0.477	20.08	0.0000 ^***
2. Plant leaf count
Fertile	6	0.26±0.174	6.80	0.0000 ^***	-20.59	0.0000 ^***	0.07
Sterile	15	3.59±0.417	6.64	0.0000 ^***
3. Plant height (cm)
Fertile	6	143.9±6.62	6.39	0.0006 ^***a	-1.88	0.1192 NS	0.98
Sterile	16	146.2±8.17	10.72	0.0000 ^***
4. Percent plants fertile (-yr)
	7	31.0%±26.33	N/A		N/A		N/A

	Puerto Rico			Brazil			Brazil / PR
	F	S	F/S	F	S	F/S	F	S
Max length (cm)	51.70	56.73	0.91	85.04	80.73	1.05	1.64	1.42
Lifespan (mo)	5.40	54.40	0.10	5.60	24.7	0.23	1.04	0.45
Leaf production	1.19	2.29	0.52	0.72	2.72	0.19	0.61	1.19
Plant leaf count	0.89	12.86	0.07	0.45	7.56	0.06	0.51	0.59

[1] 2Author for correspondence: joannesharpe@juno.com

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Brasil

Annual variation in growth and reproduction of three fern species of Danaea (Marattiaceae) in the hurricane-prone Luquillo mountains in Puerto Rico

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