Morphometry of the fruits of <i>Genipa americana</i> (Rubiaceae): a case study from the southern coast of Bahia, Brazil

Santos, Catriane Sousa; Dalmolin, Ândrea Carla; Santos, Martielly Santana dos; Santos, Roberta Barreto dos; Lima, Thâmara Moura; Pérez-Molina, Junior Pastor; Mielke, Marcelo Schramm

doi:10.1590/2175-7860202172101

Catriane Sousa Santos

Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Depto. Ciências Biológicas, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0896-3659

Ândrea Carla Dalmolin

Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4372-0492

Martielly Santana dos Santos

Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Depto. Ciências Biológicas, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0909-2664

Roberta Barreto dos Santos

Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Depto. Ciências Biológicas, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9688-1532

Thâmara Moura Lima

Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Depto. Ciências Biológicas, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7202-1319

Junior Pastor Pérez-Molina

Universidad Nacional, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional y Ecosistemas Tropicales (LEFET), Omar Dengo Campus, Heredia, Costa Rica.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3396-0599

Marcelo Schramm Mielke ⁸8Author for correspondence: msmielke@uesc.br

Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Depto. Ciências Biológicas, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-2902

8Author for correspondence: msmielke@uesc.br

Area Editor: Dr. Joel Campo de Paula

Figures (4)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1
Collection areas of the fruits of Genipa americana in southern Bahia, Brazil. Sampling sites: S1 to S10.

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Figure 2
a-h. Phenotypic morphometric attributes of fruits of Genipa americana in southern Bahia, Brazil (n = 8 per sampling sites, S1 to S10) – a. elevation (meters above sea level); b. FD = fruit diameter; c. FL = fruit length; d. FFM = fruit fresh mass; e. NSF = number of seeds per fruit; f. FMSF = total fresh mass of seeds per fruit; g. DMSF = total dry mass of seeds per fruit; h. MST = and mass of 1,000 seeds. Equal letters indicate no statistically significant difference between sampling sites. (P > 0.05, Bonferroni’s test; KW = Kruskal-Wallis test; F = Fisher value; d.f. = 9, 70; R2 = coefficient of determination; ** = P < 0.01; *** = P < 0.001. SE = standard error).

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Figure 3
Matrix of relationships between pairs of phenotypic morphometric attributes of fruits of Genipa americana in southern Bahia, Brazil (n = 80). Subplots in the upper diagonal represent the correlation coefficient between pairs of variables (rs and rρ are Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficient, respectively). The subplot on the diagonal shows the probability density curve (Shapiro-Wilks’s test, α = 0.05; Normal distribution, p > 0.05). Subplots in the lower diagonal represent the dispersion between pairs of variables (solid line shows the best fit of a linear regression model). n.s. = not significant; * = P < 0.05; ** = P < 0.01; *** = P < 0.001. The meaning of the abbreviations sees Fig. 2.

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Figure 4
Cluster analysis with heat map in relation to the sites (horizontal axis) and phenotypic morphometric attributes of fruits of Genipa americana in southern Bahia, Brazil. (n = 80) (vertical axis); S = Site.

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Table 1
Characteristics of the collection areas of the fruits of Genipa americana, in southern Bahia, Brazil.

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Table 2
Mantel’s test correlations (r_m ) between the similarities of the phenotypic morphometric attributes of fruits vs. the spatial separation and the similarities of elevation of all sampling sites. n.s. = not significant. * = P < 0.05; ** = P < 0.01; *** = P < 0.001. The number of permutations based on Monte-Carlo test were of n = 2000 interactions. The meaning of the abbreviations sees Fig. 2.

Origin	City	Site	Coordinate	Elevation (masl)
Tree	Ilhéus I	S1	39º02’23’’W; 14º48’26’’S	29
	Itabuna I	S2	39º15’57’’W; 14º48’50’’S	85
	Buerarema I	S5	39º18’56’’W; 14º57’59’’S	118
	Ilhéus II	S6	39º11’38’’W; 14º52’58’’S	131
	Buerarema II	S7	39º17’59’’W; 14º57’58’’S	158
	São José da Vitória	S9	39º21’05’’W; 15º04’31’’S	208
Free market	Itabuna II	S3	39º19’45’’W; 14º52’44’’S	114
	Itabuna III	S4	39º19’52’’W; 14º52’48’’S	115
	Ibicaraí	S8	39º34’57’’W; 14º51’24’’S	170
	Jussari	S10	39º31’29’’W; 15º11’47’’S	400

Variable	FD	FL	FFM	NSF	FMSF	DMSF	MTS
Spatial distance	0.23 ***	0.29 ***	0.26 ***	0.09 *	0.10 *	0.08 n.s.	0.07 n.s.
Elevation	0.23 **	0.24 **	0.16 ***	0.08 n.s.	0.05 n.s.	0.07 n.s.	0.08 n.s.

[1] 8Author for correspondence: msmielke@uesc.br

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Morphometry of the fruits of Genipa americana (Rubiaceae): a case study from the southern coast of Bahia, Brazil

Abstract