Yañez, Agustina; Marquez, Gonzalo Javier; Vignale, María Victoria; Grassi, Emanuel M.; Castía, Federico J.

Agustina Yañez ⁷7Author for correspondence: gugu@macn.gov.ar

Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (MACN-CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4508-2148

Gonzalo Javier Marquez

Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, CONICET, División Paleobotánica, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7378-836X

María Victoria Vignale

Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones, FCEQyN, UNaM-CONICET, Ruta 12 km 7.5, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina

Instituto Misionero de Biodiversidad, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9253-199X

Emanuel M. Grassi

Instituto Misionero de Biodiversidad, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4563-056X

Federico J. Castía

RUM - Parque Ecológico El Puma - Ministerio de Ecología y R. N. R., Posadas, Misiones, Argentina

http://orcid.org/0009-0008-5757-4378

7Author for correspondence: gugu@macn.gov.ar

Area Editor: Dra. Lana Sylvestre

Figuras (3)
Tablas (2)

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Figure 1
a-d. Illustration of Pteris ensiformis var. victoriae - a. general aspect showing a fertile and two sterile fronds; b. detail of adaxial face of sterile pinnae, basiscopic segment showing white bands pattern; c. detail of abaxial face of fertile segment in the middle portion, left side show white bands pattern, right side show 1-furcate venation; d. details of terminal portion of two different fertile segments observed, bearing sporangia to the apex (above) or subapically (bellow). Illustrated specimen: (a-d. Gutiérrez et al. 1638 ).

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Figure 2
a-d. Pteris ensiformis var. victoriae found in Misiones (Argentina) - a. general aspect; b. detail of abaxial (forward) and adaxial (back) side of fertile segment showing white bands running from the midrib nearly to the edge of segments. Cenosorus protected by marginal pseudoindusium; c. adaxial side of rachis showing sulcus; d. detail of sterile oblong segment showing dentate margin. (a-d. Gutiérrez et al. 1638). Scale bars: b-d = 2 mm.

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Figure 3
a-d. Pteris ensiformis in South America Countries painted gray are those where at least one record of the species was identified. - a. studied records expressed by variety; b. studied records expressed by database consulted; c. studied records expressed by status assigned in this article; d. studied records expressed by collection year.

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Table 1
Terminology used in this article referring to the status of an exotic species in the invaded area. ^*Adventive (De Candolle’s 1855De Candolle AP (1855) Géographie botanique raisonnée ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle. Vol. 2. V. Masson, Paris. 768p.) is pointed out by Richardson et al. (2000)Richardson DM, Pyšek P, Rejmanek M, Barbour MG, Panetta FD & West CJ (2000) Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93-107. and Pyšek et al. (2004)Pyšek P, Richardson DM, Rejmánek M, Webster GL, Williamson M & Kirschner J (2004) Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131-143. as a synonym of casual. ^**While for Richardson et al. (2000)Richardson DM, Pyšek P, Rejmanek M, Barbour MG, Panetta FD & West CJ (2000) Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93-107. one way to identify that a population has reached its state of naturalization is that they tend to recruit descendants freely, generally near adult plants, Pyšek et al. (2004)Pyšek P, Richardson DM, Rejmánek M, Webster GL, Williamson M & Kirschner J (2004) Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131-143. propose a period of 10 consecutive years of self-replacement of populations to support the naturalization status. In this work we follow Richardson’s naturalization criteria but we make observations of the temporary permanence of the species in a given area.

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Table 2
Status and stages in the naturalization process of South America populations according to information of herbarium collections. Between parentheses = number of total records from herbarium collections. ^*We assign a general status in the invasion process of the species for each country considering the status of the particular record that corresponds to a later stage according to the scheme proposed by Blackburn et al. (2011)Blackburn TM, Pyšek P, Bacher S, Carlton JT, Duncan RP, Jarošík V, Wilson JRU & Richardson DM (2011) A proposed unified framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26: 333-339..

Definition	Status	References
Native	Plant taxa that have originated in a given area without human involvement or that have arrived there without intentional or unintentional intervention of humans from an area in which they are native.	*Pyšek et al.* (2004)*Pyšek P, Richardson DM, Rejmánek M, Webster GL, Williamson M & Kirschner J (2004) Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131-143.; Falk-Petersen et al.* (2006).
Non-native / alien / exotic / nonindigenous plants	Plant taxa in a given area, outside its natural past or present range, whose presence there is due to intentional or unintentional human involvement, or which have arrived there without the help of people from an area in which they are alien (organisms whose dispersal is caused by human action)	*Richardson et al.* (2000)*Richardson DM, Pyšek P, Rejmanek M, Barbour MG, Panetta FD & West CJ (2000) Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93-107.; Pyšek et al.* (2004); Falk-Petersen et al. (2006).
Cultivated	Plant taxa growing under human control, whose sustainability depends on it.	*Pyšek et al.* (2004)**Pyšek P, Richardson DM, Rejmánek M, Webster GL, Williamson M & Kirschner J (2004) Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53: 131-143.
Casual / adventive^*	Alien plants that may flourish and even reproduce occasionally outside cultivation in an area, but that eventually die out because they do not form self-sustaining populations, and rely on repeated introductions for their persistence.	*Richardson et al.* (2000)*Richardson DM, Pyšek P, Rejmanek M, Barbour MG, Panetta FD & West CJ (2000) Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93-107.; Pyšek et al.* (2004); Falk-Petersen et al. (2006).
Naturalized^**	Alien plants that reproduce consistently and have obtained a self-sustaining population over many life cycles without direct intervention by humans (or in spite of human intervention). They do not necessarily invade natural, seminatural or human-made ecosystems.	*Richardson et al.* (2000)*Richardson DM, Pyšek P, Rejmanek M, Barbour MG, Panetta FD & West CJ (2000) Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: 93-107.; Pyšek et al.* (2004); Falk-Petersen et al. (2006).

Status Country and number of records	Not determined	Cultivated	Casual	Naturalized	Out of cultivation	Status defined in this article^*	Stage sensu *Blackburn et al.* (2011)**Blackburn TM, Pyšek P, Bacher S, Carlton JT, Duncan RP, Jarošík V, Wilson JRU & Richardson DM (2011) A proposed unified framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26: 333-339.
Brazil (31)	3	7	1	3	17	Naturalized	Spread (C3)
Colombia (4)	4	0	0	0	0	Not determined	Not determined
French Guiana (2)	1	1	0	0	0	Cultivated	Introduction
Ecuador (2)	0	2	0	0	0	Cultivated	Introduction
Argentina (4)	0	0	3	0	1	Casual	Establishment (C1 and C2)

[1] 7Author for correspondence: gugu@macn.gov.ar

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The exotic species Pteris ensiformis (Pteridaceae) in South America: an aproach to naturalization process

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