Psychological |
|
|
|
|
|
Amir et al., 199825
|
Debriefing (6 sessions) |
2 days after trauma |
2 and 6 months |
27% diagnosed with PTSD |
+/- |
Sijbrandij et al., 20067
|
Debriefing (1 session) |
15 days after trauma |
2 and 6 weeks and 6 months |
Symptom decrease in all 3 groups/emotional debriefing had an adverse effect in participants with early hyperarousal symptoms |
+ |
Bisson et al., 20049
|
CBT (4 sessions) |
1-3 weeks post-injury |
3 and 13 months |
IES reduced in the intervention group |
+ |
Brom et al., 199334
|
Preventive counseling program |
Not informed |
1 and 6 months |
10% of the victims suffered from PTSD |
- |
Bryant et al., 199910
|
5 sessions of (1) prolonged exposure; (2) a combination of prolonged exposure; and (3) anxiety management supportive counseling |
2 weeks |
6 months |
Fewer patients with prolonged exposure/prolonged exposure + anxiety management met criteria for PTSD after treatment |
+ |
Deahl et al., 200011
|
Operational Stress Training Package pre and post trauma |
Not informed |
3 and 6 months and 1 year |
CAGE scores decreased in the debriefed group by the end of the follow-up |
+ |
Gamble et al., 200513
|
Counseling 72h after birth and at 4 to 6 weeks postpartum |
72 hours and 4/6 weeks after birth |
3 months |
Decreased trauma symptoms, low relative risk of depression, low relative risk of stress, and low feelings of self-blame |
+ |
Gidron et al., 200114
|
Memory structuring intervention |
24 hours after trauma |
3 months |
Patients reported significantly less frequent intrusive, arousal, and total PTSD symptoms than controls |
+ |
Gidron et al., 200729
|
Memory structuring intervention or supportive listening |
24 to 48 hours after trauma |
3 months |
No overall group differences were found |
- |
Holmes et al., 200735
|
Interpersonal counseling (6 sessions) |
Within 2 weeks after trauma |
3 and 6 months |
Level of depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic symptoms and prevalence of psychiatric disorders did not differ |
- |
Marchand et al., 200626
|
Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (2 sessions) |
2 to 22 days after trauma |
40 and 110 days |
No differences between the CISD-A and the control group in preventing PTSD |
+ |
Miller et al., 201515
|
Video intervention |
72 hours after trauma |
2 weeks and 2 months |
Significantly fewer anxiety symptoms at the follow-up assessments |
+ |
Mouthaan et al., 201324
|
Self-guided Internet-based intervention based on CBT |
1 week after trauma |
1, 3, 6 and 12 months |
No support for the efficacy of the Trauma TIPS in the prevention of PTSD symptoms |
- |
Price et al., 201427
|
Prolonged exposure intervention or assessment-only condition (3 sessions) |
In the emergency department after the patient was medically stable |
4 and 12 weeks posttrauma |
Dissociation at the time at which treatment starts may indicate poorer response to early intervention. Those with reduced dissociation at the start of treatment benefited most from early treatment |
+/- |
Resnick et al., 200716
|
Video intervention |
72 hours after trauma |
6 weeks and 6 months |
Time 1: intervention associated with lower PTSD and depression scores among women with a prior rape history relative to women in the standard care condition. Time 2: depression scores were lower among those with a prior rape history who were in the video intervention |
+ |
Rothbaum et al., 200817
|
Individualized exposure-based therapy (CBT, 1 session) |
24 hours after trauma |
1 week |
Patients: slightly decrease in depression and lower scores in clinician-rated global severity of symptoms than patients in the assessment-condition |
+ |
Rothbaum et al., 201218
|
Early intervention CBT (3 sessions) |
12 hours after trauma |
1 and 3 months |
Intervention participants reported significantly lower PTSR than the assessment group at 4 and 12 weeks post injury |
+ |
Rothbaum et al., 201419
|
Exposure intervention (3 sessions) |
Emergency department shortly after trauma |
4 and 12 weeks |
Combined genetic variants may serve to predict those most at risk for developing PTSD following trauma. Psychotherapeutic intervention may mitigate this risk |
+ |
Ryding et al., 200432
|
Counseling (2 sessions) conducted about 2 months postpartum |
1/2 month after trauma |
6 months |
No difference between the groups was found |
- |
Scholes et al., 200720
|
Self-help information |
Within 1 month after trauma |
3 months |
No group diferences |
- |
Zatzick et al., 200136
|
Collaborative care intervention (4 months) |
Newly admitted patients |
1, 4 months |
First month: decreased PTSD and depressive symptoms/4 months: no significant improvements in PTSD and depressive symptoms |
+/- |
Zoellner et al., 201123
|
Brief cognitive behavioral intervention (4 weeks) |
20 days after trauma |
2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months |
Brief cognitive-behavioral intervention caused changes in perceptions of self and changes in trauma-related symptom |
+ |
Pharmachological |
|
|
|
|
|
Bryant et al., 200930
|
Single dose of morphine |
Between 48 hours and 7 days after trauma |
3 months |
14% met criteria for PTSD at 3 months. Patients who developed PTSD received less morphine than those without PTSD. Morphine administered in the initial 48 hours was apparently more protective than the dose administered over the initial week |
+ |
Delahanty et al., 201312
|
10 days of hydrocortisone (20 mg) or placebo |
12 hours after trauma |
1 and 3 months |
Hydrocortisone recipients reported fewer PTSD and depression symptoms than placebo recipients |
+ |
Matsuoka et al. 201546
|
1,470 mg/d of DHA plus 147 mg/d of eicosapentaenoic acid or placebo for 12 weeks |
3 days after trauma |
3 months |
11.1% of the DHA group and 5.5% of the placebo group developed PTSD |
- |
Pitman et al., 200231
|
10 days of propranolol 40 mg or placebo (4 times daily) |
6 hours after trauma |
1 and 3 months |
Non significant trend for propranolol group CAPS scores did not differ in the propranolol and placebo groups |
- |
Stein et al., 200721
|
14 days: propranolol, anxiolytic anticonvulsant gabapentin or placebo |
48 hours after trauma |
1, 4 and 8 months |
None of the study drugs showed a significant benefit over placebo on depressive or post-traumatic stress symptoms |
- |
Suliman et al., 20158
|
10-20 mg of escitalopram or placebo daily for 24 weeks |
Within 1 month after trauma |
Weeks 0, 4, 12, 24, 32, 40, 48 and 56 |
Significant reduction in CAPS scores over the course of treatment in both the escitalopram and placebo groups |
- |
Vaiva et al., 200322
|
3 times daily for 7 days: 40 mg of propranolol |
2-20 hours after trauma |
2 months |
PTSD rates were higher in the group that refused propranolol when compared to the group who received propranolol |
+ |