Neuropsychomotor developmental delay: conceptual map, term definitions,
               uses and limitations

Dornelas, Lílian de Fátima; Duarte, Neuza Maria de Castro; Magalhães, Lívia de Castro

doi:10.1016/j.rpped.2014.04.009

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Revista Paulista de Pediatria

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Review Articles • Rev. paul. pediatr. 33 (1) • Jan-Mar 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpped.2014.04.009 copy

Neuropsychomotor developmental delay: conceptual map, term definitions, uses and limitations

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE:

To retrieve the origin of the term neuropsychomotor developmental delay" (NPMD), its conceptual evolution over time, and to build a conceptual map based on literature review.

DATA SOURCE:

A literature search was performed in the SciELO Brazil, Web of Science, Science Direct, OneFile (GALE), Pubmed (Medline), Whiley Online, and Springer databases, from January of 1940 to January of 2013, using the following keywords: NPMD delay, NPMD retardation, developmental delay, and global developmental delay. A total of 71 articles were selected, which were used to build the conceptual map of the term.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Of the 71 references, 55 were international and 16 national. The terms developmental delay and global developmental delay were the most frequently used in the international literature and, in Brazil, delayed NPMD was the most often used. The term developmental delay emerged in the mid 1940s, gaining momentum in the 1990s. In Brazil, the term delayed NPMD started to be used in the 1980s, and has been frequently cited and published in the literature. Delayed development was a characteristic of 13 morbidities described in 23 references. Regarding the type of use, 19 references were found, with seven forms of use. Among the references, 34 had definitions of the term, and 16 different concepts were identified.

CONCLUSIONS:

Developmental delay is addressed in the international and national literature under different names, various applications, and heterogeneous concepts. Internationally, ways to improve communication between professionals have been indicated, with standardized definition of the term and use in very specific situations up to the fifth year of life, which was not found in Brazilian publications.

Child development; Child development disorders, pervasive

Databases	Terms used	Number of documents found
Scielo Brazil	atraso do desenvolvimento; atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor; retardo do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, atraso do desenvolvimento global; retardo mental	498
Web of Science	developmental delay* AND child; global developmental delay; neuropsychomotor developmental delay; neuropsychomotor developmental retardation; mental retardation AND child; neurodevelopmental disabilities* AND child; developmental disorder* AND child*	7,545
Science Direct	developmental delay AND child; global developmental delay; neuropsychomotor developmental delay; neuropsychomotor developmental retardation; mental retardation AND child; neurodevelopmental disabilities AND child; developmental disorder AND child	3,672
Pubmed (MEDLINE)	developmental delay child; global developmental delay; neuropsychomotor developmental delay; neuropsychomotor developmental retardation; mental retardation child; neurodevelopmental disabilities child; developmental disorder child	8,974
Wiley Online Library	developmental delay AND child; global developmental delay AND child; neuropsychomotor developmental delay; neuropsychomotor developmental retardation; mental retardation AND child; neurodevelopmental disabilities AND child; developmental disorder AND child	3,662
Springer	developmental delay; global developmental delay; neuropsychomotor developmental delay; neuropsychomotor developmental retardation; mental retardation; neurodevelopmental disabilities; developmental disorder	4,505
OneFile (GALE)	children with developmental delays; global developmental delay; neuropsychomotor developmental delay; neuropsychomotor developmental retardation; mental retardation AND children´s; neurodevelopmental disabilities; developmental disorders	675
Total		29,531

Nº	Title	Author, year	Type of article	Country	Term	Population
Nº	Title	Author, year	Type of article	Country	Term	Population
1-	Mental development of prematurely born children	Benton, 1940	Cross-sectional	United States	Global developmental delay	Preterm children
2-	Impact of delayed development in premature infants on mother-infant interaction: a prospective investigation	Minde et al, 1998	Longitudinal	Canada	Developmental delay
3-	Relation between very low birth weight and developmental delay among preschool children without disabilities	Schendel et al, 1997	Cross-sectional	United States	Developmental delay
4-	Developmental delay at 12 months in children born extremely preterm	Lando et al, 2005	Longitudinal	United States	Developmental delay
5-	In pursuit of potential: a discussion of developmental delay, structuralization and one child’s efforts at mastery	Socor, 1981	Theoretical	United States	Developmental delay	Children with cerebral palsy
6-	Novelty responding and behavioral development in young, developmentally delayed children	Mundy et al, 1983	Cross-sectional	United States	Developmental delay	Children with chromosomal and congenital abnormalities, hydrocephalus, autism, alcoholic syndrome, and preterm children
7-	Preschool childrwen with developmental delays: nursing intervention	Steele, 1998	Descriptive	United States	Developmental delay
8-	Benefits of early intervention for children with developmental disabilities	Majnemer, 1998	Theoretical	Canada	Global developmental delay
9-	Neurodevelopmental delay in small babies at term: a systematic review	Arcangeli et al, 2012	Review	United Kingdom	Developmental delay
10-	Semiology of growth restriction: diagnostic script	Marcondes, 1983	Theoretical	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay	Children with mental retardation
11-	The etiology of developmental delay	Aircardi, 1998	Theoretical	England	Developmental delay
12-	Radiological findings in developmental delay	Shaefer et al, 1998	Theoretical	United States	Developmental delay
13-	Early experience and early intervention for children at risk for developmental delay and mental retardation	Ramey et al, 1999	Review	United States	Developmental delay
14-	Diagnostic evaluation of developmental delay/mental retardation: an overview	Bataglia et al, 2003	Review	United States	Developmental delay
15-	Peer-related social interactions of developmentally delayed young children: development and characteristics	Guranilk et al, 1984	Longitudinal	United States	Developmental delay	Children with chromosomal and congenital abnormalities and preterm children.
16-	Identifying patterns of developmental delays can help diagnose neurodevelopmental disorders	Tervo, 2006	Theoretical	United Kingdom	Global developmental delay
17-	Differences in the memory-based searching of delayed and normally developing young children	Deloache et al, 1987	Cross-sectional	United States	Developmental delay	Children with cerebral palsy, delayed language skills and preterm children
18-	Variability in adaptive behavior in children with developmental delay	Bloom et al, 1994	Cross-sectional	United States	Developmental delay	Children with mental retardation and preterm children
19-	The negative effects of positive reinforcement in teaching children with developmental delay	Bierdeman et al, 1994	Cross-sectional	Canada	Developmental delay	Children with mental retardation and preterm children
20-	Evaluation of neurodevelopmental delay in special-needs children at a university subnormal vision service	Sampaio et al, 1999	Cross-sectional	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay	Children with sensory impairment
21-	Early rehabilitation service utilization patterns in young children with developmental delays	Majnemer et al, 2002	Longitudinal	Canada	Global developmental delay	Children with global delay, with motor delay, with language delay and autism.
22-	Global developmental delay and its relationship to cognitive	Grether, 2007	Theoretical	United States	Global developmental delay	Children with mental retardation, delayed motor development
23-	Does race influence age of diagnosis for children with developmental delay?	Mann et al, 2008	Longitudinal	United States	Developmental delay	Children with cerebral palsy, with language delay and sensory impairment

Nº	Title	Author, year	Type of article	Country	Term	Term use
Nº	Title	Author, year	Type of article	Country	Term	Term use
1-	The changing picture of cerebral dysfunction in early childhood	Solomons et al, 1963	Longitudinal	United States	Developmental delay	Children who do not exhibit typical development without obvious neurological signs that may indicate cerebral palsy
2-	The status at two years of low-birth-weight infants born in 1974 with birth weights of less than 1,001 gm	Pape et al, 1978	Longitudinal	Canada	Developmental delay	Children with low scores at developmental tests
3-	Relation between very low birth weight and developmental delay among preschool children without disabilities	Schendel et al, 1997	Cross-sectional	United States	Developmental delay
4-	Screening tests and standardized assessments used to identify and characterize developmental delays	Rosenbaum, 1998	Theoretical	Canada	Developmental delay
5-	Effects of testing context on ball skill performance in 5 year old children with or without developmental delay	Doty et al, 1999	Cross-sectional	United States	Developmental delay
6-	Etiologic evaluation in 247 children with global developmental delay at Istanbul Turkey	Ozmen et al, 2005	Cross-sectional	Turkey	Global Developmental delay
7-	Assessment of the neuropsychomotor development of children living in the outskirts of Porto Alegre	Saccani et al, 2007	Cross-sectional	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay
8-	Risk factors for suspected neuropsychomotor developmental delay at 12 months of age	Halpern et al, 2000	Cross-sectional	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay
9-	Natural history of suspected developmental delay between 12 and 24 months of age in the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort	Moura et al, 2010	Longitudinal	Brazil	Global developmental delay
10-	Epidemiology in child neurology: a study of the most common diagnoses	Lefévre et al, 1982	Descriptive	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay	To diagnose children with developmental delay and avoid labeling them
11-	Diagnosis of developmental delay: the geneticists approach	Lunt, 1994	Theoretical	England	Developmental delay
12-	Evaluation and management of children with low school achievement and attention deficit disorder	Araújo, 2002	Review	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay
13-	Global developmental delay and its relationship to cognitive	Grether, 2007	Theoretical	United States	Global developmental delay	To diagnose children with developmental delay and avoid labeling them
14-	Acquisition of functional skills in the mobility area in children attending an early stimulation program	Hallal et al, 2008	Cross-sectional	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay
15-	The infant or young child with developmental delay	First et al, 1994	Review	United States	Developmental delay	In children who do not have the motor milestones expected for their chronological age
16-	Classification of developmental delays	Petersen et al, 1998	Theoretical	United States	Developmental delay; psychomotor retardation	To identify children who have as the chief complaint the delay in meeting the developmental milestones in one or more areas of development
17-	Diagnostic evaluation of developmental delay/mental retardation: an overview	Bataglia et al, 2003	Review	United States	Developmental delay	Children younger than 5 years of age with suspected mental retardation
18-	Clinical genetic evaluation of the child with mental retardation or developmental delays	Moeschler et al, 2006	Theoretical	Canada	Developmental delay
19-	“Is My Child Normal?”: Not all developmental problems are obvious. How to trust your instincts and tell if your child needs help	Costello et al, 2003	Theoretical	United States	Developmental delay	Children that show a peculiar variation of motor milestones when compared to the average child

Nº	Title	Author, year	Type of article	Country	Term	Definition
Nº	Title	Author, year	Type of article	Country	Term	Definition
1-	Child developmental delay and socio-economic disadvantage in Australia: a longitudinal study	Najman et al, 1992	Longitudinal	Australia	Developmental delay	Delay in language development, cognition, motor skills, and social skills within a particular culture
2-	Electrocochleography in children: study of 2,336 cases	Ramos et al, 1992	Cross-sectional	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay	A combination of microcephaly; phonal abnormalities with atypical brain development
3-	Pediatric assessment of the child with developmental delay	Levy et al, 1993	Cross-sectional	United States	Developmental delay	Delay in two or more areas of child development with a standard deviation below the mean on developmental tests
4-	Diagnostic yield of the neurologic assessment of the developmentally delayed child	Majnemer et al, 1995	Longitudinal	Canada	Global developmental delay
5-	The evaluation of the child with a global developmental delay	Shevell, 1998	Theoretical	Canada	Global developmental delay
6-	Etiologic yield of subspecialists’ evaluation of young children with global developmental delay	Shevell, 2000	Cross-sectional	Canada	Global developmental delay
7-	Practice parameter: evaluation of the child with global developmental delay	Shevell et al, 2003	Review	Canada	Global developmental delay
8-	Developmental and functional outcomes in children with global developmental delay or developmental language impairment	Shevell et al, 2005	Longitudinal	Canada	Global developmental delay
9-	Office evaluation of the child with developmental delay	Shevell, 2006	Theoretical	Canada	Global developmental delay
10-	Analysis of clinical features predicting etiologic yield in the assessment of global developmental delay	Srour et al, 2006	Longitudinal	Canada	Global developmental delay
11-	Investigation of global developmental delay	Mc Donald et al, 2006	Review	England	Global developmental delay
12-	Global developmental delay and its relationship to cognitive skills	Grether, 2007	Theoretical	United States	Global developmental delay
13-	Global developmental delay and its relationship to cognitive skills.	Riou et al, 2008	Longitudinal	Canada	Global developmental delay	Delay in two or more areas of child development with a standard deviation below the mean on developmental tests
14-	Investigation of developmental delay	Newton et al, 1995	Theoretical	England	Developmental delay	The child reaches the developmental milestones, but significantly more slowly than the average for other children, and may have future learning difficulties
15-	A preliminary study of creative music therapy in the treatment of children with developmental delay	Aldridge et al, 1995	Experimental	Germany	Developmental delay	A consequence of several physical, mental, and social difficulties
16-	Early intervention for young children with developmental delay: the Portage approach	Cameron, 1997	Review	United States	Global developmental delay	The result of several biological and environmental risk factors
17-	Study of primitive reflexes in normal preterm newborns in the first year of life	Olhweiler et al, 2005	Cross-sectional	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay
18-	Choice of medical investigations for developmental delay: a questionnaire survey	Gringras, 1998	Cross-sectional	United States	Developmental delay	A heterogeneous group of conditions resulting from the consequences of genetic, infectious, and chromosomal processes, and several other processes
19-	Genetics and developmental delay	Mac Millan, 1998	Theoretical	United States	Developmental delay
20-	Motor profile in school children with learning difficulties	Rosa-Neto et al, 2005	Cross-sectional	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay	A symptom that something is not as expected
21-	Early intervention in developmental delay	Kaur et al, 2006	Cross-sectional	India	Developmental delay	The physical, cognitive, language, social, or emotional delay, or a condition prone to delay of development
22-	Determinants of developmental delay in infants aged 12 months	Slykerman et al, 2007	Longitudinal	New Zealand	Developmental delay	The delay of motor milestones that may not necessarily be related to cognitive impairment, but rather to hypotonia or poor motor coordination, albeit without neurological signs, which does not justify a diagnosis of cerebral palsy
23-	Assessment of the neuropsychomotor development of children living in the outskirts of Porto Alegre	Saccani et al, 2007	Cross-sectional	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay	A childhood development syndrome
24-	Characterization of motor performance in schoolchildren with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity disorder	Toniolo et al, 2009	Cross-sectional	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay
25-	Developmental delay syndromes: psychometric testing before and after chiropractic treatment of 157 children	Cuthbert et al, 2009	Cross-sectional	United States	Developmental delay
26-	Global developmental delay and mental retardation or intellectual disability: conceptualization, evaluation, and etiology	Shevell, 2008	Theoretical	Canada	Global developmental delay	A disorder or a dysfunction of childhood development
27-	Difficulties and facilities experienced by families in the care of children with cerebral palsy	Dantas et al, 2012	Descriptive	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay	A disorder or a dysfunction of childhood development
28-	Global developmental delay – globally helpful?	Willians, 2010	Theoretical	United States	Global developmental delay	Delay in two or more fields of development considered significant when a discrepancy of 25% or more of the expected rate or a difference 1.5 to 2 standard deviations from the norm occurs in one or more areas of development in norm-referenced tests
29-	Present conceptualization of early childhood neurodevelopmental disabilities	Shevell, 2010	Theoretical	Canada	Global developmental delay
30-	Developmental delay: timely identification and assessment	Pool et al, 2010	Review	United States	Developmental delay
31-	Evaluation of children with global developmental delay: A prospective study at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman	Kou et al, 2012	Cross-sectional	Saudi Arabia	Global developmental delay
32-	Characterization of the diagnostic profile and flow of a speech-language pathology service in child language within a public hospital	Mandrá et al, 2011	Cross-sectional	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay	A comorbidity of child development
33-	Profile of special needs patients at a pediatric dentistry clinic	Menezes et al, 2011	Cross-sectional	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay	A type of special needs in child development
34-	Monitoring of child development carried out in Brazil	Zeppone et al, 2012	Review	Brazil	Neuropsychomotor developmental delay	Progressive non-acquisition of motor and psychocognitive skills that progresses in the cephalocaudal and proximal-distal direction

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail: liliandefatima@hotmail.com (L.F. Dornelas).