Factors associated with abdominal obesity in children

Melzer, Matheus Ribeiro Theodósio Fernandes; Magrini, Isabella Mastrangi; Domene, Semíramis Martins Álvares; Martins, Paula Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.rpped.2015.04.002

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Original Articles • Rev. paul. pediatr. 33 (4) • Oct-Dec 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpped.2015.04.002 copy

Factors associated with abdominal obesity in children

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Objective:

To identify the association of dietary, socioeconomic factors, sedentary behaviors and maternal nutritional status with abdominal obesity in children.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study with household-based survey, in 36 randomly selected census tracts in the city of Santos, SP. 357 families were interviewed and questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were applied in mothers and their 3-10 years-old children. Assessment of abdominal obesity was made by maternal and child's waist circumference measurement; for classification used cut-off points proposed by World Health Organization (1998) and Taylor et al. (2000) were applied. The association between variables was performed by multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results:

30.5% of children had abdominal obesity. Associations with children's and maternal nutritional status and high socioeconomic status were shown in the univariate analysis. In the regression model, children's body mass index for age (OR=93.7; 95%CI 39.3-223.3), female gender (OR=4.1; 95%CI 1.8-9.3) and maternal abdominal obesity (OR=2.7; 95%CI 1.2-6.0) were significantly associated with children's abdominal obesity, regardless of the socioeconomic status.

Conclusions:

Abdominal obesity in children seems to be associated with maternal nutritional status, other indicators of their own nutritional status and female gender. Intervention programs for control of childhood obesity and prevention of metabolic syndrome should consider the interaction of the nutritional status of mothers and their children.

Nutritional epidemiology; Children; Abdominal obesity; Waist circumference

	3–4 years		5–7 years		8–10 years		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Children's characteristics
Gender
Male	50	58.8	68	52.7	75	52.4	193	54.1
Female	35	41.2	61	47.3	68	47.6	164	45.9

Abdominal obesity
Yes	32	37.6	28	21.7	49	34.3	109	30.5
No	53	62.4	101	78.3	94	65.7	248	69.5

Excess weight according to BMI/age
Yes	12	14.1	39	30.2	62	43.4	113	31.7
No	73	85.9	90	69.8	81	56.6	244	68.3

Time spent watching TV
High	73	85.9	108	83.7	116	81.1	297	83.2
Adequate	12	14.1	21	16.3	27	18.9	60	16.8

Time spent using computer
High	6	7.1	28	21.7	41	28.7	75	21.0
Adequate	79	92.9	101	78.3	102	71.3	282	79.0

Walking as the main transport mode
Yes	48	56.5	84	65.1	91	63.6	223	62.5
No	37	43.5	45	34.9	52	36.4	134	37.5

Bicycle as the main transport mode
Yes	4	4.7	11	8.5	12	8.4	27	7.6
No	81	95.3	118	91.5	131	91.6	330	92.4

Carbohydrate consumption ^a a n = 350.
Higher than/same as median	38	46.3	42	33.4	41	28.8	121	34.5
Below median	44	53.7	84	66.6	101	71.2	229	65.5

Protein consumption ^a a n = 350.
Higher than/same as median	44	53.6	57	45.2	72	50.7	173	49.4
Below median	38	46.4	69	54.8	70	49.3	177	50.6

Lipid consumption ^a a n = 350.
Higher than/same as median	49	59.7	54	42.8	67	47.1	170	48.5
Below median	33	40.3	72	57.2	75	52.9	180	51.5

	3–4 years		5–7 years		8–10 years		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Maternal characteristics
Excess weight according to BMI ^a a n = 356.
Yes	35	41.2	69	53.5	88	61.9	192	53.9
No	50	58.8	60	46.5	54	38.1	164	46.1

Body fat ^b b n = 349.
High	26	30.6	34	26.9	26	18.8	86	24.6
Adequate	59	69.4	92	73.1	112	81.2	263	75.4

Abdominal obesity ^a a n = 356.
Yes	48	56.5	79	61.2	101	71.1	228	64
No	37	43.5	50	38.8	41	28.9	128	36

Socioeconomic characteristics
Socioeconomic level (ABEP)
High	51	60	75	58.1	86	60.1	212	59.4
Low	34	40	54	41.9	57	39.9	145	40.6

Car ownership
Yes	50	58.8	67	51.9	80	55.9	197	55.2
No	35	41.2	62	48.1	63	44.1	160	44.8

Schooling
>High school	34	40	47	36.4	35	24.5	116	32.5
≤High school	51	60	82	63.6	108	75.5	241	67.5

Work outside home
Yes	54	63.5	76	58.9	90	62.9	220	61.6
No	31	36.5	53	41.1	53	37.1	137	38.4

	_crudeOR	95%CI	p-value
Children's characteristics
Gender
Male	1.0	–	0.172
Female	1.4	0.8–2.2

Excess weight according to BMI/age
Yes	62.4	30.1–129.2	<0.001
No	1.0	–

Protein consumption
Higher than/same as median	1.0	–	0.085
Below median	0.6	0.4–1.0

Maternal characteristics and socioeconomic level
Socioeconomic level (ABEP)
High	1.0	–	0.017
Low	0.6	0.3–0.9

Car ownership
Yes	1.8	1.1–2.8	0.012
No	1.0	–

Schooling
>High school	1.0	–	0.171
≤High school	0.7	0.4–1.1

Work outside home
Yes	1.9	1.1–3.0	0.010
No	1.0	–

Excess weight (BMI) ^a a n = 356.
Yes	1.7	1.0–2.7	0.024
No	1.0	–

Body fat ^b b n = 349.
High	1.9	1.0–3.3	0.033
Adequate	1.0	–

Abdominal obesity ^a a n = 356.
Yes	2.2	1.3–3.6	0.002
No	1.0	–

	_AdjustedOR	95%CI	p-value
Excess weight according to the child's BMI/age
Yes	93.7	39.3–223.3	<0.001
No	1.0	–

Child's gender
Male	1.0	–	0.012
Female	4.1	1.8–9.3

Maternal abdominal obesity
Yes	2.7	1.2–6.0	0.01
No	1.0	–

Socioeconomic level according to ABEP
High	1.0	–	0.08
Low	0.5	0.2–1.0

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:matheusmelzer@hotmail.com (M.R.T.F. Melzer).