INTAKE OF SUGAR-SWEETENED BEVERAGES, MILK AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH BODY MASS INDEX IN ADOLESCENCE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Café, Ana Carolina Corrêa; Lopes, Carlos Alexandre de Oliveira; Novais, Rommel Larcher Rachid; Bila, Wendell Costa; Silva, Daniely Karoline da; Romano, Márcia Christina Caetano; Lamounier, Joel Alves

doi:10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;1;00010

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Revista Paulista de Pediatria

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REVIEW ARTICLE • Rev. paul. pediatr. 36 (01) • Jan-Mar 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;1;00010 copy

INTAKE OF SUGAR-SWEETENED BEVERAGES, MILK AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH BODY MASS INDEX IN ADOLESCENCE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective: To systematize literature references addressing the association of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and milk intake with body mass index (BMI) in adolescents.

Data source:

A search was carried out in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health) and BVS (Virtual Library in Health). The descriptors used were: adolescents, young adult, beverages, drinking, obesity, overweight, BMI, and nutritional status. The following filters were applied: age ranging from 10 to 19 years, studies published in Portuguese or English language between 2011-2015.

Data synthesis:

Thirty studies were selected (22 cross-sectional studies, 4 cohort studies, 1 randomized clinical trial, 1 case-control study, and 1 quasi-experimental study). There was association between the intake of these beverages and increase in BMI in 55% of all 20 studies that dealt with sugary drinks. When it came to soft drinks, 100% of studies reported association with increase in BMI. As to milk intake, only one article showed association with increased BMI. Three articles reported milk as a protection factor against increase in BMI; three studies found no association between this intake and BMI. Nineteen studies had representative samples and 20 surveys reported random samples. Among papers using questionnaires, 84% had been validated.

Conclusions:

There is no consensus in the literature about the association between SSB or milk intake and BMI in adolescents.

Keywords:
Adolescent; Beverages; Obesity; Body mass index

Reference	Sample size and age groups	Food survey and validations	Association between beverage intake and body mass index
Al-Hazzaa et al., 2011³⁴34. Al-Hazzaa HM, Abahussain NA, Al-Sobayel HI, Qahwaji DM, Musaiger AO. Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and dietary habits among Saudi adolescents relative to age, gender and region. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:1-14.	n=2,908 14-19 years	Questionnaire*	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Inverse association
Al-Hazzaa et al., 2012¹⁰10. Al-Hazzaa HM, Abahussain NA, Al-Sobayel HI, Qahwaji DM, Musaiger AO. Lifestyle factors associated with overweight and obesity among Saudi adolescents. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:1-11.	n=2,906 14-19 years	Questionnaire*	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Inverse association
Danyliw et al., 2012³⁵35. Danyliw AD, Vatanparast H, Nikpartow N, Whiting SJ. Beverage patterns among Canadian children and relationship to overweight and obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37:900-6.	n=10,038 2-18 years	24-hour record	Soft drink: Direct association
Jia et al., 2012³⁶36. Jia M, Wang C, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Zhang L, Huang Y, et al. Sugary beverage intakes and obesity prevalence among junior high school students in Beijing - a cross-sectional research on SSBs intake. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21:425-30.	n=702 11-15 years	24-hour record	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Direct association
Liu et al., 2012³⁷37. Liu J, Chu Y, Frongillo E, Probst J. Generation and acculturation status are associated with dietary intake and body weight in Mexican American adolescents. J Nutr. 2012;142:298-305.	n=2,286 12-19 years	24-hour record	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Direct association
Emandi et al., 2013³⁸38. Emandi AC, Puiu M, Gafencu M, Pienar C. Overweight and obesity in school age children in western Romania. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2013;117:36-45.	n=3,626 7-18 years	Questionnaire**	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Direct association
French et al., 2013³⁰30. French S, Rosenberg M, Wood L, Maitland C, Shilton T, Pratt IS, et al. Soft drink consumption patterns among Western Australians. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2013;45:525-32.	n=1,015 16-65 years	Questionnaire*	Soft drink: Direct association
Sluyter et al., 2013³⁹39. Sluyter JD, Scragg RK, Plank LD, Waqa GD, Fotu KF, Swinburn BA. Sizing the association between lifestyle behaviours and fatness in a large, heterogeneous sample of youth of multiple ethnicities from 4 countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10:1-14.	n=5,714 12-22 years	Questionnaire**	Soft drink: Direct association
Wate et al., 2013⁴⁰40. Wate JT, Snowdon W, Millar L, Nichols M, Mavoa H, Goundar R, et al. Adolescent dietary patterns in Fiji and their relationships with standardized body mass index. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10:1-12.	n=6,871 13-18 years	FFQ*	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Inverse association
Chan et al., 2014⁴¹41. Chan TF, Lin WT, Huang HL, Lee CY, Wu PW, Chiu YW, et al. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Nutrients. 2014;6:2088-103.	n=2,727 12-16 years	FFQ**	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Direct association
Chan et al., 2014⁴²42. Chan TF, Lin WT, Chen YL, Huang HL, Yang WZ, Lee CY, et al. Elevated serum triglyceride and retinol-binding protein 4 levels associated with fructose-sweetened beverages in adolescents. PloS One. 2014;9:1-9.	n=200 12-16 years	FFQ *	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Direct association
Mâsse et al., 2014²⁸28. Mâsse LC, Niet-Fitzgerald JE, Watts AW, Naylor PJ, Saewyc EM. Associations between the school food environment, student consumption and body mass index of Canadian adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11:1-9.	n=11,385 12-19 years	Questionnaire*	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Direct association
Nasreddine et al., 2014²⁷27. Nasreddine L, Naja F, Akl C, Chamieh MC, Karam S, Sibai AM, et al. Dietary, lifestyle and socio-economic correlates of overweight, obesity and central adiposity in Lebanese children and adolescents. Nutrients. 2014;6:1038-62.	n=868 6-19 years	24-hour record	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Direct association
Schröder et al., 2014¹²12. Schröder H, Mendez MA, Ribas L, Funtikova AN, Gomez SF, Fito M, et al. Caloric beverage drinking patterns are differentially associated with diet quality and adiposity among Spanish girls and boys. Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173:1169-77.	n=1,149 10-18 years	24-hour record	Soft drink: Direct association
Vanderlee et al., 2014³¹31. Vanderlee L, Manske S, Murnaghan D, Hanning R, Hammond D. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among a subset of Canadian youth. J Sch Health. 2014;84:168-76.	n=10,188 13-18 years	Questionnaire*	Sugar-sweetened beverages: No association

Reference	Sample size and age groups	Food survey and validations	Association between beverage intake and body mass index
Abreu et al., 2014⁴³43. Abreu S, Santos R, Moreira C, Santos PC, Vale S, Soares-Miranda L, et al. Relationship of milk intake and physical activity to abdominal obesity among adolescents. Pediatr Obes. 2014;9:71-80.	n=1,209 15-18 years	FFQ*	Milk: No association
Gates et al., 2013¹¹11. Gates M, Hanning RM, Gates A, Martin ID, Tsuji LJS. Intakes of milk and alternatives among on-reserve First Nations youth in northern and southern Ontario, Canada. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16:515-23.	n=443 9-18 years	24-hour record and questionnaire*	Milk: Inverse association
Liu et al., 2012⁴⁴44. Liu JH, Jones SJ, Sun H, Probst JC, Merchant AT, Cavicchia P. Diet, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors as risk factors for childhood obesity: an urban and rural comparison. Child Obes. 2012;8:440-8.	n=14,332 2-19 years	24-hour record	Milk: Direct association Sugar-sweetened beverages: Direct association
Fayet et al., 2013⁴⁵45. Fayet F, Ridges LA, Wright JK, Petocz P. Australian children who drink milk (plain or flavored) have higher milk and micronutrient intakes but similar body mass index to those who do not drink milk. Nutr Res. 2013;33:95-102.	n=4,487 2-16 years	24-hour record	Milk: No association
Albar et al., 2014¹³13. Albar SA, Alwan NA, Evans CE, Cade JE. Is there an association between food portion size and BMI among British adolescents? Br J Nutr. 2014;112:841-51.	n=636 11-18 years	Food diary	Milk: Inverse association Soft drink: Direct association
Beck et al., 2014⁴⁶46. Beck AL, Tschann J, Butte NF, Penilla C, Greenspan LC. Association of beverage consumption with obesity in Mexican American children. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17:338-44.	n=319 8-10 years	FFQ*	Milk: Inverse association Soft drink: Direct association
Nassar et al., 2014⁴⁷47. Nassar MF, AbdelKader AM, Al-Refaee FA, Al-Dhafiri SS. Pattern of beverage intake and milk and dairy products sufficiency among high-school students in Kuwait. East Mediterr Health J. 2014;20:738-44.	n=190 16-18 years	Questionnaire*	Milk: No association Sugar-sweetened beverages: No association

References and study design	Sample size and age groups	Food survey and validations	Association between beverage intake and body mass index
Stoof et al., 2013⁴⁸48. Stoof SP, Twisk JW, Olthof MR. Is the intake of sugar-containing beverages during adolescence related to adult weight status? Public Health Nutr. 2013;16:1257-62. Coorte	n=238 13 years	24-hour record	Sugar-sweetened beverages: No association
Ebbeling et al., 2012⁴⁹49. Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Chomitz VR, Antonelli TA, Gortmaker SL, Osganian SK, et al. A randomized trial of sugar-sweetened beverages and adolescent body weight. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1407-16. Ensaio clínico aleatório	n=224 14-16 years	FFQ*	Sugar-sweetened beverages: No association
Laska et al., 2012³²32. Laska MN, Murray DM, Lytle LA, Harnack LJ. Longitudinal associations between key dietary behaviors and weight gain over time: transitions through the adolescent years. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20:118-25. Coorte	n=723 11-17 years	24-hour record	Diet soft drink: Direct association
Rhee et al., 2012⁵⁰50. Rhee JJ, Mattei J, Campos H. Association between commercial and traditional sugar-sweetened beverages and measures of adiposity in Costa Rica. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15:1347-54. Caso-controle	n=2,045 18-86 years	FFQ*	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Direct association
Ambrosini et al., 2013⁵¹51. Ambrosini GL, Oddy WH, Huang RC, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Jebb SA. Prospective associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intakes and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:327-34. Coorte	n= 433 14-17 years	FFQ*	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Direct association
Jensen et al., 2013²⁹29. Jensen BW, Nichols M, Allender S, Silva-Sanigorski A, Millar L, Kremer P, et al. Inconsistent associations between sweet drink intake and 2-year change in BMI among Victorian children and adolescents. Pediatr Obes. 2013;8:271-83. Quase experimental.	n=1,465 4-18 years	Questionnaire*	Sugar-sweetened beverages: Direct association
Jensen et al., 2013⁵²52. Jensen BW, Nielsen BM, Husby I, Bugge A, El-Naaman B, Andersen LB, et al. Association between sweet drink intake and adiposity in Danish children participating in a long-term intervention study. Pediatr Obes. 2013;8:259-70. Coorte	n=324 6.9-13.0 years	Food diary	Sugar-sweetened beverages: No association
Vericker, 2014⁵³53. Vericker TC. Children's school-related food and physical activity behaviors are associated with body mass index. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114:250-6. Coorte	n=1,550 13-14 years	Questionnaire*	Sugar-sweetened beverages: No association

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[1] *Corresponding author. E-mail: anacarolinacorreacafe@gmail.com.br (A.C.C. Café).