| ROS (blood) |
Cohort (Brazil) |
Human (n = 12) |
MAT ≥ 1:800, seroconversion, or ELISA |
Neither ROS or GSH showed significant differences in leptospirosis patients with or without AKI |
Araújo et al. 20144040. Araújo AM, Reis EAG, Athanazio DA, Ribeiro GS, Hagan JE, Araujo GC, et al. Oxidative Stress Markers Correlate with Renal Dysfunction and Thrombocytopenia in Severe Leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg . 2014;90(4):719-23. |
| GSH (blood) |
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| Angpt-2 (blood) |
Retrospective cohort (Germany) |
Human (n = 13) |
Confirmed cases registered |
Blood Angpt-2, ADMA and SDMA showed significantly elevated levels in leptospirosis cases with AKI than in leptospirosis cases without AKI |
Lukasz et al. 20144747. Lukasz A, Hoffmeister B, Graf B, Wölk B, Noeckler K, Bode-Böger SM, et al. Association of angiopoietin-2 and dimethylarginines with complicated course in patients with leptospirosis. PloS One. 2014;9(1):e87490. |
| ADMA (blood) |
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| SDMA (blood) |
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| NGAL (blood) |
Cohort (Brazil) |
Human (n = 77) |
MAT ≥ 1:800 or seroconversion |
Blood NGAL showed no correlation with creatinine levels |
Libório et al. 20152222. Libório AB, Braz MBM, Seguro AC, Meneses GC, Neves FM de O, Pedrosa DC, et al. Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage Is Associated with Leptospirosis Acute Kidney Injury. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92(3):611-16. |
| Syndecan-1 (blood) |
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Both Syndecan-1 and ICAM-1 correlated with the presence of leptospirosis, Syndecam-1 associated with AKI |
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| ICAM-1 (blood) |
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| KIM-1/Cr (urine) |
Population survey and cohort (Taiwan) |
Human (n = 88) |
MAT |
Urinary KIM1/Cr ratio is higher in cases with MAT titer above 400. Urinary and Blood NGAL and Blood MCP-1 showed no difference between groups. |
Yang et al. 20152121. Yang HY, Hung CC, Liu SH, Guo YG, Chen YC, Ko YC, et al. Overlooked Risk for Chronic Kidney Disease after Leptospiral Infection: A Population-Based Survey and Epidemiological Cohort Evidence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis . 2015;9(10). |
| NGAL (urine) |
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| NGAL (blood) |
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| MCP-1 (blood) |
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| NGAL (urine) |
Cohort (Thailand) |
Human (n = 206) |
Mat ≥ 1:100, culture, or PCR |
Both blood and urine NGAL levels were related with AKI in patients with and without leptospirosis |
Srisawat et al. 20151515. Srisawat N, Praditpornsilpa K, Patarakul K, Techapornrung M, Daraswang T, Sukmark T, et al. Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in Leptospirosis Acute Kidney Injury: A Multicenter Study in Thailand. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(12). |
| NGAL (blood) |
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| Defensin α1 (urine) |
Comparative study (Philippines) |
Human (n = 135) |
MAT, ELISA, PCR |
Levels of Defensin α1, NGAL and NAG were adjusted using creatine, with significant differences in the levels of NGAL and NAG |
Chagan-Yasutan et al. 20162323. Chagan-Yasutan H, Chen Y, Lacuesta TL, Leano PSA, Iwasaki H, Hanan F, et al. Urine Levels of Defensin α1 Reflect Kidney Injury in Leptospirosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(10). |
| NGAL (urine) |
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| NAG (urine) |
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| IL18 (urine) |
Comparative study with nested cohort (Nicaragua) |
Human (n = 489) |
Mat ≥ 1:100 or PCR |
In cohort subjects seropositive after a period with increased risk of exposure had higher levels of NGAL and NAG. All three biomarkers were higher in seropositive subjects. |
Riefkohl et al. 20172020. Riefkohl A, Ramírez-Rubio O, Laws RL, McClean MD, Weiner DE, Kaufman JS, et al. Leptospira seropositivity as a risk factor for Mesoamerican Nephropathy. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2017;23(1):1-10. |
| NGAL (urine) |
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| NAG (urine) |
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| NAG (urine) |
Comparative study (Philippines) |
Human (n = 142) |
MAT, ELISA, PCR |
Blood levels of FL-OPN and FL-Gal-9 were higher in leptospirosis patients in urine samples NAG/Cr levels had the greatest ability to discriminate leptospirosis patients from healthy controls |
Chagan-Yasutan et al. 20202424. Chagan-Yasutan H, Hanan F, Niki T, Bai G, Ashino Y, Egawa S, et al. Plasma Osteopontin Levels is Associated with Biochemical Markers of Kidney Injury in Patients with Leptospirosis. Diagn Basel Switz. 2020;10(7). |
| FL-OPN (urine) |
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| FL-Gal-9 (blood) |
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| FL-Gal-9 (urine) |
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| NGAL (urine) |
Cohort (Italy) |
Dog (n = 206) |
Mat ≥ 1:800, MAT seroconversion, or PCR |
Urinary NGAL did not differ in AKI dogs with leptospirosis and AKI dogs without leptospirosis |
Zamagni et al. 20201919. Zamagni S, Troìa R, Zaccheroni F, Monari E, Grisetti C, Perissinotto L, et al. Comparison of clinicopathological patterns of renal tubular damage in dogs with acute kidney injury caused by leptospirosis and other aetiologies. Vet J Lond Engl 1997. 2020;266. |
| KIM-1 (urine) |
Comparative study (Brazil) |
Dog (n = 30) |
PCR, culture, or Mat ≥ 1:800 |
There were statistically significant differences in the levels or urinary KIM-1 |
Dias et al. 20212929. Dias CS, Paz LN, Solcà MS, Portela RWD, Bittencourt MV, Pinna MH. Kidney Injury Molecule-1 in the detection of early kidney injury in dogs with leptospirosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;76:101637. |
| KIM-1 (urine) |
Comparative study (Sri Lanka) |
Human (n = 170) |
Positive MAT, PCR, or culture |
Levels of both blood and urine KIM-1 and MCP-1 were higher in leptospirosis patients with AKI |
Nisansala et al. 20212828. Nisansala T, Weerasekera M, Ranasinghe N, Marasinghe C, Gamage C, Fernando N, et al. Importance of KIM-1 and MCP-1 in Determining the Leptospirosis-Associated AKI: A Sri Lankan Study. BioMed Res Int. 2021;2021:1752904. |
| KIM-1 (blood) |
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| MCP-1 (urine) |
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| MCP-1 (blood) |
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