Evaluation of the therapeutic response of hepatitis C in coinfected patients ( HIV / HCV ) : a study of cases from a hospital for chronic liver diseases in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic response of hepatitis C in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Methods: A retrospective study of 20 patients coinfected with HIV-1/HCV who were treated in the outpatient liver clinic at the Sacred House of Mercy Foundation Hospital of Pará (Fundação Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará FSCMPA) from April 2004 to June 2009. Patients were treated with 180μg PEG interferon-α2a in combination with ribavirin (1,000 to 1,250mg/day) for 48 weeks. The end point was the sustained virological response (SVR) rate (HCV RNA negative 24 weeks after completing treatment). Results: The mean age of the patients was 40±9.5 years, of which 89% (n=17) were male, and the HCV genotypes were genotype 1 (55%, n=11/20), genotype 2 (10%, n=2/20) and genotype 3 (35%, n=7/20). The mean CD4+ lymphocyte count was 507.8, and the liver fibrosis stages were (METAVIR) F1 (25%), F2 (55%), F3 (10%) and F4 (10%). The early virological response (EVR) was 60%, the end-of-treatment virological response (EOTVR) was 45% and the SVR was 45%. Conclusions: The median HCV viral load was high, and in 85% of cases in which highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was used, none of the patients with F3-F4 fibrosis responded to treatment. Of the twenty patients treated, 45% achieved SVR and 45% achieved EOTVR. Studies that include cases from a wider region are needed to better evaluate these findings.


INTRODUCTION
With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996, there have been many important changes in the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection 1 .Studies show that the progression of liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is more severe and progresses more rapidly in people coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) compared with those only infected with HCV 2 .This effect can be explained by the high viremia and cytotoxicity of HCV, resulting in accelerated fibrosis processes, increased risk of cirrhosis, increased morbidity and mortality due to terminal liver disease, earlier development of hepatocellular carcinoma and increased incidence of liver toxicity associated with the use of antiretrovirals 3 .HIV-coinfection is included among the factors that may contribute to the accelerated progression of liver disease in patients with hepatitis C 4,5 .The presence of HIV appears to alter the natural history of HCV infection in terms of its progression towards hepatic cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure 6 .In a cohort study of a group of coinfected patients, there was an increase in the progression of liver fibrosis and its evolution to cirrhosis compared with a monoinfected group of HCV patients 7 .
These studies illustrate the importance of treating these coinfected patients.Recently, studies have shown that the successful treatment of hepatitis C drastically reduces the complications of pre-existing liver disease 8 .Treatment is especially recommended for patients with a high probability of achieving sustained virological response (SVR), for patients with genotype 2 or genotype 3 and for patients infected with genotype 1 who have a low viral load (less than 400,000 to 500,000IU/ml) 9 .The treatment of choice for patients coinfected with HIV/HCV is PEG-interferon 10,11 in combination with ribavirin (RBV) at the same doses used in HIV-negative patients, independent of the viral genotype, with the presence of mild to severe fibrosis (F1 by the METAVIR or the Brazilian Society of Pathology classifications) 12 .The early virological response (EVR) and sustained virological response (SVR) rates are, however, lower in HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative patients 13 .
Amaral ISA et al -The therapeutic response of hepatitis c in coinfected patients (HIV/HcV)

Case studies
This was a retrospective study of patients with HIV-HCV coinfection using the research protocol containing demographic information, laboratory tests, histopathology of liver biopsy, early virological response, end-of-treatment virological response (EOTVR), sustained virological response (SVR) and non-responders to treatment with 180µg PEG-Interferon (PEG-IFN) α-2a in combination with ribavirin (1,000mg for patients under 75kg and 1,250mg for patients ≥ 75kg).Twenty patients being treated at the outpatient liver clinic at the Sacred House of Mercy Foundation Hospital of Pará (Fundação Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará -FSCMPA, Belém, State of Pará, Brazil) who met the indication criteria for treatment according to the Brazilian Ministry of Health (the inclusion criteria) were selected.EVR was considered to be a reduction ≤ 2 log of the baseline levels of hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid (HCV RNA) at week 12, and EOTVR and SVR were defined as undetectable serum levels of HCV RNA at weeks 48 and 72, respectively.The patients who participated in the study were 15 years of age or older, both male and female, serologically confirmed HIV carriers (ELISA + indirect immunofluorescence or western blot), positive for anti-HCV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Samples were forwarded to the HIV reference services in the State of Pará.All of the patients were treated at the outpatient clinic of the FSCMPA hospital between April 2004 and June 2009.The following tests were performed: serum aminotransferase levels were assessed at the FSCMPA laboratory using an auto-analyzer.The HIV viral load and cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)+ T-lymphocyte levels were assessed at the Central Laboratory of the State of Pará (Laboratório Central do Estado do Pará -LACEN-PA).The serological markers for viral hepatitis (HBsAg, anti-HCV) were used and molecular biology tests (HCV genotyping and HCV viral load) performed at the Laboratory of Serology and Molecular Biology, Hepatology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute.The patients received histological evaluations via liver biopsy prior to treatment (when indicated), which were performed at FSCMPA by professionals in the chronic liver diseases program in the aforementioned hospital as a routine service.METAVIR scores were used for staging fibrosis and hepatic inflammatory activity.The data were subjected to statistical analysis.The analysis, organization and tabulation of the study data were generated using the software EPI INFO (version 6.2) and the software Biostat 5.0 (Ayres et al., 2008).The control group included 49 patients treated at FSCMPA, only with HCV infection who received PEG interferon and ribavirin.
Only twenty patients who were selected to receive treatment with 180μg PEG-IFN α-2a in combination with ribavirin were studied.Eighteen (90%) patients were male, 5/20 (25%) were married, 14/20 (70%) were single and 1/20 (5%) was divorced.All of the patients had CD4+ lymphocyte counts above 200 cells/mm 3 , 18/20 (90%) patients were on antiretroviral therapy and 7/20 (35%) patients had undetectable levels of serum HIV RNA.The biochemical data, molecular biology tests and stage of fibrosis based on the METAVIR classification are summarized in Table 1.Early virological response was observed in 12/20 (60%) patients, EOTVR in 9/20 (45%) patients and SVR in 9/20 (45%) patients.With respect to HCV genotype and SVR, there was no statistically significant correlation.When SVR was compared with HCV RNA levels, there was also no statistically significant correlation.For aminotransferase levels, only patients whose alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were 2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) responded to treatment (SVR), p<0.05 (Table 2).The reasons for treating hepatitis C in patients coinfected with HIV/HCV vary.In these patients, HAART is more hepatotoxic, the evolution of liver disease is faster and the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma is higher 14 .Successful treatment reduces the complications of liver disease.Unfortunately, many patients do not meet the prerequisites for inclusion in the scheme for HCV antiviral treatment.The virologic response rates found were similar to those of large studies, although with a smaller sample.PRESCO (Peginterferon Ribavarin España Coinfection Trial Study Group) study with larger samples involving 389 patients, found SVR rate of 50% and LAGUNO (Infectious Diseases Service the Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (Montserrat Laguno) study with a smaller sample of 52 patients, found SVR rate of 44%.When ALT levels are evaluated, no patient had normal ALT level, similar to the large studies.When grouped together ALT levels greater than 2.5 x ULN and below this limit and relating them to the SVR, significant correlation was observed among patients with values above 2x ULN.HCV genotypes 2 or 3, low HCV viral load, absence of liver cirrhosis, age younger than 40 years old, elevated ALT levels, elevated CD4 counts, and low or undetectable plasma HIV-RNA, are the best candidates for HCV treatment in coinfected group of HIV/HCV 15 .The biochemical response in HCV-HIV co-infected patients is not a good marker of SVR.In the, APRICOT (Aids Pegasys Ribavirin International Coinfection Trial), RIBAVIC, LAGUNO and PRESCO studies studies [16][17][18][19] , patients were using the HAART scheme in more than 70% of the cases, the mean CD4+ lymphocyte counts were above 500 cells/mm 3 and the ALT levels were normal in only 16% of cases in the RIBAVIC study.In the RIBAVIC (Ribavirin Study Team (France) and PRESCO studies, the stages of fibrosis were measured by the METAVIR classification (F3/F4) and were reported in 28 and 39% of cases, respectively.These data are similar to the presented study (FSCMPA), even with the smaller sample size.In a study using PEG-IFN and ribavirin in 68 coinfected patients, the researchers found an SVR rate of 35% 20 , which is lower than the rate found in the present study.In the PRESCO study, in which 28% of the patients had F3-F4 fibrosis, the response rate at the end of treatment and SVR were 67% and 50%, respectively, which is higher than the present study; however, the sample size was much larger.

Rev
The RIBAVIC study, which included 194 patients, reported that 39% of patients had F3-F4 fibrosis, with EOTVR and SVR rates of 35% and 27%, respectively.In the APRICOT study, which included 289 patients, 15% of whom had hepatic cirrhosis, the EOTVR and SVR rates were 49% and 40%, respectively.The SVR results reported in the present study were similar to those found in the LAGUNO study (Table 3).Studies have shown that the percentage of SVR is higher, either in monoinfected or coinfected patients, for patients infected with genotypes 2 and 3 and when pre-treatment HCV RNA levels are lower 21 .Patients coinfected with HIV/HCV have higher levels of HCV RNA 22 in the present study, only 11.2% of patients presented with HCV RNA levels below 400,000IU/ml.Importantly, in the present study, patients with a stage of severe fibrosis (F3, F4), did not achieve a sustained virological response to treatment.Although the sample size in the present study was small, several studies have shown that one of the predictive factors for being non-responsive to treatment is an advanced stage of fibrosis 15 .In the control group is shown that the patients respond to anti HCV similarly, slightly worse compared to monoinfectado.Is important to select the patients coinfected for anti HCV treatment in order that achieve a SVR similarity monoinfected patients.
Patients coinfected with HIV/HCV can be treated following the indication and contraindication criteria.The virological responses, even with the small sample size in the present study, were similar to those reported in previous studies.A larger sample size is needed to improve this regional assessment.