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Gonotrophic discordance in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract

INTRODUCTION:

This study aimed to assess the occurrence of gonotrophic discordance in females of Culex quinquefasciatus in São Paulo, Brazil.

METHODS:

Resting females were collected monthly for 8 months. Females of Cx. quinquefasciatus were identified, and their midgut and ovaries were dissected.

RESULTS:

Two hundred females were dissected, out of which, 27.5% were nulliparous and 57% were parous. Most females had no blood in the midgut, but gonotrophic discordance was found in 21% females.

CONCLUSIONS:

Females of Cx. quinquefasciatus showed a high parity rate and gonotrophic discordance, which could favor the vector capacity of this species.

Keywords:
Vector; Culex; Parity; Ovaries

Culex quinquefasciatus is widely distributed throughout the American continent, particularly in the southern United States, northern Argentina, and throughout Brazil11. Forattini OP. Culicidologia Médica, volume 2. Edusp, São Paulo, Brazil; 2002. 862p.,22. Consoli RAGB, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 1994.228 p.. The development of the larvae and pupae of Cx. quinquefasciatus occurs mainly in bodies of water with large amounts of organic matter, such as polluted rivers and abandoned wells11. Forattini OP. Culicidologia Médica, volume 2. Edusp, São Paulo, Brazil; 2002. 862p.,22. Consoli RAGB, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 1994.228 p.. The adults of this species are closely associated with humans and are frequently found inside residences in urban and suburban areas11. Forattini OP. Culicidologia Médica, volume 2. Edusp, São Paulo, Brazil; 2002. 862p.,22. Consoli RAGB, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 1994.228 p..

In the United States, Cx. quinquefasciatus is involved in the dynamics of transmission of the West Nile Virus (WNV) and Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus (SLEV)33. Samy AM, Elaagip AH, Kenawy MA, Ayres CFJ, Peterson AT, Soliman DE. Climate change influences on the global potential distribution of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, vector of West Nile Virus and lymphatic filariasis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0163863.. Several studies have elucidated important aspects of biology and ecology of this mosquito species in the US44. Reisen WK, Meyer RP, Tempelis CH, Spoehel JJ. Mosquito abundance and bionomics in residential communities in Orange and Los Angeles Counties, California. J Med Entomol. 1990;27(3):356-67.,55. Reisen WK, Milby MM, Presser SB, Hardy JL. Ecology of mosquitoes and St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Los Angeles Basin of California, 1987-1990. J Med Entomol . 1992a; 29(4): 582-98..

This species also has epidemiological importance in Brazil because it is considered to be the main vector of the etiological agent of lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti) and dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria immitis)22. Consoli RAGB, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 1994.228 p.,66. Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Dirofilariosis in the Americas: a more virulent Dirofilaria immitis? Parasit Vectors. 2013;6: 288.. Recently, the WNV was isolated for the first time in Brazil from a horse with neurologic disease, and Cx. quinquefasciatus could be an important vector of this virus as well77. Martins LC, Silva EVPD, Casseb LMN, Silva SPD, Cruz ACR, Pantoja JAS, et al. First isolation of West Nile virus in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2019; 114:e180332..

The digestion of the ingested blood meal stimulates the development of the ovarioles, which occurs through several stages88. Mer GG. Experimental study on the development of the ovary in Anopheles seletus, Edw. (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res. 1936;27:351-9.,99. Christophers SR. Aedes aegypti: the yellow fever mosquito. Cambridge University Press, London, UK. 1960.. The coiled ends of the tracheoles, which supply the ovaries with oxygen, unfurl during the maturation of eggs as the ovaries increase in size and do not recoil after oviposition. Thus, the observation of the ends of the tracheoles i.e., tightly curled when the female mosquito has never laid eggs (nulliparous) and distended as the female becomes gravid for the first time, can be used to determine parity1010. Clements AN. The biology of mosquitoes: development, nutrition and reproduction. CABI, London, UK. 1992.. The proportion of female mosquitoes that are parous provides an estimate of survival in the population1111. Lima-Camara TN, Honório NA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Parity and ovarian development of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culiddae) in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. J Vector Ecol. 2007;32:34-40..

Gonotrophic discordance occurs when a female mosquito feeds more than once within an egg-laying cycle1111. Lima-Camara TN, Honório NA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Parity and ovarian development of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culiddae) in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. J Vector Ecol. 2007;32:34-40.. This phenomenon is of epidemiological importance because it increases the contact of mosquito with the vertebrate host and, consequently, the chances of the vector becoming infected and/or transmitting a pathogen that it harbors1111. Lima-Camara TN, Honório NA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Parity and ovarian development of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culiddae) in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. J Vector Ecol. 2007;32:34-40..

Owing to the medical importance of Cx. quinquefasciatus, the hypothesis of our study was that females of this species show a high parity rate and gonotrophic discordance. Thus, the objective of the current study was to evaluate parity and the presence of gonotrophic discordance in females of Cx. quinquefasciatus in an urban area in the city of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Resting Cx. quinquefasciatus were collected in the Parque Esportes para Todos, at the University campus of the University of São Paulo (23°33’34.4”S; 46°44’12.8”W). Located in an area containing a remnant of Atlantic Forest, the park is forested, but frequently visited by people, mainly along a trail of about 1 km.

The monthly collections were taken along the trail in the park during eight-months period (from August 2016 to March 2017), using manual aspirators connected to a 12-volt battery. Mosquitoes were mostly collected from vegetation. Although all collectors with manual aspirators wore long clothing to avoid mosquito bites, yet they attracted some specimens of mosquitoes that were promptly aspirated. The time of aspiration was one and a half hour in the morning per collection day. Collections were taken to the Laboratory of Entomology in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, where the mosquitoes were anaesthetized on ice, and identified and separated by species and sex. The identification of the species was done with the help of the keys in Consoli and Lourenço-de-Oliveira22. Consoli RAGB, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 1994.228 p. and Forattini11. Forattini OP. Culicidologia Médica, volume 2. Edusp, São Paulo, Brazil; 2002. 862p..

The females of Cx. quinquefasciatus were placed on a glass slide with a drop of 0.9% NaCl solution for dissection. Their midgut and ovaries were removed under a stereoscopic microscope using the techniques proposed by Consoli and Lourenço-de-Oliveira22. Consoli RAGB, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 1994.228 p.. Initially, the presence or absence of blood and its coloration (red or brown) were verified and classified as proposed by Lima-Camara et al.1111. Lima-Camara TN, Honório NA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Parity and ovarian development of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culiddae) in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. J Vector Ecol. 2007;32:34-40.. Then, parity (distension of the tracheoles) and the stage of development of the ovaries was determined under an optical microscope (100× magnification) in accordance with Christophers99. Christophers SR. Aedes aegypti: the yellow fever mosquito. Cambridge University Press, London, UK. 1960. and Mer’s88. Mer GG. Experimental study on the development of the ovary in Anopheles seletus, Edw. (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res. 1936;27:351-9. classification. The stages of development of the ovaries were initial (N, I, and I-II); intermediate (II); and final (III, IV, and V).

Females of Cx. quinquefasciatus with red blood in their midguts and ovaries in the final stages of development were considered to be in gonotrophic discordance, because the recent blood meal could be associated with the initial or intermediate stages of ovarian maturation1111. Lima-Camara TN, Honório NA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Parity and ovarian development of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culiddae) in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. J Vector Ecol. 2007;32:34-40.. Gonotrophic discordance was considered in females of Cx. quinquefasciatus with brown blood in midgut and ovaries in the initial and intermediate stages of development as well, because to complete the maturation of the eggs, at least one further blood meal would be necessary. Females with red or brown blood and ovaries in the last stage of development (V) were also considered to be in gonotrophic discordance, because in this stage the female is considered gravid and presents completely digested blood1111. Lima-Camara TN, Honório NA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Parity and ovarian development of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culiddae) in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. J Vector Ecol. 2007;32:34-40.. Females with no blood in their midguts and ovaries in different stages of N, I, I-II, and V were also classified as being in gonotrophic discordance.

Four hundred and ninety specimens of Cx. quinquefasciatus were collected, out of which 203 were females and 287 males. Most of the females (173/203; 85.22%) and males (239/287; 83.27%) were collected in December and January (late spring and summer, respectively). Of the 203 females, 200 (98%) had their midgut content, parity and ovarian stage of maturation determined.

Overall, 57% (114/200) of the females were parous and 27.5% (55/200) were nulliparous (Figure 1). The parity of 31 females of Cx. quinquefasciatus (15.5%) could not be determined because the ovaries were in advanced stages of maturation (III-V), precluding the use of the tracheole method to determine parity.

FIGURE 1:
Classification of parity in females of Cx. quinquefasciatus collected in a forested area with human circulation in the city of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Of the 200 females analyzed, 70.5% (141/200) had no blood in their midgut, while 29.5% (59/200) had blood in their midgut, 28.81% (17/59) of them having red blood and 71.19% (42/59) having brown blood (Table 1). Among the females that did not present blood in their midgut, the ovaries of 89.36% (126/141) were in the initial stages of development (N, I, and I-II), whereas, 10.64% (15/141) presented ovaries in the last stage of development (V) and were ready to oviposit. Of the females with red blood in their midgut, 64.71% (11/17) had ovaries in the initial and intermediate stages of development. Nevertheless, 35.29% (6/17) had ovaries in stages III and IV, indicating gonotrophic discordance. Although 14.29% (6/42) of the females with brown blood in their midguts had ovaries in stages III and IV of development, 76.19% (32/42) had ovaries in the initial and intermediate stages, and 9.52% (4/42) had ovaries in stage V, indicating gonotrophic discordance (Table 1).

TABLE 1:
Ovarian stages and presence of blood in the midgut of females of Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Based on the criteria used in this study, which related the midgut content and the stages of the development of the ovaries, it was observed that 21% of the females (42/200) of Cx. quinquefasciatus were in gonotrophic discordance.

In the current study, resting males and females of Cx. quinquefasciatus were collected in a wooded area that is frequented visited by the people in the city of São Paulo. Despite the fact that the majority of females collected had no blood in the midgut, almost 30% of them had had at least one blood meal. We further observed that at least 57% of the females of Cx. quinquefasciatus were classified as parous and that 21% were in gonotrophic discordance, thus, validating our hypothesis.

The presence of 57% of parous females suggests the longevity for this population of Cx. quinquefasciatus1111. Lima-Camara TN, Honório NA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Parity and ovarian development of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culiddae) in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. J Vector Ecol. 2007;32:34-40.. Lower parity rates of Cx. quinquefasciatus females have been reported in studies conducted in the United States. Reisen et al55. Reisen WK, Milby MM, Presser SB, Hardy JL. Ecology of mosquitoes and St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Los Angeles Basin of California, 1987-1990. J Med Entomol . 1992a; 29(4): 582-98. have reported the collection of host-seeking Cx. quinquefasciatus females in the Los Angeles Basin of California using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps. A parity rate of 39.6% and a daily survival rate of 0.838 were reported. In Orange and Los Angeles Counties, California, the parity rates of host-seeking and resting Cx. quinquefasciatus females were 46.4% and 36.1%, respectively44. Reisen WK, Meyer RP, Tempelis CH, Spoehel JJ. Mosquito abundance and bionomics in residential communities in Orange and Los Angeles Counties, California. J Med Entomol. 1990;27(3):356-67..

In Brazil, David et al.1212. David MR, Ribeiro GS, Maciel-de-Freitas R. Bionomics of Culex quinquefasciatus within urban areas of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. Rev Saúde Públ. 2012;46(5):858-65. undertook the collections of Cx. quinquefasciatus in three distinct environments (a middle-class area, suburban area, and slum) in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Parity rates varied greatly according to the study area, ranging from 64% to 93.75% in the middle-class area, 36.4% to 78.5% in the suburban area, and 40% to 73.3% in the slum. The daily rate of survival calculated for Cx. quinquefasciatus in the middle class area was the greatest, confirming that this area was most favorable to longevity of this species1212. David MR, Ribeiro GS, Maciel-de-Freitas R. Bionomics of Culex quinquefasciatus within urban areas of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. Rev Saúde Públ. 2012;46(5):858-65..

In the current study, 63% of Cx. quinquefasciatus females had no blood in the midgut and had ovaries that were in the early stages of maturation whereas 27.5% were blood-fed and 9.5% were gravid. Similar results were reported by Reisen et al.44. Reisen WK, Meyer RP, Tempelis CH, Spoehel JJ. Mosquito abundance and bionomics in residential communities in Orange and Los Angeles Counties, California. J Med Entomol. 1990;27(3):356-67., who observed 49% of Cx. quinquefasciatus females without blood and ovaries in early stages of maturation, and 23% and 28% of females with blood-fed/ovaries up to stage IV and gravid status, respectively.

All the females of Cx. quinquefasciatus without blood in their midguts were considered to be in gonotrophic concordance because they presented ovaries in the initial stages or in stage V of development. Females with brown and red blood in the midgut and ovaries in the early and late stages of development, respectively, were also considered to be in gonotrophic discordance. With a small volume of blood in the advanced stage of digestion and ovaries in early stages of maturation, the females of Cx. quinquefasciatus would probably need at least one more blood meal to become gravid, which also indicates gonotrophic discordance. A large volume of red blood and ovaries in late stages of maturation suggest that females of Cx. quinquefasciatus had fed on blood recently to complete the development of the eggs.

Taking several blood meals within the same egg-laying cycle is of great epidemiological importance because it suggests that increased contact of the vector with the host would augment the chances of acquiring and transmitting a pathogen1111. Lima-Camara TN, Honório NA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Parity and ovarian development of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culiddae) in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. J Vector Ecol. 2007;32:34-40..

Charlwood1313. Charlwood JD. Estudos sobre a biologia e hábitos alimentares de Culex quinquefasciatus Say de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Acta Amazon. 1979; 9(2):271-78., while analyzing the host-seeking behavior of females of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, observed that the majority of females, which were attracted by human bait, were not blood fed. However, 5% of the females of Cx. quinquefasciatus attracted by human bait were partially blood fed, suggesting gonotrophic discordance1313. Charlwood JD. Estudos sobre a biologia e hábitos alimentares de Culex quinquefasciatus Say de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Acta Amazon. 1979; 9(2):271-78..

The investigation of parity and the presence of gonotrophic discordance in females of Cx. quinquefasciatus would help to explain the transmission of pathogens that this species can harbor. Cx. quinquefasciatus is associated mainly with the discomfort caused by its bites and with the transmission of microfilariae in specific localities in Brazil22. Consoli RAGB, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 1994.228 p.. However, this mosquito is also involved in the dynamics of transmission of the WNV and SLEV in the United States33. Samy AM, Elaagip AH, Kenawy MA, Ayres CFJ, Peterson AT, Soliman DE. Climate change influences on the global potential distribution of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, vector of West Nile Virus and lymphatic filariasis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0163863., and the circulation of these viruses in human beings has already been reported in Brazil1414. Vedovello D, Drumond BP, Marques RE, Ullmann LS, Fávaro EA, Terzian AC, et al. First genome sequence of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) isolated from a human in Brazil. Arch Virol. 2015;160(5):1189-95.,1515. Vieira MA, Romano AP, Borba AS, Silva EV, Chiang JO, Eulalio KD, et al. West Nile virus encephalitis: the first human case recorded in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93(2):377-9.. Thus, the importance of Cx. quinquefasciatus for public health should not be disregarded, since it can be a vector of various human pathogens, as well as the cause of discomfort because of its night time biting behavior.

Further studies on the biology and reproductive characteristics of Cx. quinquefasciatus, such as parity, multiple blood meals, and gonotrophic state, are of extreme importance to understand this mosquito better and to apply more adequate strategies of vigilance and control.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank Daniella Vilela Lima for the support in the project, and for permitting the use of drivers and transport for the collections. The authors also thank Dr Arthur Boorne for his help with English editing of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Forattini OP. Culicidologia Médica, volume 2. Edusp, São Paulo, Brazil; 2002. 862p.
  • 2
    Consoli RAGB, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 1994.228 p.
  • 3
    Samy AM, Elaagip AH, Kenawy MA, Ayres CFJ, Peterson AT, Soliman DE. Climate change influences on the global potential distribution of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, vector of West Nile Virus and lymphatic filariasis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(10):e0163863.
  • 4
    Reisen WK, Meyer RP, Tempelis CH, Spoehel JJ. Mosquito abundance and bionomics in residential communities in Orange and Los Angeles Counties, California. J Med Entomol. 1990;27(3):356-67.
  • 5
    Reisen WK, Milby MM, Presser SB, Hardy JL. Ecology of mosquitoes and St. Louis encephalitis virus in the Los Angeles Basin of California, 1987-1990. J Med Entomol . 1992a; 29(4): 582-98.
  • 6
    Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Dirofilariosis in the Americas: a more virulent Dirofilaria immitis? Parasit Vectors. 2013;6: 288.
  • 7
    Martins LC, Silva EVPD, Casseb LMN, Silva SPD, Cruz ACR, Pantoja JAS, et al. First isolation of West Nile virus in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2019; 114:e180332.
  • 8
    Mer GG. Experimental study on the development of the ovary in Anopheles seletus, Edw. (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res. 1936;27:351-9.
  • 9
    Christophers SR. Aedes aegypti: the yellow fever mosquito. Cambridge University Press, London, UK. 1960.
  • 10
    Clements AN. The biology of mosquitoes: development, nutrition and reproduction. CABI, London, UK. 1992.
  • 11
    Lima-Camara TN, Honório NA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Parity and ovarian development of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culiddae) in metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. J Vector Ecol. 2007;32:34-40.
  • 12
    David MR, Ribeiro GS, Maciel-de-Freitas R. Bionomics of Culex quinquefasciatus within urban areas of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. Rev Saúde Públ. 2012;46(5):858-65.
  • 13
    Charlwood JD. Estudos sobre a biologia e hábitos alimentares de Culex quinquefasciatus Say de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Acta Amazon. 1979; 9(2):271-78.
  • 14
    Vedovello D, Drumond BP, Marques RE, Ullmann LS, Fávaro EA, Terzian AC, et al. First genome sequence of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) isolated from a human in Brazil. Arch Virol. 2015;160(5):1189-95.
  • 15
    Vieira MA, Romano AP, Borba AS, Silva EV, Chiang JO, Eulalio KD, et al. West Nile virus encephalitis: the first human case recorded in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;93(2):377-9.
  • Financial Support: São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP): Grant #2016/12140-0. National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    20 Dec 2019
  • Date of issue
    2020

History

  • Received
    03 June 2019
  • Accepted
    18 July 2019
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