COVID-19 and social distancing among children and adolescents in Brazil

Barros, Fernando C; Hartwig, Fernando P; Barros, Aluísio J D; Menezes, Ana M B; Horta, Bernardo L; Struchiner, Cláudio J; Vidaletti, Luis Paulo; Silveira, Mariangela F; Mesenburg, Marilia A; Delagostin, Odir A; Hallal, Pedro C; Victora, Cesar G

doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003832

Fernando C Barros

Universidade Católica de Pelotas. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Saúde no Ciclo Vital. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5973-1746

Fernando P Hartwig

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3729-0710

Aluísio J D Barros

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2022-8729

Ana M B Menezes

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2996-9427

Bernardo L Horta

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9843-412X

Cláudio J Struchiner

Fundação Getúlio Vargas. Escola de Matemática Aplicada. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-847X

Luis Paulo Vidaletti

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2840-6841

Mariangela F Silveira

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2861-7139

Marilia A Mesenburg

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre. Faculdade de Medicina. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-4193

Odir A Delagostin

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2803-4088

Pedro C Hallal

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1470-6461

Cesar G Victora

Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Social. Pelotas, RS, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2465-2180

Correspondence: Fernando C Barros Rua Marechal Deodoro, 1.160 96020-220 Pelotas, RS, Brasil E-mail: fcbarroc.epi@gmail.com

Authors’ Contributions: Study design and planning: FCB, FPH, AJDB, AMBM, BLH, CJS, LPV, MAM, OAD, PCH,CGV. Data collection, analysis and interpretation: FCB, FPH, AJDB, AMBM, BLH, CJS, LPV, MAM, OAD, PCH, CGV. Manuscript drafting or review: FCB, FPH, AJDB, AMBM, BLH, CJS, LPV, MAM, OAD, PCH, CGV. Approval of the final version: FCB, FPH, AJDB, AMBM, BLH, CJS, LPV, MAM, OAD, PCH, CGV. Public responsibility for the content of the article: FCB, FPH, AJDB, AMBM, BLH, CJS, LPV, MAM, OAD, PCH, CGV.

Conflict of Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

	Sample distribution		Unadjusted		Adjusted for sample design and test validity
	Number	%	Estimate	95%CI	Estimate	95%CI
Age 0–9
Region			0.001		0.001
North	1,041	24.4%	5.4%	4.1–6.4	6.8%	4.9–8.8
Northeast	1,222	28.7%	2.5%	1.7–3.4	3.1%	1.9–4.3
Central-West	512	12.0%	0.8%	0.3–2.0	1.0%	0.0–2.0
Southeast	872	20.5%	0.7%	0.3–1.4	0.8%	0.1–1.5
South	617	14.5%	0.3%	0.1–1.1	0.4%	0.0–1.1
Gender			0.491		0.873
Female	2,028	46.9%	2.3%	1.7–3.0	2.8%	2.0–3.7
Male	2,235	53.1%	2.3%	1.7–3.0	2.9%	2.1–3.8
Wealth quintiles			0.045		0.054
Poorest	1,195	28.0%	3.1%	2.2–4.2	3.9%	2.6–5.3
2nd	983	20.9%	2.1%	1.3–3.3	2.7%	1.4–4.0
3rd	903	21.2%	1.8%	1.0–2.8	2.2%	1.1–3.4
4th	683	16.0%	2.8%	1.7–4.3	3.5%	1.9–5.2
Richest	589	13.8%	1.2%	0.5–2.4	1.4%	0.3–2.6
Ethnicity			0.001		0.001
White	1,528	36.3%	1.0%	0.6–1.6	1.3%	0.6–2.0
Black	329	7.8%	1.8%	0.8–3.9	3.8%	2.8–4.8
Brown	2,209	52.4%	3.0%	2.3–3.7	2.3%	0.3–4.3
Asian	97	2.3%	3.1%	1.0–8.7	4.0%	0.0–8.8
Indigenous	49	1.2%	10.2%	4.4–21.7	13.3%	2.2–24.4
Household size			0.091		0.240
1	0	0.0%	--	--
2	187	4.4%	1.6%	0.5–4.6	2.0%	0.0–4.3
3	996	23.4%	2.1%	1.3–3.2	2.7%	1.5–3.9
4	1,396	32.7%	1.8%	1.2–2.6	2.2%	1.3–3.2
5+	1,684	39.5%	2.9%	2.2–3.8	3.7%	2.6–4.8
All	4,263	100.0%	2.3%	1.8–2.7	2.9%	2.2–3.6
Age 10–19
Region			0.001		0.001
North	1,897	23.6%	4.5%	3.6–5.5	5.6%	4.3–6.9
Northeast	2,554	31.8%	2.0%	1.4–2.5	2.5%	1.7–3.2
Central-West	785	9.8%	0.3%	0.1–0.9	0.3%	0.0–0.8
Southeast	1,629	20.3%	0.2%	0.1–0.6	0.3%	0.0–0.6
South	1,159	14.4%	0.1%	0.02–0.4	0.1%	0.0–0.4
Gender			0.284		0.546
Female	4,189	54.9%	1.9%	1.4–2.3	2.3%	1.7–2.9
Male	3,835	45.1%	1.7%	1.3–2.1	2.1%	1.5–2.6
Wealth quintiles			0.004		0.023
Poorest	1,675	20.9%	2.1%	1.5–2.8	2.6%	1.7–3.5
2nd	1,506	18.8%	2.5%	1.7–3.3	3.1%	2.0–4.2
3rd	1,674	20.9%	1.7%	1.2–3.4	2.2%	1.3–3.0
4th	1,670	20.8%	1.6%	1.0–2.2	1.9%	1.1–2.7
Richest	1,498	18.7%	1.0%	0.6–1.6	1.2%	0.5–1.9
Ethnicity			0.001		0.001
White	2,468	31.2%	1.0%	0.6–1.4	1.2%	0.7–1.7
Black	945	12.0%	2.1%	1.0–2.7	2.6%	2.0–3.2
Brown	4,147	52.5%	1.7%	1.6–2.5	2.1%	1.0–3.2
Asian	217	2.7%	1.4%	0.4–3.9	1.8%	0.0–4.2
Indigenous	124	1.6%	7.3%	3.8–13.2	9.2%	3.3–15.2
Household size			0.301		0.072
1	298	3.7%	0.3%	0.1–1.8	0.4%	0.0–1.6
2	1,087	13.5%	1.8%	1.1–2.8	2.3%	1.2–3.4
3	1,946	24.3%	1.7%	1.2–2.3	2.1%	1.3–2.9
4	2,279	28.4%	1.9%	1.4–2.5	2.4%	1.6–3.2
5+	2,414	30.1%	1.8%	1.3–2.4	2.3%	1.5–3.0
All	8,024	100%	1.8%	1.5–2.1	2.2%	1.8–2.6
Age 20+
Region			0.0001		0.001
North	13,075	17.0%	7.1%	6.6–7.5	8.9%	7.9–9.9
Northeast	23,033	29.9%	3.0%	2.8–3.2	3.8%	3.4–4.3
Central-West	8,496	11.0%	0.4%	0.3–0.6	0.5%
Southeast	19,359	25.1%	0.7%	0.6–0.8	0.9%	0.7–1.1
South	13,112	17.0%	0.2%	0.1–0.3	0.2%	0.1–0.3
Gender			0.390		0.843
Female	45,836	59.5%	2.4%	2.2–2.5	3.0%	2.7–3.3
Male	31,239	40.5%	2.3%	2.2–2.5	2.9%	2.6–3.3
Wealth quintiles			0.001		0.001
Poorest	18,106	23.5%	3.0%	2.7–3.2	3.8%	3.3–4.3
2nd	14,161	18.4%	2.8%	2.5–3.0	3.5%	3.0–4.0
3rd	14,748	19.1%	2.3%	2.1–2.5	2.9%	2.5–3.3
4th	14,909	19.3%	2.2%	1.9–2.4	2.7%	2.3–3.1
Richest	15,143	19.6%	1.4%	1.2–1.6	1.7%	1.5–2.0
Ethnicity			0.001		0.001
White	28,387	37.7%	1.2%	1.0–1.3	1.4%	1.2–1.7
Black	10,030	13.3%	2.6%	2.3–2.9	4.1%	3.6–4.5
Brown	33,732	44.8%	3.2%	3.0–3.4	3.3%	2.8–3.8
Asian	2,132	2.6%	2.2%	1.6–2.8	2.7%	1.9–3.6
Indigenous	1,046	1.4%	5.0%	3.8–6.4	6.3%	4.5–8.1
Household size					0.001
1	17,084	22.2%	2.2%	1.9–2.4	2.7%	2.3–3.1
2	25,221	32.7%	2.1%	1.9–2.2	2.6%	2.3–2.9
3	15,432	21.3%	2.2%	1.9–2.4	2.8%	2.4–3.2
4	10,339	13.4%	2.5%	2.2–2.8	3.2%	2.7–3.6
5+	7,999	10.4%	3.9%	3.4–4.3	4.9%	4.2–5.6
All	77,075	100.0%	2.4%	2.2–2.5	3.0%	2.7–3.3

Individual-level behaviors (%)
Age	Compliance with social distancing measures	Staying at home most of the time	Use of face mask
	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001
0–9	72.4 (71.0–73.8)	81.7 (80.5–82.9)	89.8 (88.8–90.7)
10–19	60.8 (59.6–61.9)	70.6 (69.6–71.6)	96.6 (96.2–97.0)
20+	57.4 (56.9–57.8)	65.1 (64.7–65.5)	98.6 (98.5–98.7)

[1] Correspondence: Fernando C Barros Rua Marechal Deodoro, 1.160 96020-220 Pelotas, RS, Brasil E-mail: fcbarroc.epi@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

COVID-19 and social distancing among children and adolescents in Brazil

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

METHODS

RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS