Workaholism and burnout among <i>stricto sensu</i> graduate professors

Barreto, Maynara Fernanda Carvalho; Galdino, Maria José Quina; Fernandes, Frederico Garcia; Martins, Júlia Trevisan; Marziale, Maria Helene Palucci; Haddad, Maria do Carmo Fernandez Lourenço

doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056003883

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Original Article • Rev. Saúde Pública 56 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056003883 copy

Workaholism and burnout among stricto sensu graduate professors

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the association of excessive work and compulsive work with the dimensions of the burnout syndrome in masters and doctoral professors of Languages, Literature, and Linguistics in Brazil.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study carried out with 585 permanent professors of stricto sensu graduate studies in Languages, Literature, and Linguistics in Brazil. Data collection took place between February and August 2019, by an online questionnaire. The outcomes of this study were the compulsive work and excessive work dimensions of the Dutch Work Addiction Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory ^TM dimensions and their associated factors, identified by multiple logistic regression models.

RESULTS

Professors with a high level of excessive work (29.40%) had 2.75 times the chance of high emotional exhaustion and 2.08 times the chance of high depersonalization. Regarding professors with a high level of compulsive work (8.03%), they had 4.88 times the chance of high emotional exhaustion and 2.97 times the chance of high depersonalization. No association of excessive work and compulsive work with low professional fulfillment was identified.

CONCLUSION

The results showed a statistically significant association of excessive work and compulsive work with high emotional exhaustion and high depersonalization, allowing managers and professors to reflect the criteria that guide their work processes, to adopt management models, institutional regulatory policies, and strategies to improve the working conditions and health of professors.

Faculty; Burnout, Professional; Workload; Occupational Stress; Working Conditions; Mental Health

Analysis variable	High emotional exhaustion		p	High depersonalization		p	Low professional fulfillment		p
	No	Yes		No	Yes		No	Yes
	n (%)	n (%)		n (%)	n (%)		n (%)	n (%)
Sex
Male	112 (52.6)	101 (47.4)	0.77	180 (84.5)	33 (15.5)	0.39	151 (70.9)	62 (29.1)	0.15
Female	191 (51.3)	181 (48.7)	0.77	324 (87.1)	48 (12.9)	0.39	284 (76.3)	88 (23.7)	0.15
Age range
29–49 years	126 (42.3)	172 (57.7)	< 0.01	244 (81.9)	54 (18.1)	< 0.01	209 (70.1)	89 (29.9)	< 0.01
50–78 years	177 (61.7)	110 (38.3)	< 0.01	260 (90.6)	27 (9.4)	< 0.01	226 (78.7)	61 (21.3)	< 0.01
Geographical location of the university
Midwest	31 (50)	31 (50)	0.19	50 (80.6)	12 (19.4)	< 0.01	51 (82.3)	11 (17.7)	< 0.01
North	13 (39.4)	20 (60.6)		24 (72.7)	9 (27.3)		20 (60.6)	13 (39.4)
Northeast	73 (60.3)	48 (39.7)		109 (90.1)	12 (9.9)		101 (83.5)	20 (16.5)
South	82 (49.7)	83 (50.3)		138 (83.6)	27 (16.4)		111 (67.3)	54 (32.7)
Southeast	104 (51)	100 (49)		183 (89.7)	21 (10.3)		152 (74.5)	52 (25.5)
Quality of life
Bad	39 (25.8)	112 (74.2)	< 0.01	121 (80.1)	30 (19.9)	< 0.01	92 (60.9)	59 (39.1)	< 0.01
Good	264 (60.8)	170 (39.2)	< 0.01	383 (88.2)	51 (11.8)	< 0.01	343 (79)	91 (21)	< 0.01
Leisure opportunities
Few	207 (45.1)	252 (54.9)	< 0.01	390 (85)	69 (15)	0.10	327 (71.2)	132 (28.8)	< 0.01
Many	96 (76.2)	30 (23.8)	< 0.01	114 (90.5)	12 (9.5)	0.10	108 (85.7)	18 (14.3)	< 0.01
Sleep pattern
Bad	135 (39.6)	206 (60.4)	< 0.01	283 (83)	58 (17)	< 0.01	235 (68.9)	106 (31.1)	< 0.01
Good	168 (68.9)	76 (31.1)	< 0.01	221 (90.6)	23 (9.4)	< 0.01	200 (82)	44 (18)	< 0.01
Physically active
No	201 (47.5)	222 (52.5)	< 0.01	359 (84.9)	64 (15.1)	0.13	307 (72.6)	116 (27.4)	0.11
Yes	102 (63)	60 (37)	< 0.01	145 (89.5)	17 (10.5)	0.13	128 (79)	34 (21)	0.11
Type of institution
Public	265 (51.4)	251 (48.6)	0.56	445 (86.2)	71 (13.8)	0.87	383 (74.2)	133 (25.8)	0.84
Private	38 (55.1)	31 (44.9)	0.56	59 (85.5)	10 (14.5)	0.87	52 (75.4)	17 (24.6)	0.84
Two affiliations in PPGLL
No	235 (50.5)	230 (49.5)	0.23	403 (86.7)	62 (13.3)	0.49	342 (73.5)	123 (26.5)	0.37
Yes	68 (56.7)	52 (43.3)	0.23	101 (84.2)	19 (15.8)	0.49	93 (77.5)	27 (22.5)	0.37
Advises master’s and doctorate level
No	88 (47.6)	97 (52.4)	0.16	152 (82.2)	33 (17.8)	0.06	128 (69.2)	57 (30.8)	0.05
Yes	215 (53.8)	185 (46.3)	0.16	352 (88)	48 (12)	0.06	307 (76.8)	93 (23.3)	0.05
Time working in PPGLL
≤ 9 years	153 (45.7)	182 (54.3)	< 0.01	278 (83)	57 (17)	< 0.01	232 (69.3)	103 (30.7)	< 0.01
≥ 10 years	150 (60)	100 (40)	< 0.01	226 (90.4)	24 (9.6)	< 0.01	203 (81.2)	47 (18.8)	< 0.01
Number of advisees
≤ 05 students	160 (50.5)	157 (49.5)	0.49	272 (85.8)	45 (14.2)	0.79	224 (70.7)	93 (29.3)	< 0.01
≥ 06 students	143 (53.4)	125 (46.6)	0.49	232 (86.6)	36 (13.4)	0.79	211 (78.7)	57 (21.3)	< 0.01
Capes grade
3–5	222 (51.3)	211 (48.7)	0.67	364 (84.1)	69 (15.9)	< 0.01	321 (74.1)	112 (25.9)	0.83
6–7	81 (53.3)	71 (47.7)	0.67	140 (92.1)	12 (7.9)	< 0.01	114 (75)	38 (25)	0.83

Analysis variable	Excessive level		p	Compulsive level		p
	Low	High		Low	High
	n (%)	n (%)		n (%)	n (%)
Sex
Male	157 (73.7)	56 (26.3)	0.21	200 (93.9)	13 (6.1)	0.19
Female	256 (68.8)	116 (31.2)	0.21	338 (90.9)	34 (9.1)	0.19
Age range
29–49 years	190 (63.8)	108 (36.2)	< 0.01	272 (91.3)	26 (8.7)	0.53
50–78 years	223 (77.7)	64 (22.3)	< 0.01	266 (92.7)	21 (7.3)	0.53
Geographical location of the University
Midwest	40 (64.5)	22 (35.5)	0.18	56 (90.3)	6 (9.7)	0.96
North	22 (66.7)	11 (33.3)		32 (97)	1 (3)
Northeast	89 (73.6)	32 (26.4)		111 (91.7)	10 (8.3)
South	108 (65.5)	57 (34.5)		151 (91.5)	14 (8.5)
Southeast	154 (75.5)	50 (24.5)		188 (92.2)	16 (7.8)
Quality of life
Bad	84 (55.6)	67 (44.4)	< 0.01	124 (82.1)	27 (17.9)	< 0.01
Good	329 (75.8)	105 (24.2)	< 0.01	414 (95.4)	20 (4.6)	< 0.01
Leisure opportunities
Few	308 (67.1)	151 (32.9)	< 0.01	414 (90.2)	45 (9.8)	< 0.01
Many	105 (83.3)	21 (16.7)	< 0.01	124 (98.4)	2 (1.6)	< 0.01
Sleep pattern
Bad	214 (62.8)	127 (37.2)	< 0.01	301 (88.3)	40 (11.7)	< 0.01
Good	199 (81.6)	45 (18.4)	< 0.01	237 (97.1)	7 (2.9)	< 0.01
Physically active
No	284 (67.1)	139 (32.9)	< 0.01	383 (90.5)	40 (9.5)	< 0.01
Yes	129 (79.6)	33 (20.4)	< 0.01	155 (95.7)	7 (4.3)	< 0.01
Type of institution
Public	362 (70.2)	154 (29.8)	0.52	475 (92.1)	41 (7.9)	0.83
Private	51 (73.9)	18 (26.1)	0.52	63 (91.3)	6 (8.7)	0.83
Two affiliations in PPGLL
No	325 (69.9)	140 (30.1)	0.46	429 (92.3)	36 (7.7)	0.61
Yes	88 (73.3)	32 (26.7)	0.46	109 (90.8)	11 (9.2)	0.61
Advises master’s and doctorate level
No	126 (68.1)	59 (31.9)	0.37	172 (93)	13 (7)	0.54
Yes	287 (71.8)	113 (28.2)	0.37	366 (91.5)	34 (8.5)	0.54
Time working in PPGLL
≤ 9 years	221 (66)	114 (34)	< 0.01	307 (91.6)	28 (8.4)	0.73
≥ 10 years	192 (76.8)	58 (23.2)	< 0.01	231 (92.4)	19 (7.6)	0.73
Number of advisees
≤ 5 students	222 (70)	95 (30)	0.74	292 (92.1)	25 (7.9)	0.89
≥ 6 students	191 (71.3)	77 (28.7)	0.74	246 (91.8)	22 (8.2)	0.89
Capes grade
3–5	302 (69.7)	131 (30.3)	0.44	399 (92.1)	34 (7.9)	0.79
6–7	111 (73)	41 (27)	0.44	139 (91.4)	13 (8.6)	0.79

Multiple model	p	Odds ratio ^Crude (95%CI)	p	Odds ratio ^Adjusted (95%CI)
High emotional exhaustion
Excessive work	< 0.01	2,082 (2,119–4,483)	< 0.01	2,754 (1,876–4,043)
Compulsive work	< 0.01	5,087 (2,412–10,729)	< 0.01	4,876 (2,291–10,377)
High depersonalization
Excessive work	< 0.01	2,298 (1,423–3,713)	< 0.01	2,076 (1,272–3,387)
Compulsive work	< 0.01	2,982 (1,518–5,860)	< 0.01	2,972 (1,495–5,907)
Low professional fulfillment
Excessive work	0.07	1,451 (0,977–2,155)	0.14	1,356 (0,904–2,034)
Compulsive work	0.74	1,119 (0,574–2,183)	0.73	1,127 (0,573–2,218)

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[1] Correspondence: Maynara Fernanda Carvalho Barreto Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná Rodovia BR 369, s/n 86360-000 Bandeirantes, PR, Brasil E-mail: maynara_barreto@hotmail.com