Self-perceived oral health among Brazilian elderly individuals

Abstracts

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with self-perceived oral health among Brazilian elderly individuals. METHODS: Data from the Projeto SB Brasil (Brazilian Oral Health Project), conducted in 2002-2003, were used. A probabilistic sample of 5,349 elderly individuals, aged between 65 and 74 years, was analyzed, interviewed and subsequently grouped into dentate and edentate individuals. The dependent variable was self-perceived oral health condition, while independent variables were as follows: place of residence, individual characteristics, health-related behavior, objective health conditions and subjective health conditions. Descriptive and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: In both groups, self-perceived oral health was considered positive, despite the poor oral health conditions found among the elderly. In the final model, place of residence and individual characteristics contributed little to explain the variability of self-perception. The use of dental services was associated with the outcome in dentate individuals, while objective and subjective conditions were associated in both groups. Among dentate and edentate individuals, R² for the external environment was 0.00; with the inclusion of individual characteristics, 0.05 and 0.02, respectively; with the inclusion of health-related behavior, 0.06 and 0.03, respectively; with the inclusion of objective health conditions, 0.11 and 0.04 respectively; and with the inclusion of subjective health conditions, 0.50 and 0.43, respectively. It was possible to explain 50% of the variability of self-perception in dentate individuals, and 43% in edentate ones. CONCLUSIONS: The main factors associated with self-perceived oral health in both groups were excellent self-perceived appearance, followed by positive self-perceived mastication. The third associated factor was reporting no need for dental treatment in dentate individuals, and self-perceived speech in edentate ones.

Aged; Self Assessment; Tooth Loss; Oral Health; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores associados à autopercepção da saúde bucal entre idosos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se dados do Projeto SB Brasil, realizado em 20022003. Foi examinada e entrevistada amostra probabilística de 5.349 idosos de 65 a 74 anos agrupados em dentados e edentados. A variável dependente foi autopercepção da condição de saúde bucal e as independentes foram: local de moradia, características individuais, comportamentos relacionados à saúde, condições objetivas de saúde e condições subjetivas relacionadas à saúde. Foram conduzidas análises descritivas e análises de regressão linear múltipla hierárquica. RESULTADOS: Nos dois grupos a autopercepção da saúde bucal foi considerada positiva, apesar das precárias condições de saúde bucal entre os idosos. No modelo final, o local de moradia e as características individuais pouco contribuíram para explicar a variabilidade da autopercepção. Entre dentados, o uso de serviços odontológicos esteve associado ao desfecho, e as condições objetivas e subjetivas se mostraram associadas nos dois grupos. Entre dentados e edentados, o R² para o ambiente externo foi de 0,00; com o acréscimo das características individuais, respectivamente, 0,05 e 0,02; incluindo o comportamento relacionado à saúde, 0,06 e 0,03; acrescentando as condições objetivas de saúde, 0,11 e 0,04; adicionando as condições subjetivas relacionadas à saúde foram 0,50 e 0,43. Foi possível explicar 50% da variabilidade da autopercepção entre dentados e 43% entre edentados. CONCLUSÕES: Os principais fatores associados à autopercepção da saúde bucal como positiva nos dois grupos foram a autopercepção da aparência como ótima seguida pela autopercepção da mastigação como positiva. O terceiro fator associado, entre dentados, foi o relato de nenhuma necessidade de tratamento odontológico e, entre edentados, a autopercepção da fala.

Idoso; Autoavaliação; Perda de Dente; Mastigação; Saúde Bucal; Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Andréa Maria Eleutério de Barros Lima Martins^I; Sandhi Maria Barreto^II; Marise Fagundes da Silveira^III; Thalita Thyrza de Almeida Santa-Rosa^I; Rodrigo Dantas Pereira^IV

^IDepartamento de Odontologia. Faculdade de Odontologia. Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes). Montes Claros, MG, Brasil

^IIDepartamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil

^IIIDepartamento de Matemática. Faculdade de Matemática. Unimontes. Montes Claros, MG, Brasil

^IVPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Uberlândia, MG, Brasil

Correspondence

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with self-perceived oral health among Brazilian elderly individuals.

METHODS: Data from the Projeto SB Brasil (Brazilian Oral Health Project), conducted in 2002-2003, were used. A probabilistic sample of 5,349 elderly individuals, aged between 65 and 74 years, was analyzed, interviewed and subsequently grouped into dentate and edentate individuals. The dependent variable was self-perceived oral health condition, while independent variables were as follows: place of residence, individual characteristics, health-related behavior, objective health conditions and subjective health conditions. Descriptive and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS: In both groups, self-perceived oral health was considered positive, despite the poor oral health conditions found among the elderly. In the final model, place of residence and individual characteristics contributed little to explain the variability of self-perception. The use of dental services was associated with the outcome in dentate individuals, while objective and subjective conditions were associated in both groups. Among dentate and edentate individuals, R² for the external environment was 0.00; with the inclusion of individual characteristics, 0.05 and 0.02, respectively; with the inclusion of health-related behavior, 0.06 and 0.03, respectively; with the inclusion of objective health conditions, 0.11 and 0.04 respectively; and with the inclusion of subjective health conditions, 0.50 and 0.43, respectively. It was possible to explain 50% of the variability of self-perception in dentate individuals, and 43% in edentate ones.

CONCLUSIONS: The main factors associated with self-perceived oral health in both groups were excellent self-perceived appearance, followed by positive self-perceived mastication. The third associated factor was reporting no need for dental treatment in dentate individuals, and self-perceived speech in edentate ones.

Descriptors: Aged. Self Assessment (Psychology). Tooth Loss. Oral Health. Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice.

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados a la autopercepción de la salud bucal entre ancianos brasileños.

MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron datos del Proyecto SB Brasil, realizado en 2002-2003. Fue examinada y entrevistada muestra probabilística de 5.349 ancianos de 65 a 74 años agrupados en dentados y edentados. La variable dependiente fue autopercepción de la condición de salud bucal y las independientes fueron: lugar de residencia, características individuales, comportamientos relacionados con la salud, condiciones objetivas de salud y condiciones subjetivas relacionadas con la salud. Fueron conducidas análisis descriptivos y análisis de regresión linear múltiple jerárquica.

RESULTADOS: En los dos grupos la autopercepción de la salud fue considerada positiva, a pesar de precarias condiciones de salud bucal entre los ancianos. En el modelo final, el lugar de residencia y las características individuales poco contribuyeron para explicar la variabilidad de la autopercepción. Entre dentados, el uso de servicios odontológicos estuvieron asociados al resultado y las condiciones objetivas y subjetivas se muestran asociadas en los dos grupos. Entre dentados y edentados, el R2 para el ambiente externo, fue de 0,00; adicionando las características individuales, respectivamente, 0,05 y 0,02; incluyendo el comportamiento relacionado con la salud, 0,06 y 0,03; considerando además las condiciones objetivas de salud, 0,11 y 0,04; adicionando las condiciones subjetivas relacionadas con la salud fueron 0,50 y 0,43. Fue posible explicar 50% de la variabilidad de la autopercepción, entre dentados y 43% entre edentados.

CONCLUSIONES: Los factores asociados a la autopercepción de la salud bucal en los dos grupos fueron la autopercepción de la apariencia como óptima seguida por la autopercepción de la masticación positiva. El tercer factor asociado, entre dentados, fue el relato de ninguna necesidad de tratamiento odontológico y entre edentados la autopercepción del habla.

Descriptores: Anciano. Autoevaluación (Psicología). Pérdida de Diente. Masticación. Salud Bucal. Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud.

INTRODUCTION

Self-perceived health is the interpretation of the health status and experiences in the context of daily life. It is based on information and knowledge about health and disease, which change according to social and cultural norms and experiences.⁸ The evaluation of self-perceived oral health and oral health condition are essential, because behavior is regulated by the perception of this condition and the importance it is given. Self-perceived health favors the indirect participation of the community in making political and social decisions, contributing to an approach aimed at quality of life. In Dentistry, routine evaluation of self-perceived oral health is important to encourage adherence to healthy types of behavior.³ Among the elderly, the main reason for not seeking dental services is the lack of perception of need.²³ Self-perceived oral health has a multidimensional aspect.^{2,3,6,10,15,17,20,21,23} As one of the main components of quality of life, oral health consists in an individual's subjective experience of their functional, social and psychological well-being.¹⁴ Self-perceived oral health provides more information about how a certain disease affects an individual's life, rather than the objective measurements of this disease.⁷ In Brazil, public dental care for the elderly needs to be improved and the identification of their self-perception of oral health could be the first step towards the development of programs that include educational actions aimed at self-care, in addition to preventive and rehabilitating actions.²³

The present study aimed to identify factors associated with self-perceived oral health in elderly Brazilians.

METHODS

Data from the Epidemiological Survey of the Oral Health Conditions of the Brazilian Population (Projeto SB Brasil), conducted by the Brazilian Health Ministry in 2002 and 2003,ª according to what is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), in 1997.²⁴ Probabilistic, cluster sampling was used, with a random selection of individuals. Interviews and tests were conducted in homes or schools. More information about the methodology is available in the final report of this research project.ª A total of 5,349 elderly individuals, aged between 65 and 74 years, were examined and interviewed in their homes.

An adaptation¹⁵ of the theoretical model proposed by Gift et al⁶ in 1998 was used. Analyses were made in two groups: dentate elderly individuals, who had at least one remaining tooth, and edentate elderly individuals, who had not teeth left. The dependent variable studied self-perceived oral health condition was obtained through the following question: "How would you rate your oral health?" (very poor, poor, fair, good, excellent). The independent variables were divided into five subgroups: external environment (place of residence), individual characteristics (age in years, sex, self-reported ethnicity; predisposition: years of education, access to information about how to prevent oral problems; availability of resources: per capita household income in reais), health-related behavior (use of dental services), objective health conditions (presence of soft tissue change, number of permanent teeth present, number of decayed permanent teeth present, number of filled permanent teeth, periodontal condition and need for prosthesis), subjective health conditions (self-perceived: gum and toothache in the last six months; appearance of teeth and gums; mastication; speech, in terms of teeth and gums; relationship, according to oral health and need for dental care). Among the objective conditions, only the presence of soft tissue changes and need for prosthesis were considered in the analyses of both groups, while the remaining aspects were considered in dentate individuals exclusively.

A descriptive analysis was performed in both groups to identify the presence of statistically significant associations between self-perceived oral health and variables of interest. The contributions of independent variables to the variance of the dependent variable were estimated with multiple linear regression, used in the majority of studies on this theme.^{1,2,6,17,21,23} This type of regression is indicated to estimate associations between quantitative variables. In the present study, the dependent variable was considered quantitative and discrete, although being ordinal and categorical. The "macro-region", "place of residence", "sex", "ethnicity", "information about how to prevent oral problems", "soft tissue change", "periodontal condition", "self-perceived need for dental care" variables are nominal and categorical and were turned into artificial, indicator or dummy variables.¹⁸ The "age", "level of education", "income" and "numbers of individuals per room, permanent teeth, decayed teeth and filled teeth" variables are quantitative and were categorized in the descriptive analysis exclusively. The "use of dental services", "need for prosthesis" and "self-perceived pain, appearance, mastication, speech and relationship" variables were considered quantitative and discrete, although being ordinal categorical like the dependent variable.

In the multiple linear regression, the following assumptions are recommended: linearity of the phenomenon measured; constant variance of error terms (homocedasticity); independence of error terms (null covariance) or independence of residual random variables; normality of distribution of error terms;⁹ non-verification of multicollinearity.⁵

Linearity is assessed by the graphic residue analysis,⁴ dispersion diagram or correlation coefficient. The diagnosis of homocedasticity is made from the graphic residue analysis or Levene's test.⁹ Verification of null covariance is performed using the Durbin-Watson test or the graphic residue analysis.⁵ The validity of the normality assumption of error terms distribution is confirmed with the graphic of normal probability for residues and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of adherence to normality, corrected with Lilliefors or Shapiro-Wilks.¹⁸ Explanatory variables must be linearly independent⁵ and, in case multicollinearity is observed, the necessary corrective actions should be determined.⁹ The most common measures to assess the collinearity of two or more variables are as follows: value of tolerance and its inverse, variance inflation factor (VIF=1/tolerance). A reference value which is frequently used is 0.10, corresponding to a VIF higher than 10.^9,18

Multiple hierarchical analyses were conducted in both groups to determine the relative contributions of each variable proposed in the theoretical model.¹⁵ The magnitudes of association between the dependent variable and factors of interest, in each group of variables, were estimated using R², with a 0.05 significance level. The respective estimated parameters and standard-errors were obtained using multiple linear regression. The SPSS 11.0 software was used. The design effect correction to analyze data coming from complex samples was not made, once the data needed for such correction were not available. This adjustment was necessary because the Projeto SB Brasil included a complex cluster sample and estimates that do not consider the cluster sampling organization tend towards overestimation and loss of accuracy of estimates.¹⁹

The Projeto SB Brasil was approved by the Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (National Research Ethics Committee official opinion 581/2000).

RESULTS

A greater number of elderly Brazilians were edentate (54.8%). Among dentate individuals, the majority perceived their own oral health as good (Table 1). The mean age of dentates was 68.4 years (SD=3.10); mean level of education, 3.22 years (SD=3.53); and mean per capita income, R$ 238.07 or US$ 79.35 (SD=R$ 433.19 or US$ 144.39). The mean number of permanent teeth present in dentate and edentate elderly individuals was 5.5 (SD=7.9); that of decayed teeth, 1.23 (SD=2.91); and that of filled teeth, 0.73 (SD=2.4). The mean number of permanent teeth present in dentates was 12.14 (SD=7.6); that of decayed teeth, 2.73 (SD=3.83); and that of filled teeth, 1.61 (SD=3.4).

The majority of edentates perceived their oral health as good (Table 2). Mean age was 69.06 years (SD=3.19); mean level of education, 2.35 years (SD=2.75); and mean per capita income, R$ 186.24 or US$ 62.08 (SD=R$ 216.38 or US$ 72.12).

There was linearity in both groups and a violation of homocedasticity. Based on the analysis of null covariance, there was a violation in the graphic residue analysis, although not through the Durbin-Watson test (DW=1.9; p<0.05). A violation of the hypothesis of normality of error terms distribution was found in the normal probability graph (Q-Q Plot) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, corrected with Lilliefors or Shapiro-Wilks, (p=0.000). Results of multicollinearity tests showed that such assumption was not violated (tolerance>0.10 and VIF<10).

In the multiple linear regression analysis, the R² for model 1, external environment, was found to be 0.00 between dentates and edentates; for model 2 (external environment and individual characteristics), 0.05 and 0.02, respectively; for model 3 (external environment, individual characteristics and health-related behavior), 0.06 and 0.03; for model 4 (external environment, individual characteristics, health-related behavior and objective health conditions), 0.11 and 0.04; for model 5 (external environment, individual characteristics, health-related behavior, objective health conditions and subjective health conditions), 0.50 and 0.43 (Tables 3 and 4).

DISCUSSION

Self-perceived appearance was the factor most strongly associated with self-perceived oral health and no previous studies that had investigated such association were found, thus revealing the need for future studies on this theme. It is suggested that the identification of factors associated with self-perceived appearance could more accurately clarify self-perceived oral health among elderly Brazilians.

As well as other studies, the majority of elderly individuals perceived their oral health as positive,^{1,3,6,10,11,17,21,22,23} even with unsatisfactory objective oral health conditions. Literature data are consistent in this sense,^6,21,23 suggesting that objective conditions are poor predictors of such self-perception.^17,21 The weak association between objective conditions and self-perceived oral health in both groups had been previously observed, probably because diseases detected by professional tests can be asymptomatic and unknown to patients,^21,23 who only consider themselves to be ill when suffering from acute manifestations of oral diseases.²¹ Another explanation for such weak associations would be the assumption that objective indicators measure diseases, whereas subjective ones assess health and human experiences.¹³

The hierarchical approach of multiple linear regression enabled the assessment of the importance of each group of variables in dentate and edentate individuals' self-perceived oral health. R² varied slightly when the three first models that hierarchically included variables related to the external environment; individual and behavioral characteristics were assessed; these variables explained approximately 6% of the variability in dentates and 3% of the variability of self-perceived oral health in edentates. The inclusion of objective conditions into the model contributed little to the understanding of self-perceived variability, although the R² practically doubled in dentates, explaining 11% of variability and, in addition to rising from 3% to 4% in edentates. This suggests that objective conditions had a greater impact on the self-perception of elderly individuals with at least one remaining tooth than in edentate ones. Subjective conditions were the main factors that explain the variability of self-perceived oral health. In both groups, the inclusion of such variables into the model explained 50% of variability of self-perceived oral health in dentates and 43% in edentates.

Studies suggest that negative self-perceived oral health increases with age.^6,21 In contrast, in the present study and other ones, age is not associated with self-perception.^2,17,23 There was no association between sex and self-perception, as in the majority of studies,^2,6,23 although more frequent positive self-perception in women than in men has been reported.²¹ Ethnicity was not associated with self-perception in both groups, thus contrasting with studies that show that white individuals perceived their own health in a more positive way than non-white ones.^2,17 Level of education and access to information about how to prevent oral problems were not associated with the outcome. Studies show that, the greater an individual's level of education^2,6,17 and access to information about how to prevent oral problems, the more frequent the positive self-perceived oral health.^2,6 Income was initially associated in both groups, although such association was not found in the final model. The literature is controversial in terms of income. Among elderly Brazilians, this association was not probably observed due to the homogeneity of the population, most of whom had a low income. The variables related to individual characteristics did not contribute to the understanding of variability of self-perceived oral health in elderly Brazilians.

Use of dental services was associated with self-perceived oral health in dentates. Another study showed that individuals who had used such services for less than one year before perceived their oral health as positive.²

Objective conditions have limited relevance in self-perceived oral health.²¹ A higher number of permanent teeth present is associated with positive self-perceived oral health.^{1,2,6,16,17,21} However, there was an inverse association in the present study, so that the lower the number of teeth present, the more frequent the positive self-perceived oral health. Despite the apparent incoherence of results, elderly individuals seem to rate their oral health more positively when they are free from decayed teeth and probably from diseases, rather than when few teeth are maintained in precarious conditions, in insufficient number and without access to prostheses to guarantee efficient and comfortable mastication.¹⁵ Another study found that the higher number of decayed teeth present in the mouth of individuals was associated with negative self-perceived oral health.^1,6,21 Yet another study observed that a higher number of filled teeth was associated with positive self-perceived oral health.²¹ Results in the literature are controversial about periodontal disease. Loss of periodontal attachment⁶ and the presence of periodontal pockets^21,23 were associated with negative self-perceived oral health.⁶ The association between periodontal condition and self-perceived oral health was neither found in the present study nor in another study.¹

Associations between self-perceived global oral health and specific self-rated functional or psychological limitations were observed in another study.¹² The association between absence of sensitivity to pain and positive self-perceived oral health found in the present study, in both groups, was reported in another study.² Positive self-perceived appearance was associated with positive self-perceived oral health.^1,17 Other studies indicated the importance of self-perception of the need for dental care in the variability of self-perceived oral health.^1,6,10,16 The frequency of positive self-perceived oral health was higher among those who reported not needing treatment in both groups of study.

Results explained 50% of the variability of self-perceived oral health in dentates and 43% in edentates and also showed the effectiveness of the proposed model. This model surpassed the explanation of such variability in other studies performed in the United States: 14% in workers of an insurance company aged 18 years or more;²¹ 43% in the search performed in Medicare users aged less than 65 years, in 1988;¹ 37% in Medicare users aged 65 years or more in Los Angeles, California;¹⁷ 38% in residents of Baltimore; 32% in users of health services for indigenous people; 39% in residents of San Antonio;² and 35% in elderly individuals aged 65 years or more.⁶ Not all variables associated with self-perception, described in the literature and observed in the proposed model, were analyzed in the Projeto SB Brasil, preventing better understanding of the variability of self-perceived oral health. More in-depth studies will enable the factors that influence it to be better understood. The process that associates self-perception and the variables analyzed is dynamic, as shown in the proposed model. The Projeto SB Brasil was a cross-sectional study, thus not enabling a temporal relationship among the observed associations to be established.

In both groups, two assumptions were violated: homocedasticity and normality of error terms. In practical terms, the violation of the assumption of homocedasticity causes predictions to be better on some levels than on others, so that such violation frequently renders statistical tests more conservative or sensitive. The most common violation is the assumption of normality of error terms,⁹ which means that the differences between the estimated model and the data observed are not frequently zero or close to zero anymore, i.e. that the differences above zero do not only occur occasionally.

The assumption of null covariance was considered not to have been violated, once the graphic analysis is considered subjective⁵ and such violation was not confirmed by the Durbin Watson test. In the multiple linear regression analyses where the assumption of multicollinearity is violated, there is a reduction in the accuracy of regression coefficients estimators.⁵ In the present study, this assumption was not violated. Despite the limitations resulting from the violation of two out of the five recommended assumptions, the choice made was to compare the results with studies in which the analyses of all recommended assumptions were not described.^{1,2,6,17,21,23}

In terms of the variability of self-perceived oral heath, self-perception was considered positive, although poor oral conditions in the elderly were found. The use of the linear regression model to analyze self-perceived oral health is common, though questionable, once it is not a quantitative variable. Self-perceived appearance rated as excellent, followed by positive self-perceived mastication and reporting no need for dental care, were the factors that most contributed to explain the variability of self-perceived oral health in both groups. Objective health conditions helped to explain this, especially in dentates. The higher the number of permanent teeth present, the more negative the self-perceived oral health; moreover, the higher the number of filled permanent teeth, the more positive this self-perception. Factors associated with the external environment, individual characteristics and behavior contributed little to the understanding of variability of self-perception in both groups. The use of dental services influenced the oral health self-perception in dentates. Better understanding of such associations is necessary to guarantee quality of life for elderly individuals.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors of this study would like to thank the Brazilian Ministry of Health Department of Oral Health for providing data from the epidemiological survey on oral health conditions of the Brazilian population.

REFERENCES

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Self-perceived oral health among Brazilian elderly individuals

Autopercepción de la salud bucal entre ancianos brasileños

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  03 Sept 2010
• Date of issue
  Oct 2010

History

• Accepted
  06 Apr 2010
• Received
  20 Apr 2009