Sousa et al.24 (2002) |
Brazil, 1998–2000 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To analyze the quantity and quality of food advertised on the three main broadcast channels in Brazil |
Three main broadcast channels were recorded during different times of the day on weekdays and Saturdays. |
Food products were the most frequently advertised product with 27.4%. The category that appeared most often was fats, oils, sugars, and sweets (57.8%), followed by breads, cereals, rice, and pasta (21.2%), dairy products (11.7%), and lastly meat, eggs, and legumes (9.3%). |
Fair quality |
Olivares et al.25 (2003) |
Chile, 2000 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To determine attitudes towards television food advertising and eating behaviors among schoolchildren in different municipalities. |
The researchers interviewed 271 schoolchildren (5th to 8th grade) from 3 different Chilean cities. |
Almost all children (92%) reported watching television daily. When asked about television food commercials, 69.7% said they enjoyed them and 88.7% could remember at least one that they liked. |
Fair quality |
Fiates et al.26 (2008) |
Brazil, 2005 |
Qualitative study. To conduct a qualitative assessment of the food choices, TV watching habits and physical activity habits among Brazilian children. |
Twelve focus groups were conducted with primary private school students (7–10 years old, n = 57). |
Most of the participants had a positive perception regarding the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Most also reported liking snack food and buying these products with their own money. Frequent intake of snack foods was not a habit for most students. Most of the students reported watching television daily. |
Good quality |
Ramírez-Ley et al.27 (2009) |
Mexico, 2008 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To assess television food commercials aired on both local and national public access channels and to evaluate their frequency, type, and audience. |
Two free-access local channels and three free access national channels were recorded during weekday afternoons and Saturday mornings. |
Food-related advertisements accounted for 22% of recorded commercials. Among these, 50% were child-oriented. The most frequently advertised foods were potato and corn chips (97%), desserts and cakes (89%), juices (77%) and sweetened cereals (75%). High-energy dense foods were disproportionately advertised to children (60%) when compared with those to adults (40%). Only 1% of all food advertisements promoted vegetables and fruits. |
Good quality |
Pérez-Salgado et al.28 (2010) |
Mexico, 2007 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To study the content, nutritional value and publicity strategy of food advertisements aired on free-access channels in Mexico City. |
All public-access channels in Mexico City were recorded for one weekday and one day during the weekend. |
Food products composed 17.6% of advertisements. Children programs had more advertisements when compared with general audience programs (19.89% vs. 15.46%), more food advertisements (25.8% vs. 15.4%) and higher frequency of advertisements for sweetened beverages (34.5% vs. 26.3%), and sweetened cereals (29.1% vs. 13.7%). |
Good quality |
Crovetto et al29 (2011) |
Chile, 2010 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To observe, register and identify television advertisements from different television channels that are part of the Chilean National Television Association and to describe the nutritional quality of the food products advertised. |
Recordings were made of seven public access channels in Chile and advertisements were extracted and analyzed according to their frequency and duration. The foods advertised were classified as healthy, moderately healthy, and unhealthy based on the “Traffic Light System” by the UK Food Standard Agency. |
A total of 16% of ads were identified as food advertisements. From these, 64% were related to unhealthy food, 27% to moderately healthy food and 9% to healthy food. The most frequently advertised food product was soft drinks (20%). |
Fair quality |
Olivares et al.30 (2011) |
Chile, 2010 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To determine the attitude of Chilean school children from different socioeconomic levels and different regions of the country towards marketing of foods and beverages. |
Children from three different cities in Chile and from different socioeconomic status were selected. A previously validated questionnaire was used. |
Between 26% and 66% of children reported liking food advertisements on television. In upper middle-income children, the percentage was similar between all three regions of the country (26% in Santiago, 29% in Chillán and 35% in Arica). In lower middle-income children, a marked increase was observed in Santiago, where 66% reported liking television foods commercials compared with 34% in Chillan and 26% in Arica. When researchers asked children if they remembered food commercials that they liked 66% said they did and 65% reported interest in trying new foods advertised by this medium. The food and beverage commercials that the children preferred were: sweetened beverages, fruit juices, chocolates, ice cream, breakfast cereals and potato chips. |
Fair quality |
Santos et al.31 (2012) |
Brazil, 2008 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To analyze the quantity and nutritional value of food items promoted on the Brazilian free-to-air television. |
Two public access channels with the highest ratings in Brazil were recorded during two nonconsecutive weeks. Food advertisements were classified according to the food pyramid and nutritional values were obtained from the packaging. |
Out of the food items, advertised 85% were sugars, oils, or fats. No advertisements were found for fruits or vegetables. |
Fair quality |
Rodrigues et al32 (2012) |
Brazil, 2006 and 2008 |
Qualitative study. To compare eating habits and consumer behaviors of children from different socioeconomic levels and to investigate their relation to television watching habits. |
Twenty-three focus groups were conducted in 111 students between 7 and 10 years old from private and public schools. The households of private school students had higher income than those of public school students. |
Most children had pocket money they could spend. Most reported liking and watching television daily. Most children said they liked and wished to buy food products advertised on television. |
Good quality |
Costa et al.33 (2012) |
Brazil, 2009 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To analyze the potential influence of food television advertising on the eating behavior and nutritional status of children and adolescents. |
A total of 116 students between 7 and 15 years old were selected to answer self-administered and self-explanatory questionnaires. |
All children reported watching television daily. When asked about food advertisements on television, 46.9% reported liking and buying advertised food items and 54.9% said they were attracted to new products advertised through this medium. In addition, the study found a positive relation between the number of hours spent watching television and body weight. |
Fair quality |
Bacardí-Gascón et al.34 (2013) |
Mexico, 2011 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To determine the frequency of food advertisements on television targeting adults aired on two public access television channels and to explore the relation between foods advertised, foods consumed by mothers and children and the anthropometric data of both. |
Two public access national television channels with the highest ratings were recorded during peak audience hours for a 5-month period. Women with children under 6 years of age from two states were recruited at educational and health facilities. They were asked to respond a self-administered questionnaire, attend an interview, and had their and their children’s weight and height measured. |
A positive association was found between the frequency of television advertising and the weekly consumption of the foods advertised. A positive association was also found between hours spent by children watching TV and their BMI-Z scores. |
Good quality |
Chacon et al.35 (2013) |
Guatemala, no year information. |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To determine the availability of snacks that have child-oriented marketing strategies on the labels inside school stores and in stores surrounding schools; to assess their nutritional quality. |
The availability of child-oriented snacks was assessed in stores inside schools and within a 200 square meters perimeter of 4 public schools in Mixco Guatemala. Nutritional quality was established following the UK Food Agency standards. |
A total of 106 packages in 55 stores were analyzed. Savory snacks were the most commonly found child-oriented edible products. The most frequent marketing technique used was licensed characters (92.5%). Nutrition-related health claims were found in 41% of packages on child-oriented snacks. Most (97.1%) of the child-oriented snacks were classified as “less-healthy”. |
Good quality |
Díaz-Ramírez et al.36 (2013) |
Mexico, 2011 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To assess the frequency of food advertising broadcasted on 2 free-access television channels and to explore the associations between food advertisements and the eating patterns of mothers and their children. |
Two free-access television channels with the highest ratings were recorded during weekdays at peak hours. A total of 365 mothers of children between 8 months to 5 years old and their children were interviewed to explore the type of foods consumed. The nutritional composition was assessed using the Mexican Health Bureau standards and the UK Food Agency standards. |
Food products composed 25% of advertisements. Due to high levels of fat (25%), sugar (34%) and sodium (42%), 67% of them were classified as unhealthy. A positive correlation was observed between the food advertisements that mothers recalled and the frequency of advertisement. A positive correlation was found between the frequency of the foods advertised and their consumption by the mothers and their children. |
Fair quality |
Costa et al.37 (2013) |
Brazil, 2009 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To conduct a content analysis of television food advertising on broadcast channels during children’s programming hours. |
Three public channels were recorded during weekdays and weekends. The categorization of foods was based on the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. |
Food advertisements represented 13.8% of all advertisements. The most frequent foods advertised were sugars and candies (48.1%) and oils, fats and oleaginous seeds (29.1%). By comparison only 1.1% of food advertisements promoted the consumption of vegetables and legumes. |
Good quality |
Rojas-Huayllani et al.38 (2013) |
Perú, 2010 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To study the influence of television advertisements on the consumption of unhealthy foods in elementary school children. |
Children responded a questionnaire regarding television viewing habits. The most popular television shows were recorded and the food items advertised were presented to children in a second survey to determine whether they recognized the products and had consumed them. |
From the students surveyed, 100% reported watching television for at least 3 hours every day. The foods advertised the most were cookies (31.5%), sweetened beverages (30.4%), chocolates (17.3%), and candies (9.2%). The consumption of food products that appeared on television was measured: Out of 120 students, 30 reported consuming 24 to 27 products, 23 students 21 to 23 products and 19 students 18 to 20 products. A positive association was found between unhealthy foods advertised on television and their consumption. |
Fair quality |
Busse et al39 (2014) |
Perú, 2012 |
Qualitative study. To describe television viewing patterns and eating habits among elementary school children. |
Data were collected from surveys, focus groups and in-depth interviews with children between 6 and 11 years of age and their parents. |
Children watched between 5 and 7 hours of television per day and more during weekends. Focus groups showed that children recalled several television advertisements and request items advertised on television, especially toys and foods. Most boys and some girls were aware of the persuasive intentions of the advertisements. |
Good quality |
Gunderson et al40 (2014) |
Honduras, 2012 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To study the nutritional quality of foods and beverages advertised during children’s programming in Honduras and to describe the percentage of advertisements targeting children. |
Four television stations were chosen; one public broadcast station and three cable stations. They were recorded and television commercials were coded and analyzed. Advertised foods were categorized as healthy and unhealthy, based on the classification scheme developed by Ramirez-Ley et al. |
Foods and beverage advertisements accounted for 35.4% of all product advertisements in all channels. According to the food classification scheme, 69.8% of foods were unhealthy. Most of the advertisements for unhealthy foods were child-oriented (92.1%). In contrast to cable television channels, the public broadcast station did not air food advertisements aimed at children or marketing of unhealthy foods. |
Good quality |
Letona et al41 (2014) |
Guatemala, 2013 |
Qualitative study. To determine the food products most frequently purchased by children, the reasons behind these choices and how children judge the nutritional value of food products. |
Children between the ages of 7 and 12 years from two public elementary schools in Mixco, Guatemala, entered in focus groups where they participated in three separate activities: list making, picture selection and a drawing exercise. |
The study included 37 children, who reported choosing foods based primarily on taste preference but also for its variety, large quantity and low price. Children perceived products with fruits and vegetables on the packaging to be healthy and some would not consume them. Children had literal interpretations of images and packaging, such as that Cheetos were made from cheese and Grape Soda from grapes. |
Good quality |
Mazzonetto et al42 (2014) |
Brazil, 2014 |
Qualitative study. To analyze how children perceive their role in food purchases made by parents and the motivation behind their food preferences. |
Focus groups were used to examine these topics with children between the ages of 8 and 10 years old that attend public schools in Florianópolis, Brazil. |
Researchers found that children influence the food purchased in their houses and have the economic autonomy to make their own food purchases. Sensory appeal, taste and sight were the main motivations for their choices. Another stimulus reported was the television, both advertisements and food appearing in television programs. Energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods were associated with leisure activities such as going to the movies. |
Fair quality |
Mejía-Díaz et al43 (2014) |
Colombia, 2012 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To describe the nutritional profile of foods and nonalcoholic beverages advertised on television by type of audience (children’s programming vs. general programming). |
Recording the two public access channels with the highest rating in Colombia, on weekdays and weekends. The foods were classified according to UK Food Standards Agency, WHO standards and Colombian micronutrient standards. |
It was observed that 23% of advertisements were for food products. Out of these, 56% aired during children’s programming and 43.7% aired during general audience programming. Most foods and beverages advertised on children’s programming had high levels of sugar (69%) and sodium (56%) and medium to high levels of total fat (57.8%) and saturated fat (63.3%). None of the food products advertised during this programming were significant sources of fiber. In general programming, most foods and beverages were high in total fat (70.4%), and sodium (44%). |
Good quality |
Amanzadeh et al.44 (2015) |
El Salvador, 2010 |
Qualitative study. To explore how highly processed foods and beverages are promoted in outdoor advertising in terms of methods and themes used by the advertisements and how it differs between rural and urban setting in El Salvador. |
A photographic documentation of billboard and wall advertisements of foods was conducted. Field notes were collected during one week. Researchers identified patterns and explored the themes, topics and symbols revealed in the advertisements. |
In total, 100 advertisements were recorded, 53 from rural areas and 47 from urban areas. The most frequent themes of advertisements were: “cheap price, large size and fast” found in more in rural than in urban advertisements, followed by “modern” also found in both but more in urban and then “refreshing” found in both settings. |
Fair quality |
Bridle-Fitzpatrick45 (2015) |
México, 2011-2013 |
Mixed method study. To examine neighborhood environments (including outdoor advertising) in low-, middle-, and high-income communities in a Mexican city and to assess the foods available and the relationship that people develop with these foods. |
Three schools representing communities of low, middle, and high socioeconomic status were selected in the city of Mazatlán during 2011-2013. Neighborhood food environments were assessed delineating three urban areas of approximately 1.5km2 that included schools and streets. Observational tools were used to assess the quantity, prices and promotion strategies of food and beverages products commonly consumed. |
Lower-income and lower-middle-income families resided in areas with a greater number of traditional stores that gave them access to sweetened beverages and salty snacks. Upper-middle- and high-income areas have more large-scale supermarkets and fast food restaurants but less overall access to sweetened beverages and snacks. Almost all participants who resided in low- and middle-income areas included, in their photographic documentation, marketing strategies of different types for soft drinks and snack products. In high-income areas, only one student documented this kind of marketing. |
Good quality |
Cardenas et al.46 (2015) |
Perú, no year information |
Quantitative study (repeat cross-sectional study without control). To assess the effect of point of sale advertising of fruits in a University cafeteria in Lima, Peru. |
Fruits were moved closer to the register desk, their price decreased, and signs were displayed to advertise their purchase. |
Fruit sales showed a statistically significant increase between the initial state and the final stage of the study. |
Fair quality |
Chacon et al.47 (2015) |
Guatemala, no information about the year it was conducted |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To determine the most frequently marketed food to children in stores located inside and in the vicinity of schools and to assess the relations between food advertisement and proximity to schools. |
Four public schools (two preschools and two primary institutions) were selected in the city of Mixco, Guatemala. Food stores located inside and within a 200-meter radius from these schools were surveyed to assess the number and type of foods and beverages advertised to children. |
One third of food advertisements were child-oriented (29%). Stores located closer to schools had more display racks and shelves promoting child-oriented snack foods compared with those further away. The main items advertised were sweetened beverages (37%) and soft drinks (30%). |
Fair quality |
Ortiz-Pérez et al.48 (2015) |
Mexico, 2012 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To characterize the nutritional profile of processed foods advertised on Channel 5 of Mexican television. |
Channel 5 was recorded during children’s programming hours for a week. Food advertisements were analyzed for duration and advertising strategy and the nutritional content was obtained from food packaging. |
Food advertisements represented 36.4% of all advertisements. All foods displayed were processed foods with high levels of sugars and carbohydrates (74%), fats and sodium (17.5%), and milk products high in sugar (8.5%). No advertisements were found for unprocessed foods. The most advertised food group was sweetened cereals and was advertised using cartoons and had adventure and fun themes. |
Fair quality |
Soo et al.49 (2016) |
Guatemala, 2013 |
Quantitative study (cross-sectional). To study the marketing strategies used to advertise breakfast cereals in Guatemala and to examine associations between several marketing strategies and nutritional quality. |
All available breakfast cereals in Guatemala City were included in this study. A content analysis was performed to document child-oriented marketing, product claims, and health-evoking images. The Nutrient Profile Model (NPM) was used to calculate an overall nutrition score for each cereal (the higher the score, the lower the nutritional quality). |
In total, 106 breakfast cereals were analyzed and half (50.9%) of them were child-oriented. The most common marketing strategy was the use of spokes-characters. More than half of the cereals (88.7%) contained a product claim on the package front such as “nutritious” and “whole grain” and almost all cereals (96.2%) had health evoking imagery. Child-oriented cereals had higher sugar content (10.1g versus 6.19g/30g) compared with non-child-oriented cereals. Cereals with health or nutrition claims were not significantly healthier than those without claims. |
Good quality |
Viacava et al.50 (2016) |
Brazil, no year information |
Mixed method study. To compare the content of advertisements used by alcohol, tobacco and food industries and to study similarities in strategy. |
Images of tobacco, alcohol and food advertisements were found on Brazilian web pages and analyzed in terms of color, position, size and content analysis; to assess food nutritional facts, the criteria proposed by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) were used to classify the products as “healthy” or “unhealthy”. |
A total of 150 images were studied. Both the tobacco and alcohol industries use the color blue, whereas food advertisements use mostly red and green colors. These colors probably promote hunger and alter the perception that consumers have of the nutritional value of the product. More than half of the advertisements had the product name and brand occupying 0-25% of the advertising image (46%), followed by cartoons (17.3%) and celebrities (16.7%). The use of cartoons was most prevalent in the food products. More than half of the advertisements also used product appeal such as flavor, quality, and innovation. Another theme found was emotional appeal with themes such as physical attraction, happiness and sports. The nutritional assessment found that 82% of the foods advertised were unhealthy. |
Fair quality |
Britto et al.51 (2016) |
Brazil, 2015 |
Quantitative (cross-sectional). To study child-oriented food advertisements aired on six Brazilian television channels and to describe the types of foods advertised and their nutritional content. |
Six television channels in São Paulo with the highest ratings were recorded during several time periods, weekdays, and weekends. Food commercials were classified according to food type and nutritional value. The advertisements were analyzed to see if they met the National Council on the Rights of Children and Adolescents Resolution #163 of 2014 about food advertising. |
Food and nonalcoholic beverage advertisements accounted for 5.6% of the advertisements. The most advertised foods on all six television channels were ultra-processed foods. Candy and packaged snacks were only advertised on one channel. Most of the food commercials (64.3%) used children’s language and characters; 43% used songs in children’s voices, and 21.4% used premium offers, against the National Council on the Rights of Children and Adolescents. |
Fair quality |
Busse.52 (2016) |
Peru, 2002-2013 |
Quantitative (cross-sectional). To study and to describe the food advertisements that appear in child-oriented television programs in Peru and to study their effects on eating behaviors. |
Twenty-five television programs, previously found to be children’s favorite, were recorded over a period of two weeks at three separate times of the year: spring, summer and winter. |
Among the total number of advertisements recorded, 16.73% were food and beverage advertisements. In television programs, 28.3% included food items. Sweets and sweetened nonalcoholic beverages accounted for 47.6% of food and beverage advertisements. No advertisements aired fruits and vegetables. The most frequent marketing technique observed was the use of words to heighten the sensory appeal of foods (33%), followed by novelty (27%). |
Fair quality |
Castronuovo et al.53 (2016) |
Argentina, 2015 |
Quantitative (cross-sectional). To analyze how mothers from Buenos Aires with different socioeconomic levels perceive food advertisements. |
Eight focus groups were conducted with the participation of 49 mothers with different education levels and who had children between the ages of 5 and 13. A questionnaire was conducted in the focus groups aiming to discuss the importance of food advertising at the moment of making decisions about their children’s diet and health. |
Researchers found children influence the purchasing decisions of their mothers, and mothers perceive that television advertising by spokes-characters and premium offers impel children to crave certain foods and beverages. Mothers also reported being impelled to buy certain food for their children based on nutritional or health claims. Mothers said that both them and their children were susceptible to brand loyalty. |
Fair quality |
Mazariegos et al.54 (2016) |
Guatemala, no year information |
Quantitative (cross-sectional). To describe and assess the use of toys and price incentives in fast food chain restaurants in Guatemala and to explore the nutritional quality of children’s combo-meals with health claims. |
Children’s combo-meals from all major fast food chains in Guatemala were purchased and their marketing strategies were analyzed. Nutritional profiles were assessed based on the UK Nutrient Profiling Model. |
In total, 114 children’s combo-meals were found with a frequency of 9.5% to 25% per fast food restaurant. All these combo-meals included a toy giveaway. Nutritional information was only available for 2 of the 6 restaurants. All the children’s combo meals were “less healthy” according to the NPM even though three of these meals had health claims. |
Good quality |
Patiño et al.55 (2016) |
Mexico, 2012-2013 |
Quantitative (cross-sectional). To assess the nutritional quality of foods advertised on Mexican television according to the Mexican nutritional standards, World Health Organization standards and the European and United Kingdom Nutrient Profiling Model (UKNPM). |
Four broadcast stations with the highest national ratings were recorded, including broadcast for several audiences and types of programs. Advertisements were classified and the nutritional profiles of the food items were obtained. Three nutritional models were used to assess the nutritional quality of the food items. |
Food and nonalcoholic beverage advertisements represented 20.7% of all advertisements recorded. Those that aired during cartoon programs had the highest energy and sugar content and had the lowest nutritional quality when compared with other types of programming. More than 60% of foods advertised did not meet any standard nutrient profile model; 64.3% did not meet the Mexican nutritional standards, 83.1% did not meet the WHO standards and 78.7% did not meet UKNPM standards. During cartoon programming only 33.9%, 8.6% and 17.2% of the foods complied with the Mexican, WHO Europe and UKNPM standards, respectively. |
Good quality |
Théodore et al.56 (2016) |
Mexico, no information about the year it was conducted |
Quantitative (cross-sectional). To assess child-oriented television advertisements by companies who have signed self-regulation agreements. |
Broadcast television channels with the highest national ratings were recorded and the commercials were classified and analyzed. |
More than half (74.9%) of all advertisements tried to influence children’s purchases and consumption. Companies that signed self-regulation agreements and those that did not sign advertised mainly unhealthy foods and beverages. Companies that signed self-regulation agreements had less advertisements directly aimed at children. |
Good quality |
Zucchi et al.57 (2016) |
Brazil, no year information |
Mixed methods study. To study and describe the nutrient claims printed on food packaging of child-oriented ultra-processed foods and explore children’s understanding of these marketing strategies. |
A supermarket belonging to one of the largest supermarket chains in Brazil was chosen for this study. Packaged foods were identified and classified according to their target audience. Nutritional information available on the packaging was used to determine which foods were ultra-processed. These ultra-processed foods were then classified according to their nutrient claims. Focus groups were conducted with children between 8 to 10 years old to explore their perception of package advertising on ultra-processed foods. |
The researchers identified 535 packaged foods that were child-oriented. Among these, 472 or 88% were classified as ultra-processed foods. Within this group of ultra-processed foods, 46.6% had at least one nutrient claim on the packaging front. The most common nutrient claims were the presence of vitamins and minerals followed by reduction claims regarding trans fats. Nine focus groups were carried out with 49 children. They showed interest in spokes-characters and reported liking the fact that foods were marketed directly at them as an age group. They considered nutrient claims were directed at parents. Their interpretation of health claims was considered a positive characteristic of the food product. |
Fair quality |
Rovirosa et al.58 (2017) |
Argentina 2013-2014 |
Quantitative (cross-sectional). To study and describe the frequency and duration of food and beverage advertisements aired during children’s programming, and the nutritional quality of these foods. |
Children’s programming aired in the city of Buenos Aires was recorded during weekdays and weekends. Television advertisements were analyzed, and the nutritional data of the products was assessed using the Nutrient Profiling Model and the traffic light labeling system. |
Food and beverage advertisements represented 20.9% of the television advertisements recorded. Dairy products, candies, and fast-food meals were the most advertised food products. According to the Nutrient Profiling Model only a third of advertised foods and beverages were healthy. Based on the traffic light labeling system almost half of the food products was high in sugar, a quarter was high in saturated fats, and 15% was high in sodium and total fats. |
Fair quality |
Allemandi et al.59 (2017) |
Argentina 2013-2014 |
Quantitative (cross-sectional). To characterize the television advertisements of ultra-processed foods targeted to children. |
The three most popular cable channels targeted at children and five broadcast channels were recorded for 6 weeks. Foods were classified following the NOVA system. PAHO nutrient profile model was used to assess the nutritional quality. |
Ultra-processed foods were advertised the most during programs aimed at children (98.9%), compared with programs targeted towards general audience (93.7). |
Good quality |